Air Transport. Air transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers by air using aircraft: - presentation

23.09.2019

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Transport vehicles. Air Transport

The purpose of the lecture: to consider technical characteristics air transport

Key words: aircraft, takeoff weight, flight range, layout diagram, aerodrome, traffic corridor

1. Characteristics of fixed assets, technical means of the air fleet

performance helicopter air transportation

Air transport is the fastest and most expensive. The world network of air routes is constantly growing, and by the beginning of the XXI century it exceeded 8 million km. The main purpose of air transport is to carry passengers. Its share in the transport passenger turnover exceeds 10%, and in the cargo turnover - 1%. Its importance is increasing for the delivery of passengers and goods to hard-to-reach areas (for example, the remote northern regions of Siberia and the Far East).

Air communications cover all continents, but the most intense lines exist between North America and Europe. The geography of air transport is also characterized by a network of airports, there are more than 1000 international airports alone.

Airports in the United States (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago), the largest metropolitan airports are leading in terms of cargo transportation Western Europe(London, Paris, Amsterdam), Japan (Tokyo). More than 70% of the world's aircraft fleet is concentrated in the United States.

The structure of the aircraft fleet is dominated by american planes Boeing, Douglas, Lockheed brands, and the majority of flights in Europe are made by aircraft of the same brands.

In Kazakhstan, air transport accounts for 9.6% of all intercity passenger traffic (in the USA - 17%).

Among the trends in the development of air transport, the following can be noted: an increase in the speed and range of flights, an increase in the share of intercontinental traffic, an increase in the capacity of aircraft. Air transport is characterized by a high degree of capital concentration. The United States controls most of the world's air travel.

The technical basis of air transport is: aircraft, airports and air lines (routes).

Aircraft - an aircraft maintained in the atmosphere by interacting with the air. Aircraft include aircraft heavier than air (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, rotorcraft) and lighter than air (airships, balloons, both driven and free).

Aircraft do not include aircraft moving only by jet thrust or by inertia (rockets, spaceships, as well as ships on air cushion, meteorological balloons).

The rolling stock of aircraft consists mainly of airplanes and helicopters and is the leading link in air transport. The classification of the rolling stock of air transport is shown in Figure 1.

As can be seen from the figure, aircraft (airplanes and helicopters) are heavier than air and their flight becomes possible due to the interaction of the thrust force of the engines and the wing, on which an aerodynamic lift is generated when moving in the air. When the aircraft moves in the air, the upper surface of the wing, being more convex than the lower one, is flown around by the air flow at a higher speed than the lower one, there is a pressure difference directed upwards, perpendicular to the flight speed. It is this pressure difference that creates the aerodynamic lift. If the lift is equal to the flight weight, then the plane is flying horizontally. If it is less than the flight weight, then the plane flies downward. If the lift exceeds the flight weight, then a climb occurs.

Each aircraft consists of an airframe, traction motors, landing gear and a set of units and instruments to ensure the functioning of all systems and their control.

A helicopter, in contrast to an airplane, has a propeller with blades fixed on a vertical shaft, thanks to which this aircraft is kept in weight.

Airplanes and helicopters are also divided according to purpose and field of application and carry out passenger, cargo and cargo-passenger transportation on local and international lines.

The main types of civil aviation aircraft fly at a speed of 900-1100 km / h at long distances and up to 500-700 km / h at medium distances.

For ultra-long distances, aircraft with supersonic speeds are used (TU, Boeings, Concordes, etc.).

Figure 1 - Classification of rolling stock of air transport

Main characteristics aircraft:

Takeoff weight;

Range of flight;

Layout diagram.

Takeoff weight is the mass of a fully equipped, fueled and loaded aircraft. According to the take-off weight, the aircraft are divided into four classes: the first class includes aircraft with a take-off weight of more than 76 tons, the second - from 30 to 75 tons, the third - from 10 to 30 tons, and the fourth - with a weight of less than 10 tons.

Flight range is the distance, measured along the surface of the earth, that an aircraft can fly when all fuel is consumed, excluding aeronautical safety reserves.

According to the flight range, the aircraft are divided into main and local air lines. Trunk, in turn, are subdivided into:

Long-haul (flight range over 6000 km);

Medium-haul (flight range from 2500 to 6000 km);

Short-haul (flight range up to 2500 km).

The flight range of aircraft of local airlines does not exceed 1000 km.

The layout of the aircraft is determined by the relative position of the fuselage, wing, empennage and engines. There are three types of aircraft layout:

Low-wing - the wing is located under the fuselage;

Mid wing - the wing passes through the fuselage in its middle part;

High-wing - the wing is located above the fuselage. Engines on aircraft are installed in the wings, under the wings, on the pylons and in the aft fuselage.

The speed of modern transport aircraft with turbojet engines 750-950 km / h, with turboprop engines 500-750 km / h.

Depending on the flight speed, aircraft are subdivided into:

Subsonic;

Supersonic;

Hypersonic.

Subsonic - aircraft, the speed of which does not exceed the speed of sound, supersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound, hypersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound by 4-5 times.

By designation, aircraft are subdivided into:

Transport (passenger and freight);

Educational and training;

Sports;

Military;

Special.

Airport or airfield - is a complex of engineering structures that ensure the departure on the line and reception from the lines of passengers and cargo, as well as the preparation and equipment of aircraft for their transport functions. The airfield is the most important element of the airport. This is an airfield on which one or more air strips, taxiways, aircraft parking areas, and runways are located. The number of runways depends on the airport's capacity. One runway can have one or more runways.

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In terms of the annual volume of passenger service, airports are divided into five classes. The significance and class of an airport depends on the size and level of its technical development and equipment.

Airports serving more than 7 million passengers a year (for example, Heathrow Airport in London and J. Kennedy in New York serve 25 million passengers; Hara in Chicago - 40 million; Vnukovo - 27 million, etc. .) are extracurricular, and less than 25 thousand people are not classified.

According to the time of use, aerodromes are divided into:

Permanent;

Temporary,

Day and round the clock.

By type of coverage:

Artificial turf for runways;

Ground;

Hydroaerodromes;

Ice.

By the nature of use:

Basic;

Intermediate;

Basic;

Spare.

The cargo complex includes a cargo apron, cargo warehouses, post offices and other facilities. At airports with a large volume of freight traffic, cargo terminals are provided, which differ from warehouses in terms of volume and planning solution and work technology.

The main element of the passenger complex is the air terminal, where tickets are sold, passenger check-in, baggage processing and handling, informational and other types of passenger services.

The station area of the airport is intended for movement, stopping and maneuvering of public transport.

The airport hotel is designed to accommodate passengers who are staying overnight at the airport due to waiting for departure or flight delays.

Passenger apron - a place for short-term parking of aircraft during the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers.

Airport services solve the problems of complex transportation services, for which they have various divisions:

Passenger and freight services;

Service for the reception, preparation and release of aircraft;

Fuel and lubricants service;

Production dispatching service;

Security service, etc.

Airways are the volumes of airspace in width and height that connect air spaces areas of aerodromes and intended for flights of civil aviation and other departments. Airways are served by air navigation and air traffic control facilities.

The airway height is divided into lower airspace (up to 6100 m) and upper airspace (over 6100 m).

With the aim of the most efficient use of the airspace for aviation flights of all departments, an air traffic control system is being created, designed to control arriving, departing and transit aircraft with unconditional fulfillment of safety and flight regularity requirements.

The air traffic control system includes airport dispatchers (airfield dispatcher control room, taxi controller, launch controller, lap controller and approach controller) and dispatchers of district and area centers.

The traffic corridor (track) is the calculated flight altitude and coordinate system in the horizontal and vertical flight planes.

The corridor system allows aircraft to be dispersed in the air to exclude the possibility of collision.

Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining flight altitude.

The technology of air transport operation - the movement should be carried out strictly according to the schedule, which is associated with the complexity of organizing takeoff - landing on the airfield, as well as the system of allocating each unit of the rolling stock its own traffic corridor, which depends on the carrying capacity and flight speed. In the general complex of diverse and varied technological processes, especially essential has the procedure and terms for the maintenance of aircraft and airports.

2. International air transportation

International air transportation occupies a special place among foreign trade transportation. Yielding in the volume of traffic to other modes of transport, international air transport compares favorably with them in other indicators. International air transportation is a type of international flights, which are defined as flights by aircraft in the airspace of more than one State. The very same international air transportation is formulated in the Convention for the unification of some rules concerning international air transportation... International air carriage - carriage in which the place of departure and destination are located on the territory of two states or on the territory of one state, if a stop (landing) is provided on the territory of another state. To coordinate the actions of international air carriers and provide them with the necessary organizational and legal base in the mid-40s of the XX century, two large international air transport organizations were created: the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association IATA (IATA).

The International Civil Aviation Organization, headquartered in Montreal, remains the premier forum for aviators around the world. Now it unites 188 countries, officially referred to as Contracting States. The activities of ICAO are determined by the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation - a legal act and a fundamental source of air international law.

All ICAO regulations are aimed at ensuring flight safety, aviation security(protection against terrorism) and the maximum simplification of the process of air transportation between states. Of the many specialized agencies operating under the auspices of the United Nations, ICAO is not only the largest, but also the most efficient organization, ensuring uniformity and order in the transport of more than 1.6 billion passengers and 30 million tons of cargo by air annually. Unlike ICAO, another international air transport association - IATA (International Air Transport Organization), founded in 1919, is engaged in the financial management of air transportation. A clearing settlement system, for example, allows airlines to manage financial flows centrally. During the year, 34 billion US dollars, transferred by more than 300 airlines, pass through the IATA financial chamber. The system of mutual settlements for the sale of passenger traffic simplifies the process of issuing tickets and reduces the costs associated with their implementation.

IATA has seven Standing Committees:

Transportation advisory;

Technical;

To combat aircraft hijacking and theft of cargo and luggage;

Legal;

Financial;

Conjuncture of world commodity and transport markets;

Medical.

One of the directions of IATA's activities is to develop and adopt recommendations on the organization and conditions of transportation, as well as on the principles of setting tariffs and determining their level. This activity is carried out at regional transport conferences, for which the whole world is divided into three zones. The first is the Western one, which includes all the countries of the Western Hemisphere. The second is the Euro-Afro-Asian zone, which includes countries west of Iran. The third is the Asia-Pacific zone, which also includes Australia and Oceania.

Flights on international airlines can be classified according to the form of their performance:

On regular (performed in accordance with the terms of agreements on air traffic between states);

For irregular (performed on the basis of special permits for one-time flights):

a. additional,

b. special,

c. charter.

International aviation fares can be subdivided into:

Passenger;

Luggage;

Freight.

3. Air transport performance

In air transport, in addition to common for all modes of transport, the following performance indicators are calculated.

The occupancy rate of aircraft passenger seats? Kpc characterizes the use of aircraft seats. It is determined by dividing the passenger-kilometers performed? Plpas by the limit passenger-kilometers (seat-kilometers)? Pmaxps:

The real speed of delivery of passengers from the point of departure to the point of destination v is determined by dividing the length of the air line between these points L by the time spent by passengers on the trip by air? T:

The time spent on the trip is the sum of the time of transportation from the settlement to the airport tт1; waiting at the airport of departure t01; flight, including stops at intermediate airports tn; waiting at the destination airport t02; transportation from the airport to locality tt2:

T = tt1 + t01 + tn + t02 + tt2 (3)

From the above formula, it can be seen that the total time spent on a trip by air is made up of flight and ground. Ground time the average is about 3-3.5 hours.

Technical flight range LTЕХН - the greatest distance that an airplane (helicopter) can fly in calm conditions relative to the ground, having completely consumed the fuel filled into its tanks by the time of landing.

Practical flight range Lract - the distance that an airplane (helicopter) can fly relative to the ground with the remainder of the navigation fuel reserve in the tanks by the time the airplane lands.

Cruising speed VKP is the distance traveled per unit of time during a uniform, rectilinear horizontal flight of the aircraft and the operation of the engines at cruising mode and the calculated flight altitude and aircraft weight.

Cruising speed Vp is the average distance traveled by an airplane per unit of time (excluding landing time on the way) in calm weather. It is calculated taking into account the cost of flight time at all stages of the flight from the take-off run to landing.

Commercial speed VKOM is the distance traveled per unit of time from the initial take-off run to landing at the final airport, taking into account stops at intermediate airports.

Airplane and helicopter productivity P - volume of transport products made by airplane (helicopter) in 1 hour.

This indicator can be determined for the entire fleet of aircraft and for each of their types.

Transportation of passengers and cargo by air is carried out by regular and non-scheduled carriers. Regular carriers are airlines that transport passengers, cargo, mail, both on a regular basis and on a contractual basis. Scheduled services include flights scheduled and operated according to published timetables for a fee, as well as additional flights caused by congestion on scheduled flights.

Irregular carriers are enterprises that carry out commercial transportation of goods and passengers for the needs of enterprises and the population on an irregular basis (charter flights, special flights, tourist routes).

The accounting of the performed transportations is kept separately for these groups of carriers. Within the groups, carriages are divided into local, domestic and international.

Local transportation - both points of the flight, i.e., the initial and final, which are located on the territory of the republic, territory, region.

Domestic transportation - between points of the flight located within the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

International transportation includes transportation in which one of the points of the flight is outside the state border of the Republic of Kazakhstan; they include transportation to non-CIS countries and the CIS countries.

When accounting for traffic, the observation unit is an airplane departure. The primary document is a summary loading sheet, which certifies the boarding of passengers and the delivery of cargo on the plane at the airports of departure, the receipt from the plane of all its load at the airports of destination and the implementation of transportation by the plane. Filling in the summary loading sheet is made in triplicate based on the passenger and baggage check-in sheet, as well as the postage and cargo sheet. The first copy of the summary loading sheet is handed over to the crew and serves to record its work, the second copy is sent to the transportation department of the nearest landing airport (where a new sheet will be issued for the next flight segment), the third copy remains at the initial airport to record the performed flights.

In the summary loading list, the airports of departure and destination, type, number, aircraft belonging, flight number, date of departure, airport of first landing are noted, for each airport of destination, data on the number of initial and transit passengers, weight of baggage, mail, cargo are entered.

Sends are called originals that are sent from of this airport... Transit includes such consignments that were originally sent from another airport, and from this airport, which is intermediate, are sent in the direction of further travel.

Loadsheet data is used to compile a “flight report” and to calculate the performance of airlines.

Literature

Volgin, V.V. Logistics acceptance and shipment of goods: a practical guide / V.V. Volgin. - Moscow: Dashkov and K ?, 2009 .-- 457 p.

Gadzhinsky, A. M. Logistics: a textbook for higher educational institutions in the direction of training "Economics" / A. M. Gadzhinsky. - Moscow: Dashkov and K ?, 2011 .-- 481 p.

Golubchik, A. M. Transport and forwarding business: creation, formation, management / A. M. Golubchik. - Moscow: TransLit, 2011 .-- 317 p.

Ivanov, D.A. Supply chain management / D.A. Ivanov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Polytechnic University, 2010. - 659 p.

Integrated logistics systems for the delivery of resources: (theory, methodology, organization) / I. A. Elovoy, I. A. Lebedeva. - Minsk: Law and Economics, 2011 .-- 460 p.

Kurganov, V.M. Logistics. Transport and warehouse in the supply chain of goods: educational and practical guide: for students of higher educational institutions / V. M. Kurganov. - Moscow: Book World, 2009 .-- 512 p.

Kurochkin, D.V. Logistics: a course of lectures / D.V. Kurochkin. - Minsk: FUAinform, 2012 .-- 268 p.

Logistics: tutorial for students of the specialties “Commercial activity”, “Marketing” of institutions providing higher education / IM Basko et al. - Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University, 2007. - 431 p.

Logistics: a textbook for students of higher education institutions in economic specialties / V. I. Margunova et al. - Minsk: Higher school, 2011. - 507 p.

Logistics: textbook / B.A. Anikin et al. - Moscow: Prospect, 2011. - 405s.

Logistics. Advanced course: for students of economic specialties of higher educational institutions / M. N. Grigoriev, A. P. Dolgov, S. A. Uvarov. - Moscow: Yurayt, 2011 .-- 734 p.

Logistics: integration and optimization of logistics business processes in supply chains / V. V. Dybskaya - Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. - 939 p.

Warehousing logistics: textbook: specialty 080506 “Logistics and supply chain management” / V. V. Dybskaya. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2012 .-- 557 p.

Moiseeva, NK Economic bases of logistics: a textbook on specialty 080506 “Logistics and supply chain management” / NK Moiseeva. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2010 .-- 527 p.

Nerush, Yu.M. Logistics: textbook / Yu.M. Nerush. - Moscow: Prospect: Welby, 2008 .-- 517 p.

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New advances in science and technology

The twentieth century was marked by gigantic transformations that took place in all spheres of human activity. Air transport was no exception. Its development was facilitated by the growth of the world's population, an increase in the amount of consumed material resources, urbanization, social, political and many other factors.

The incident made it possible to change air transport not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. It should be said that at all times the means of transportation of a person were a special dynamic system. It was the transport system that was practically the first consumer of various discoveries and achievements in the scientific field. In many cases, it was she who acted as the direct customer of advanced developments.

It is difficult to name any area of research that does not relate to the improvement of vehicles. For their progress, the results of physical and thermodynamic developments are used. Physicists and mathematicians take an important part in the development of transport. Mechanics and chemists, astronomers and geologists, biologists and many other scientific workers are involved in solving this problem. The development of transport, including air transport, is facilitated by the results of applied research carried out in the field of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, structural mechanics and automation, astronautics and electronics.

The need for further development

V modern conditions air transport is one of the most dynamically developing means of transportation. In the main directions of development of the national economy and civil aviation, it is assigned an important role. The development of air transport for the country is simply necessary.

The main goal, which is pursued in this case, is to increase the volume of transportation of goods and passengers over long distances and in hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, the requirements for air transport are increasing. It should become more economical and regular, comfortable and safe. Achieving these goals will require new in-depth research in various scientific fields, as well as more serious experimental and design developments.

Features of air transport

Aviation is the youngest and fastest direction, designed to carry out communication links between different regions. At the same time, it is the most expensive industry.

Air transport in Russia is an important part of the country's national economy. With its help, medicines and mail, industrial and food products are delivered to the most inaccessible corners.

It should be said that aviation is the most advanced form of transport. She does not need roads and is not afraid of various obstacles. It was thanks to aviation that mankind got the opportunity to go into space.

Air transport has a number of undeniable advantages. First of all, it is high-speed. At the same time, an important maneuverability is achieved when organizing passenger transportation. In addition, modern airlines provide nonstop flights over considerable distances.

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

The types of air transport that are used in the national economy of the country are not so diverse. In modern aviation, aircraft are used, which are represented by various models of aircraft and helicopters. All of them are widely used for various tasks.

In the national economy, a lot of work is devoted to helicopters. These are aircraft that are lifted into the air using rotating blades located on a vertical shaft. Helicopters use:

During construction and installation work;
- in the sanitary and medical service;
- in agriculture;
- during the construction of pipelines;
- to fight forest fires that have arisen;
- for the transportation of mail;
- to assist in geological exploration;
- as a means of monitoring traffic on the roads;
- for communication with meteorological stations located in high-mountainous regions.

Transportation of goods by air, represented by a fleet of helicopters, is carried out over short distances.

The principle of aircraft flight is based on the interaction of the engine thrust force and the wing lift force.

Differences in application

The following types of air transport are distinguished:

For the implementation of passenger transportation;
- for the movement of goods;
- cargo and passenger (combined):
- educational and training;
- for special purposes (sanitary, agricultural, firefighters, etc.).

Such a gradation is used depending on the industry of application, as well as on the purpose of the aircraft.

Difference in technical and operational parameters

For passenger air transport, such a characteristic as capacity is applied. For cargo aircraft, their carrying capacity is important. For combined air transport, the technical and operational parameter is the flight range without landings, as well as the speed. According to the latter indicator, they also delineate individual The speed of the aircraft may be less than there are supersonic aircraft.

Government

Air transportation of passengers and cargo is in Russia under the direct control of the state. There are line departments and departments in the country that oversee the work of this industry. At the same time, each airline pays a dispatcher service tax.

The main executive body that exercises control over air transport is Federal agency Federal Air Transport Agency. Its main tasks:

Provision of services to ensure the smooth operation of air transport;
- issuance of licenses for admission to flights on international and domestic lines;
- certification of companies providing flights of aircraft;
- supervising the work of educational institutions of the aviation industry.

Flight personnel

Air transport management is no easy task. The flight crew includes navigators and pilots, as well as cadets of flight educational institutions who are fit for this work on the basis of the medical commission's opinion and can fulfill their functional duties.

During the flight, each crew member is obliged to unquestioningly follow all instructions given by the flight control unit. You can only deviate from the route if there is a threat to the safety and life of people on board the aircraft.

Navigators and pilots must be issued permits:

For training flights, which are carried out during the day or at night;
- for flights on a new aircraft modification;
- for special flights.

In this case, all tolerances must be entered in the flight book. Regardless of the position held, each of the crew members must undergo an annual check on different types flight preparation. Moreover, its results must also be entered in the flight book.

There are certain norms of rest and flight time for the crew. So, you can stay in the air for no more than twelve hours a day. Such a norm is established for the flight personnel of air airliners. Helicopter crews must have a daily flight time of no more than eight hours.

Security

In air transport, all measures must be taken to ensure that the flight does not pose a danger to passengers. In this regard, the Federal Air Transport Agency implemented a ban on carrying liquids on board the aircraft. This restriction applies to all airports in the country.

The Air Transport Administration - Federal Air Transport Agency - notes that the threat of terrorist attacks on air transport has not been eliminated. In connection with this situation, a directive was sent to all organizations related to civil aviation, as well as to all airports, indicating the need to implement all measures to ensure flight safety. According to this document, the passenger is not allowed to carry in hand luggage any liquid. This prohibition also applies to personal hygiene products. They must be checked in baggage, which is checked using technical devices for screening. Only then can the liquid be placed on board the aircraft.

In the event that a passenger needs to have medicines with him during the flight, they can be carried in hand luggage only after being examined by the airport security services.

Passengers should treat such measures with understanding, because they are taken to ensure the safety of the flight.

Air transport is a type of transport that transports goods and passengers by air with the help of aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc. Air transport is effective in servicing remote areas that are difficult to access, for transporting expensive and perishable goods over long distances. Air transport is one of the most important types of passenger transport.

Air transport Arose in the states of Europe and America after the 1st World War, in France and Germany, for example, as a mode of transport began to develop from the city of In the USSR, the first air line was opened in 1923.

The principle of flight is aerostatic by an Archimedean force equal to the force of gravity of the air mass displaced by the body; Archimedean air is aerodynamic by reactive force due to the throwing down of a part of the air flowing around the body during its movement, that is, it is determined by the force effect of air on a moving body. inertial force of inertia of a flying body due to the initial reserve of speed or height, therefore such a flight is also called passive; rocket-dynamic by reactive force due to the discarding of a part of the mass of the flying body. In accordance with the law of conservation of momentum of the system, motion arises when some part of its mass separates from the body at some speed; In airless space, the aircraft can perform inertial flight or on other physical principles (for example, using a solar sail, on the area of which the stellar wind exerts pressure, or obtaining acceleration after a revolution between relatively massive planets by performing a gravitational maneuver of a solar sail-stellar wind-gravity maneuver

Classification Classification of aircraft can be built on different principles. It does not consider classifications, for example, by the type of engine used, or by the purpose of aircraft, which are essentially not classifications of the actual aircraft, and in fact classify engines, or the payload of aircraft, which can relate to almost any branch of technology, science and economic activity. Degenerate classifications (consisting of only two divisions, for example, manned unmanned vehicles) are also of no interest.

Classification Apparatuses moving in the Earth's gravitational field Earth's gravitational field Aerostatic, or “lighter than air” vehicles, lifted into atmospheric flight by Archimedean force due to a balloon (shell) filled with gas (including heated air), the density of which is lower than the density of atmospheric air, or the use of an evacuated shell (Vacuum airship). According to the method of movement, these devices are subdivided into: Archimedean force Vacuum airship Balloons that do not have a means of purposeful movement in a horizontal plane and move in it in the wind Aerostats Airships that have an engine (s) and controls for purposeful movement vertically (up or down) and in the horizontal plane.

Classification Aerodynamic vehicles supported in atmospheric flight by aerodynamic lift arising from the rapid movement of the vehicle itself or its parts in the air. Subdivided into: lifting force Motor driven by an engine. They are subdivided into: Apparatus with active control of the boundary layer flow, such as EKIP, with a vortex flow control system in the boundary layer EKIP Apparatuses with uncontrolled boundary layer flow Helicopters (helicopters), the lift force of which is created by a propeller rotated by an engine around a vertical axis. screw

Classification Winged vehicles with a fixed (relative to the apparatus) wing: airplanes, cruise missiles, ground-effect craft, ekranoplanes, motor hang-gliders, paramotors, airplane winged missiles, screen airplanes, motor hang-gliders, paramotors Winged vehicles, with a movable wing. These include: Autogyros, the wing of which rotates freely around the vertical axis under the influence of incoming air in horizontal flight. Apparatuses that, when taking off from the ground and climbing, like helicopters, with a method similar to that of fixed-wing vehicles, in horizontal flight develop lift with a wing, like airplanes, while the propeller, the axis of which rotates to a horizontal position, plays the role of a propulsion device in the horizontal rotorcraft helicopters propulsion aircraft Non-motorized aerodynamic vehicles moving in the atmosphere with a gradual decrease under the combined effect of gravity and aerodynamic forces. Gliders, hang gliders, paragliders, gliders

Classification Airplanes with aerostatic unloading are similar to BARS (LA), in which about 80% of the aircraft's lift (500 tons) is achieved by a helium cylinder, and the speed of up to 300 km / h is provided by sustainer engines. BARS (LA) Inertial. Moving in the Earth's gravitational field by inertia due to the speed imparted to them on the active part of the trajectory by the rocket engine. They are subdivided into: inertial trajectory section Head parts of ballistic missiles moving along ballistic trajectories ballistic missiles ballistic trajectories Artificial Earth satellites and orbital space stations moving in outer space around the Earth in closed orbits Artificial Earth satellites orbital space stations to orbits rocket-propelled interaction with the atmosphere, due to the thrust of the rocket engine directed vertically upward, or having a sufficient vertical component. This method of flight is used on the active leg of the trajectory of ballistic missiles and launch vehicles of spacecraft. solid or water surface.

Air transport Airplane (aka airplane) is an aircraft with an aerodynamic method of creating lift using an engine and fixed wings (wing) and used for flights in the Earth's atmosphere. (Further in this article, the term airplane is interpreted only in this sense.) The aircraft of the engine of the wings of the Earth's atmosphere

Aircraft The aircraft is capable of moving at high speed, using the lift of the wing to keep itself in the air. A fixed wing distinguishes an airplane from an ornithopter (flipper) and a helicopter, and the presence of an engine from a glider. An airplane is distinguished from an airship by an aerodynamic method of creating lift, an airplane wing in the incoming air flow creates lift.

Types of aircraft Boeing (Boeing) Passenger aircraft for long-haul airlines Dimensions: - wingspan 59.63 m, - aircraft length 70.66 m, aircraft height 19.32 m Dimensions passenger cabin: - length 57 m, - maximum width 6.13 m, - height 2.53 m Flight data: - cruising speed 940 km / h, - flight range - up to km - passengers in the cabin of three classes - 405, max Condition: in production serial since 1983 Boeing

Types of aircraft Airbus A310 (Airbus A310) Passenger aircraft for medium-haul airlines Dimensions: - wingspan 43.9 m, - aircraft length 46.65 m, aircraft height 15.81 m Passenger cabin dimensions: - length 33.24 m, - maximum width 5.28 m, - height 2.32 m Flight data: - cruising speed 895 km / h, - flight range - up to 6670 km - passengers in the cabin of three classes - 191, in the cabin of two classes - 220, in the economy - 255, max Condition: in serial production since 1983 Airbus A310 (Airbus A310) Air transport Fighter military aircraft intended primarily for the destruction of air targets Aircraft is used to gain air superiority over the enemy, as well as to escort bombers, transport aircraft, civil aircraft, protection of ground targets from enemy aircraft. Less commonly, fighters are used to attack land and sea targets. civil aviation bombers

Avis - (from Lat.) A bird.

The first scientific approach to the problem of flight we find in Leonardo da Vinci (Renaissance era).

An outstanding contribution was made in 1876 by the captain navy Mozhaisky. In 1893, the Wright brothers built an airplane with a gasoline engine. He flew 800 meters. In 1913, the Russian designer Sikorsky built the world's largest aircraft (4.3 tons) "Vityaz". ANT was built in 1924. By the beginning of the war, the USSR had 62 world aviation records. TU-104 set 26 world records in 2 years.

Technical and economic features of air transport

The advantages of air transport:

Air lines are 25% shorter in the direction of highways, river transport by 40%

High speed

Requires 10-20 times less capital investments for the foundation of new lines

Traffic safety is 2 times higher than the car.

Disadvantages :

Strong dependence on the weather

High cost of freight transportation (100 times higher than by rail)

Aviation significantly pollutes the atmosphere (for 1 passenger-kilometer, an aircraft emits 386 grams of dirt, a car - 12 grams, Railway- 0.6 gr. In one transatlantic flight, the plane burns from 35 to 50 tons of oxygen - this is as much as a city with a population of 15-20 thousand people consumes during the year).

Flight control

For management, the country is divided into dispatch service areas. In the airport area, traffic control is carried out by the ADC (airport dispatch service).

A system is used, which is a radar and computing complex. This complex provides automatic collection, processing and the dispatcher gives the following information:

Aircraft coordinates

Their side numbers

Target and current altitude

Flight speeds

The amount of fuel.

The transfer of control of aircraft between adjacent sectors occurs automatically. Each aircraft is assigned a flight level altitude, along which it is obliged to make a level flight along the route. The height of the lower echelon must be at least 600 meters from lowest point terrestrial landscape in a strip of 25 kilometers on either side of the track line.

Advantages

1. The highest speed and mobility of all modes of transport. 2. Simpler packaging than is required for any other mode of transport.

3. Long range of non-stop flights.

4. Lower insurance costs compared to other modes of transport.

disadvantages

1. High cost of transportation of goods.

2. Dependence on weather conditions.

3. Restrictions on the carriage of goods related to their size and weight.

4. Savings due to high speeds of transportation can be offset by the remoteness of the airport from the recipient.

5. Possibility of damage during transshipment (reloading) of goods.

6. The need to create expensive infrastructure and maintain it in working order.

The dream of flying in the minds of people appeared long ago. The solution to the design of the aircraft was proposed by Leonardo da Vinci, far ahead of his time.

In Russia, attempts to fly hot-air balloon were undertaken in the 6th century, for which the serf who made the flight was executed - the era of Ivan the Terrible. In 1696, an attempt was made to fly on wings covered with thin skin, in 1729 the blacksmith Chernik-Groza tried to climb on wings made of wire and feathers, in 1731 a hobbyist from Ryazan flew in a balloon, for which he was expelled from the city under the threat of being burned at the stake or burial.

After that, the Frenchman Charles flew in a balloon, in 1875 Mendeleev proposed a project of a controlled stratospheric balloon, in 1900 a controlled Zepellin airship became a contender for the conquest of the air basin.

The idea of a modern aircraft and its main elements were proposed by Mozhaisky in 1876, creating a flying model of an airplane with a clock spring. In 1881 he built a twin-engine aircraft, in 1882 he assembled it, but strong vibration and lack of funds delayed the flight for another two years (in the region railway station Mozhaiskaya, a commemorative sign is installed in the place of the first human flight on a vehicle heavier than air).

This aircraft was recognized as the best design of the time, defining the progress of aircraft construction. It was the first aircraft to take off with a human on board.

Similar attempts were also made in Germany, France, England, America. The beginning of industrial aircraft construction in Russia dates back to 1908–1909; in 1913, Russian designers headed by Sikorsky built an aircraft with a flight weight of 4.2 tons (there was no aircraft heavier than 1 tonne abroad at that time). This aircraft took 7 people on board and developed a speed of 90 km / h, then an aircraft with a flight weight of 6.5 tons was designed.

6.3.1. general characteristics air transport

Air transport is the fastest and most expensive in the world. The network of air routes is constantly growing, and by the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 8 million kilometers. The main role of air transport in the transportation of passengers, its share in the passenger turnover of the world's transport exceeds 10%, although in the turnover of goods it is only 1%. Its importance increases immeasurably for hard-to-reach areas where there are no other types of transport (for example, for the remote northern regions of Siberia and the Far East of Russia).

Air links exist between all continents, but the most intense lines exist between North America and Europe. The geography of air transport is also characterized by a network of airports, of which there are more than 1000 international airports. Most the world's air travel is controlled by the United States.

Among the airports that carry out the most significant passenger traffic, one can name the airports of the USA (O Haara, Chicago), Great Britain (London, Heathrow), Japan (Tokyo, Naryta, Kansai, Osaka). Kansai Airport was opened in 1995 and is located on a reclaimed island five kilometers from the coast, which allows it to operate around the clock, unlike the old one, which is located in the center of Osaka and operates only during the daytime due to noise.

Airports in the United States (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago), the largest metropolitan airports in Western Europe (London, Paris, Amsterdam), and Japan (Tokyo) are leading in terms of cargo transportation. More than 70% of the world's aircraft fleet is concentrated in the United States.

The structure of the world aviation fleet is dominated by American Boeing, Douglas, Lockheed aircraft, and the bulk of flights in European countries are made by aircraft of the same brands.

In Russia, air transport accounts for 14.6% of all intercity passenger traffic (in the USA - 17%).

The air transport system consists of many functionally interconnected subsystems. The main elements of the air transport system are: the "crew-aircraft" system, the air traffic control system, the technical operation system, facilities and personnel of commercial services.

Technical basis air transport are:

aircrafts,

airports,

overhead lines (routes),

aircraft repair plants.

Aircraft can be heavier than air - planes, helicopters, gliders, rotorcraft and lighter than air - airships, driving and free balloons. These are all aircraft. The concept of aircraft does not include aircraft moving only by jet thrust or by inertia (rockets, spaceships), as well as hovercraft, meteorological balloons.

Aircraft fleet air transport consists of aircraft and helicopters.

Aircraft are subdivided into passenger, cargo, combined (cargo and passenger) and special applications (agricultural, sanitary, aerial photography), as well as training.

The most important technical and economic indicators of aircraft are: capacity (for passenger) and carrying capacity, speed, non-stop flight range.

Airports- a complex of engineering and technical structures that ensure the departure on the line and reception from the lines of passengers and cargo, as well as the preparation and equipment of aircraft.

Airport - an air transport enterprise designed for regular air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and for servicing aircraft flights. Airport includes aerodrome with a runway system, cargo and passenger complexes, aviation technical base, airport services, communications and flight support.

Aerodrome- the most important element of the airport, includes the airfield, which contains one or several runways, taxiways, aircraft parking areas, runways. The number of runways depends on the airport's capacity. One runway can have one or more runways.

Cargo complex includes a cargo apron (a place for short-term parking of aircraft during loading and unloading of cargo), cargo warehouses, post offices and other structures. At airports with a large volume of freight traffic, cargo terminals are provided, which differ from warehouses in terms of volume and planning solution and work technology.

Passenger complex designed for fast and safe service of departing, arriving and transit passengers, meeting and seeing off.

The main element of the passenger complex is airport terminal, in which ticket sales, passenger registration, baggage registration and handling, informational and other types of passenger services are carried out.

Airways- these are air corridors, limited in width and height, connecting the airspace of aerodrome areas and intended for the operation of aircraft. The routes are serviced by air navigation and air traffic control facilities.

6.3.2. Aircraft

The most widespread are airplanes and helicopters by now.

Airplane Is an aircraft flying in the atmosphere using engines and a wing, on which aerodynamic lift is generated when moving in the air. When the aircraft moves in the air, the upper surface of the wing, being more convex than the lower one, is flown around by the air flow at a higher speed than the lower one, there is a pressure difference directed upwards, perpendicular to the flight speed. It is this pressure difference that creates the aerodynamic lift. If the lift is equal to the flight weight, then the plane is flying horizontally. If it is less than the flight weight, then the plane flies downward. If the lift exceeds the flight weight, then a climb occurs.

Airplanes are subdivided into: transport (passenger and cargo); educational and training; sports; military; special.

The main characteristics of aircraft are: take-off weight; range of flight; layout diagram.

Takeoff weight- the mass of the fully equipped, fueled and loaded aircraft. By takeoff weight, the planes are divided into four classes.

The first class includes aircraft with a take-off mass of more than 76 tons, the second - with a mass of 30 to 75 tons, the third - with a mass of 10 to 30 tons, and the fourth - with a mass of less than 10 tons.

Range of flight- the distance measured along the surface of the earth that an airplane can fly with its entire fuel supply excluding air navigation safety stores.

According to the flight range, the planes are divided into mainline and local aircrafts. Trunk, in turn, are subdivided into:

long-haul (flight range over 6000 km); medium-haul (flight range from 2500 to 6000 km); short-haul (flight range up to 2500 km).

The flight range of aircraft of local airlines does not exceed 1000 km.

The speed of modern transport aircraft with turbojet engines is 750-950 km / h, with turboprop engines, 500-750 km / h.

Depending on the flight speed, aircraft are subdivided into subsonic ones; supersonic; hypersonic.

Subsonic - aircraft whose speed does not exceed the speed of sound. Supersonic - aircraft that exceed the speed of sound. Hypersonic - aircraft whose speed exceeds the speed of sound by 4-5 times.

6.3.3. Air transport of Russia

Air transport in Russia carries out the transportation of passengers, cargo, mail. It is an important link in the economic and social structure of the country.

For Russia, which occupies one-eighth of the earth's land, air transport is a factor in the normal functioning of markets for goods and services, interregional and international relations. The specificity of the country's geographic and climatic position, the low density of the land transport network in a number of regions, and the large size of the country necessitate the widespread use of air transport. About 70% of the territory of Russia (Siberia, North, Far East) practically do not have developed land and water communications, about 50% of passenger and freight traffic for these areas is provided by air transport.

Business travel, tourism, agricultural work, extinguishing forest fires, environmental monitoring, mapping, geological, ice exploration, exploration of fisheries, the implementation of unique construction and installation works, the provision of medical assistance, emergency assistance in emergency situations without air transport would be difficult, and often impossible.

Annually in Russia air transport carries about 25 million passengers (70% in domestic traffic) and 0.7 million tons. cargo. The length of civil aviation air lines is about 800 thousand km, including more than 200 thousand km - international lines.

The collapse of the USSR also led to the collapse of the only monopoly company Aeroflot, which consisted of regional civil aviation departments located in major airports country.

Currently, there are 330 airlines and 845 airports in Russia. 63 airports are of federal importance, 52 operate international flights.

The Russian aircraft fleet numbers 8,200, including about 1,900 mainline passenger aircraft, more than 800 - cargo, about 2500 helicopters, the rest - aircraft of local airlines.

In recent years, there has been a decrease in air passenger traffic in Russia, mainly due to a decrease in the purchasing power of the population caused by a sharp increase in air ticket prices. Since January 1, 1993, air transportation of passengers has been carried out at free rates. A further decrease in the volume of passenger traffic and passenger turnover is predicted. It should be said that while reducing the passenger turnover on domestic routes, on international routes, in the same period, it constantly increased.

In recent years, there has been a certain stabilization in the development of air transport, there is an increase in the volume of passenger and cargo air transportation. The use of aircraft has somewhat improved - there has been a noticeable stabilization of air fares. In recent years, despite significant difficulties, dozens of major production facilities have been commissioned in civil aviation. Among them are air terminal complexes, terminals in Pulkovo, Vnukovo, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Domodedovo, Arkhangelsk, Magadan, Koltsov, Ust-Ilimsk, Bratsk, Barnaul, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Grozny, Sochi; runways and other airfield facilities at the Sheremetyevo, Bykovo, Chita, Vladivostok, Salekhard, Murmansk, Bratsk, Koltsov, Ust-Ilimsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Novgorod airports; aviation technical bases in Khabarovsk, Ust-Ilimsk. A medical center in Moscow (a hospital for 480 beds and a polyclinic for 750 visits a day), a dispensary for flight personnel in Vladivostok, a hotel in Khabarovsk and other social facilities were put into operation.

In February 2003, the 80th anniversary of the Russian Civil Aviation was celebrated. During this time, aviation has passed a long and difficult path of development and turned into one of the modern branches of the national economy - air transport.