Abstract: Marine and river transport of Russia. River transport, general characteristics

23.09.2019

Introduction 3.

1. The value of marine and river transport in the national economy. five

2. Characteristics of the distribution of marine and river transport by regions of Russia 12

3. The position of marine and river transport in the economic complex of the Central Economic Region. 25.

Conclusion. 29.

References .. 31

Introduction

Transport is one of the key industries of any state. The volume of transport services largely depends on the state of the country's economy. However, transport itself often stimulates an increase in the level of activity of the economy. It frees the opportunities that melt in the underdeveloped regions of the country or the world allows us to expand the scale of production, associate production and consumers.

The special place of transport in the field of production is that, on the one hand, the transport industry is an independent branch of production, and therefore a special branch of the investment capital. But on the other hand, it differs in that it is a continuation of the production process within the process of circulation and for the process of circulation.

Transport - Important component Economy of Russia, as it is a material carrier between districts, industries, enterprises. Specialization of districts, their integrated development is impossible without a transport system. The transport factor has an impact on the placement of production, without its accounting, it is impossible to achieve the rational placement of productive forces. When the production is placed, the need for transportation, the mass of the source materials of the finished product, their transportability, the provision of transport paths, their throughput, etc. Depending on the influence of these components and placed enterprises. Rationalization of traffic affects the efficiency of production, both individual enterprises and districts, and the country as a whole.

The most important transport has in solving socio-economic problems. The provision of the territory of the well-developed transport system serves as one of the important factors of attracting the population and production, is an important advantage for the size of the productive forces and gives an integration effect.

The specifics of the transport as the sphere of the economy lies in the fact that it does not produce products itself, but only participates in its creation, providing production with raw materials, materials, equipment and delivering finished products to the consumer. Transport costs are included in the cost of production. The transport factor is of particular importance in our country with its huge territory and uneven placement of resources, the population and the main production facilities.

The main modes of transport are: rail, automotive, aircraft, pipeline, sea and inland water. Interacting with each other, they form transport system Russia.

Based on the foregoing, the topic of test work, in our opinion, is relevant, which determined its choice.

The purpose of the test work is to study the problem of the development of marine and river transport of the Russian Federation.

1. The value of marine and river transport in the national economy

Transportation is an important component of the Russian economy, as it is a material carrier between districts, industries, enterprises. Specialization of districts, their integrated development is impossible without a transport system. The transport factor has an impact on the placement of production, without its accounting, it is impossible to achieve the rational placement of productive forces. When the production is placed, the need for transportation, the mass of the source materials of the finished product, their transportability, the provision of transport paths, their throughput, etc. Depending on the influence of these components and placed enterprises. Rationalization of traffic affects the efficiency of production, both individual enterprises and districts, and the country as a whole.

Important Transport has in solving socio-economic problems. The provision of the territory of the well-developed transport system serves as one of the important factors of attracting the population and production, is an important advantage for the placement of productive forces and gives an integration effect.

The specifics of the transport as the sphere of the economy lies in the fact that it does not produce products itself, but only participates in its creation, providing production with raw materials, materials, equipment and delivering finished products to the consumer. Transport costs are included in the cost of production. According to some industries, transport costs are very significant, such as, for example, in the forest, oil industry, where they can reach 30% of the cost of production. The transport factor is of particular importance in our country with its huge territory and uneven placement of resources, the population and the main production facilities.

Transport creates conditions for the formation of a local and nationwide market. In the context of the transition to market relations, the role of rationalization of transport increases significantly. On the one hand, the efficiency of the enterprise depends on the transport factor, which in the conditions of the market is directly connected with its viability, and on the other hand, the market itself implies the exchange of goods and services, which is impossible without transport, therefore, the market itself is impossible. Therefore, transport is an essential component of the market infrastructure.

An important role in the country's foreign economic relations is played sea \u200b\u200btransport. It is one of the main sources of obtaining currency. The importance of maritime transport for Russia is determined by its position on the shores of the three oceans and the length sea border 40 thousand kilometers. Ports in Baltic: Kaliningrad, Baltic, St. Petersburg, Vyborg; On the Black Sea: Novorossiysk (oil and cargo), Taganrog. Others large ports: Murmansky, Nakhodka, Argangani, Vladivostok, Vanino. Other ports (about 30) are small.

Production power ports allow us to provide only 54% of the need to process cargo. Basic goods transported by sea transport - oil, ores, building materials, stone coal, grain, forest. Large ports - St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Nakhodka, Vladivostok, Vanino, and others. In connection with the development of nature resources Far North and Far East Provided round-wild navigation in Norilsk, Yamal, New earth. Here are the most important ports: Dudinka, Igarka, Tiksi, svek. The construction of two ports in St. Petersburg is scheduled.

Russia has overloading complexes of dry cargoers and bulk vessels, but after the collapse of the USSR, the country remained without complexes for the transshipment of potash salts, oil cargo and liquefied gas, without rail to Germany and Bulgaria, there was only one adjusting elevator at the acceptance of import grain and one specialty-produced Complex for the acceptance of import sugar-raw. 60% of Russian ports are not able to take large-tonny ships due to insufficient depths. Very irrational structure of the transport fleet. The problems of Russia's maritime transport require immediate solution, as they provide big influence on the economic situation of the country.

River transport It has a small proportion in cargo and passenger traffic of Russia. This is due to the fact that the main streams of bulk cargo are carried out in the latitudinal direction, and most shipping rivers have a meridional direction. Also has a negative impact of seasonal river shipping. The ice station on the Volga lasts from 100 to 140 days, on the rivers of Siberia - from 200 to 240 days. River transport is inferior to other species and at the speed of movement. But it also has advantages: lower shipping costs, requires less capital expenditures on the arrangement of paths than in land types of transport. Main types of river transport are mineral building materials, forest, oil, petroleum products, coal, grain.

Most of the turnover of river transport falls on the European part of the country. The most important transport river master here is the Volga with his influx of Kama. In the north of the European part of Russia, the Northern Dvina, Onega and Ladoga lakes, R. Svir and Neva. Of great importance for the development of river transport in the country had the creation of a single deep-sea system and the construction of the Belomoro-Baltic, Volga-Baltic, Moscow-Volga and Volga-Don channels.

In connection with the development natural resources In the east of the country, the transport value of Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, Amur increases. Especially noticeable their role in providing areas of pioneering development, where there are practically no land transport highways.

Internal river shipping routes of Russia account for 80 thousand kilometers. The proportion of inland water transport in total cargo turnover is 3.9%. The role of river transport is sharply rising in a number of regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East.

The main in Russia is the Volga-Kamsky river basin, which accounts for 40% of cargo turnover river Fleet.. Thanks to the Volga Baltic, the Beloga-Baltic and Volga-Don channels, the Volga became the rod of a single water system of the European part of Russia, and Moscow - river Port Five seas.

Other important rivers of European Russia include Northern Dvina with tributaries, Sukhona, Onega, Svir, Neva.

In Siberia, the main Rivers of Yenisei, Lena, Ob and their tributaries. All of them are used for shipping and alloy forest, food transport and industrial products in separated regions. The value of Siberian river paths is quite significant due to the underdevelopment of railways (especially in the meridional direction). Rivers bind southern regions Western I. Eastern Siberia. With Polarm. Obi and Irtysh are transported oil from Tyumen. Ob shipping for 3,600 km, Yenisei - 3300 km, Lena - 4000 km (navigation lasts 4-5 months). The ports of the lower flow of Yenisei - Dudinka and Igarka are available for maritime courts, the next northern seaway. The largest transshipment points of goods from rivers on railways - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Kut.

The most important river trunk of the Far East is Amur. Shipping is carried out throughout the river.

Currently due to economic crisis There is a reduction in the volume of transportation of goods and passengers with river transport, the length of inland aquatic shipping pathways, the number of berths.

The magnitude of the cargo turnover sea transport ranks 4th after the railway, pipeline and road transport. Common cargo turnover is 100 billion tons. He owns a leading role in the transport services of the districts of the Far East and the Far North. The value of maritime transport in foreign trade in Russia is great. It accounts for 73% in the departure of goods and more than 90% of cargo turnover in international report.

The advantages of the sea type of transport over other species. First, transport is the largest single loading capacity, secondly, unlimited throughput of sea routes, thirdly, a small cost of energy for transportation of 1 ton of cargo, fourth, low cost of transportation. In addition to the benefits of sea transport there are substantial disadvantages: dependence on natural conditions, the need to create a complex port economy, limited use in direct marine messages.

After the collapse of the USSR, 8 shipping companies left 8 shipping companies and 37 ports total capacity of cargo to 163 million tons per year, of which 148 million tons are accounted for by the Baltic and Northern Basins. The average age of Russian courts is 17 years, which is much worse than the corresponding characteristics of the World Trade Fleet. Only 4 major shipbuilding shipyards remained in the country, 3 of which are located in St. Petersburg. Russia's ownership of Russia, only 55% of the deadweight of the Transport Fleet of the Union, including 47.6% of the dry cargo, was departed. The needs of Russia in the maritime transport of 175 million tons per year, while the fleet belonging to the country is capable of transporting approximately 100 million tons per year. Remaining in Russia seaports Only 62% of Russian goods can be missed, including 95% of coastal and 60% of export-import. For the transport of incoming import food and for exporting goods, Russia uses ports of neighboring states: Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia.

In 2000, the rise of the port industry. Russian ports in the Foreign Trade Subsystem increase their competitiveness with ports of neighboring states. Our sailors with great difficulty, but still managed to maintain a unique system for ensuring the functioning of the Northern Sea Route. Still key in providing resources of northern and remote territories of Russia is inland water transport. But water, like road, rail, air transport, lack sources of financing. It is necessary, first of all, to preserve the created system of shipping paths with a length of over 100,000 km, on which there are over 700 thousand shipping hydraulic structures. And we must take care today about the technical condition of these structures so that they are reliable and in the future.

River transport plays a prominent role in intraral and interdistrict transport of the country. The advantages of river transport are in natural ways, whose arrangement is required less capital costs than for the construction of railways. The cost of transportation of goods by rivers is lower than by railways, and labor productivity is 35% higher.

The main disadvantages of river transport are seasonal nature, limited use due to the configuration of the river network, low speed. Moreover, large rivers In our country, flow from the north to south, and the main bulk flow streams have a latitudinal direction.

Further development of river transport is associated with the improvement of shipping conditions on inland waterways; improving the port economy; extension of navigation; an increase in the throughput of waterways; Expansion of mixed railway and water transport and transportation, such as the River-Sea.

2. Characteristics of the distribution of marine and river transport by regions of Russia

The presence of various types of transport on the specific territory of Russia is customary to be called a transport network. The configuration of the transport network depends on the placement of productive forces, relief, the natural and climatic conditions of the specific territory. The density of the way of communication depends on the level of development of all elements of the productive forces. This determines the classification of areas:

1. The areas of continuous economic development, therefore, with a dense transport network, uniting all or most types of transport.

2. Areas of selective economic development with a weakly developed transport network represented by one or more modes of transport.

3. Areas of intensive farming with a weakly developed transport network.

4. Areas of mastering forest resources with a relatively rarely mastered transport network.

5. Resort zones.

Transportation of the territories determines their place in the classification of transport points and transportation nodes.

Under transport items are understood railway stations, river pier, River and seaports. They perform the following functions: economic, transport, technical, political, cultural and international relations.

The transport node is an item in which at least 2-3 lines of one type of transport are converging. When in one settlement Consider the messages of the message different species Transport, it is called complex. Here the interrelation of various types of transport is clearly traced. In comprehensive transportation nodes, cargo transportation and passenger transplantation are carried out.

Transport hubs are state, interdistrict, district and local importance. In addition, the transport hubs are classified for their intended purpose, a combination of modes of transport, according to the functions performed by the transport balance, the largest cargo turnover. Complex transport hubs can also have combinations: railway-water (rail-river, railway-marine), railway-automotive, water-automotive.

The level of development of the transport system of economic regions of unequal. Providing ways of communication both in total length and by density (kilometers of the path per 1000 km 2) differs in ten or more times. The most developed transport system is highlighted by the Central Black Earth, Central, North-West, North Caucasian, Volga-Vyatsky districts; The least developed - Far Eastern, East Siberian, West Siberian, Northern Economic Areas.

Districted areas and by the structure of cargo turnover. In areas where intersective intersects are developed by such minerals as iron ore, coal, the main transportation is carried out by railway; Where oil, gas is produced, the proportion of pipeline transport; In areas where forest resources are being developed, the proportion of inland water transport is significant; In areas specializing in manufacturing industries, the main role belongs to rail transport. For example, in the West Siberian district, railway transport and high share of pipeline transport, in the central region, the overwhelming part of transportation is carried out by railway. The extractive industry areas have an active transport balance, i.e. The export exceeds the import, as the mass of raw materials, fuel is greater than the mass of finished products, and the areas of the manufacturing industry, respectively, passive, i.e. Import exceeds export.

Power transport streams Also have significant differences and depend on the placement of the main sources of raw materials, fuel, materials, etc. Three main main directions of the country's transport system can be distinguished:

1. The latitudinal main Siberian direction "East-West" and back, it includes railway, pipeline pathways and aquatic use of rivers of the Kama and Volga.

2. Meridional main central European direction "North-South" with access to Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus formed in the main railway tracks.

3. Meridional Volga Caucasus Main Direction of North-South on the Volga River, Railway and Pipeline Training, Binding the Volga region and the Caucasus with the center, the North of the European part of the country and with the Urals.

According to these chief mainstream areas, the main traffic flows of the country are coming, in these areas, railway, internal water and automotive transports interact especially closely. The main airways also mainly coincide with the land.

In addition to the main main directions there is a thick transport network of intra-ion and local values. Combining among themselves, they form a single transport system of Russia. With the development of the country's productive forces in general and its separate areas, the transport system needs continuous improvement, both in terms of rationalization of accommodation and in increasing its quality level: updating the material and technical base, improving the organizational and management system, using the newest achievements of scientifically Technical progress. The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at a more complete provision of the needs of the country's economy and population transport services.

Consider the placement of marine and river transport in the economic regions of Russia.

Northwest Having has all kinds modern transport. His share accounts for a significant proportion of marine and river transport.

Currently, the transport system is oriented to the solution of three main tasks:

exit to Baltic through Moscow of the whole southern and southeastern part of Russia and the adjacent states of the CIS.
exit to Baltic of Belarus and Ukraine and the binding of the Baltic Basin with Black Sea.
communication with the Baltic of the Northern Regions of Russia.

It is the solution of these three tasks that makes the north-west of the most promising area of \u200b\u200bworldly bonds of Russia.

St. Petersburg - the largest port countries and worlds, but prospects further development The ports are very limited by the fact that he has grown "in the body" of a major city, mass transit through which is inappropriate. Yes, and resources of urban territory are also limited. Therefore, the estimated capacity of the St. Petersburg port after its expansion is estimated at 25-30 million tons of cargo turnover per year. And Russia's needs in this region are assessed in perspective at 100-120 million tons annually. Therefore, the creation of Russian ports on the Baltic system has begun. It is assumed to expand existing small ports in Vyborg and Vysotsky and the construction of new large ports at the mouth of the Luga River and in the area of \u200b\u200bLomonosov.

A significantly new assessment deserves the geopolitical position of the region. After the cessation of the existence of the USSR, this region became almost the only direct exit to the Western (Atlantic) sphere of the world market. And it immediately turned out that this yield is completely insufficient to successfully fulfill its new role - the preferences of the previous years (in terms of the number of ports, land routes abroad, infrastructure provision, arrangement of the state border). But it will be necessary to solve the task inevitably, since neither the Black Sea ports, nor on the ports of the Baltic States, Russia cannot count. It is necessary to emphasize that to form a full marine marine entry of Russia to Europe is an extremely important task not only for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, but for all Russia. But the main role will definitely have to play the Russian Federation. It is possible that this is the most important development resource in the future.

Attention should also be paid to the fact that already in the near future (within the framework of the next 5-10 years) may noticeably increase the world-economic importance of the Northern Sea Route. There is a lot of ambiguities on this issue, but in general the trend is such that scientific and technical progress and polarization of the global market to the Western and Eastern zones with epicenters in the North Atlantic and in the northern part Pacific Ocean It will require more intensive and large-scale development of the northern sea route. The ambiguous problem of the development of the Northern Sea shelf is clearly visible. In solving both problems, the North-West will be inevitably.

Currently, the transport of the region, especially marine, not cope with the volume of export-import transport, is experiencing great difficulties. Therefore, there are very significant extents of new transport construction. A high-speed highway was widely known, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will contact Moscow with Scandinavia. At the same time, the reconstruction and modernization of the October highway is designed.

Northern Economic District It has profitable geographical position, access to the seas: Barents, White, Pechora; It has a non-freezing port - Murmansk, which provides permanent marine ties with the countries of the world. Therefore, the transport system of the Northern Economic Area includes all types of modern transport.

The main transportation is carried out by three types of transport: rail, sea and river. Their share accounts for the bulk of the cargo turnover. In recent years, pipeline transport has been increasingly developed.

Widely used water species Transport - river and sea. River transport plays great importance for domestic traffic. Main shipping rivers - Northern Dvina, Overview, Sukhona, Pechora, Mezen, Pinega, Usa. Shipping and lakes are Ladoga, Onega. The White Sea-Baltic Channel has been created, which currently needs urgent reconstruction. The internal natural paths through the channel system are carried out by the carriage of bulky transportative goods, mainly fuel (coal), forests, ores, cars, building materials.

The seaside position of the Northern District contributed to the development of maritime transport and now it plays an important role in ensuring inter-district and foreign economic relations of the country. By seas, the seasoking area of \u200b\u200bthe district, the northern seaside path undergoes where the transportation of goods along the Arctic coast is carried out. This highway from Norilsk in Murmansk is delivered raw materials for processing enterprises of the district, to the West, it is possible to export mainly on the export forest. The territory of the district is the largest seaports through which Russia's export-import links are carried out with many countries of the world: Arkhangelsk is the largest forest-export port of Russia and Murmansk - the country's largest fish base.

Multi-sectoral specialization of the district predetermines the widespread development of inter-district economic relations. Significant volumes of various goods are exported from the area: oil, gas, apatite ores, forests and timber, non-ferrous metals, paper, cardboard.

The area is built mainly food, feed, consumer goods, metal, machinery and equipment, building materials.

Central Economic District (CER) is distinguished by the favorable geographical position in the center of the European part of Russia, is located in the node of the most important transport routes - rail, automotive, water, pipelines, airlines.

Therefore, the area is characterized by a developed transport complex, largely determining the economic role of the area. The transport network is represented by all types of transport.

Passive transport balance. The importation of multiple raw materials and fuel (energy carriers, forest, timber, building materials, bread, rolling black and non-ferrous metals, sugar, imported industrial and food products, cotton) above the export of transportable finished products (machines, equipment, cars, machine tools, instruments, tools , electrical engineering products, household appliances, fabrics, shoes, etc.).

In the conditions of transition to the market, structural changes in transport and communication will occur; The role of electronics and production of automation and management means will increase.

Volga-Vyatsky region It has all kinds of transport - rail, river, automotive, pipeline and air. Railway transport has the greatest importance, which accounts for over 2/3 of all inter-district transportation. The poverty of the Volga-Vyatka region by mineral resources and fuel resources determines the features of transport and economic ties. In the structure of the cargo transportation, a significant proportion of fuel occupies, especially coal, as well as ferrous metals and raw materials for the chemical industry. Intraregional bonds account for about 20% of all cargo transported rail transport. Outside the region are exported: wood, petroleum products, a variety of engineering products, cement. Wood, building materials are dominated in intraregional transportation. The latitudinal railway system presented in the region provides an intensively growing transport and economic exchange between the eastern and western regions of Russia.

The most close ties Volga-Vyatka region has with Central, Volga region, Ural regions Russia.

The geographical position of the Volga-Vyatka region on the Volga highway with its branched navigable tributaries (Oka, Vyatka, etc.) creates favorable conditions for the development of river transport and its close interaction with rail. River shipping paths on the Rivers of the Volga basin are 3 thousand km. The Nizhny Novgorod water transportation node is on river turnover largest in Russia. The river on the railway is carried out overloading coal, salt, metal, bread cargo, cement, building materials coming from the Volga, North Caucasus, Central and other European part regions. With the railway on the water line there is a transshipment of forests, forest products, a variety of chemical goods, metal scrap, various types of machines and equipment.

The predominance of products of the manufacturing industries determined excess of importation of products over export. Fuel (raw oil, gas, stone coal), rolling black and non-ferrous metals, plastics, tires, building materials, grain, meat are imported to the area. Cars, paper, equipment, machine tools, products of chemical enterprises are exported.

Central Chernozem District It occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position and has a developed transport complex: in the thickness of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators in Russia. Main types of transport - Railway and automotive; The area also received the development of river, pipeline and aviation species.

Through the area there are large flow of transit cargo, reflecting the connections of the northern and central regions with southern, oriental and western. In recent years, the flow of goods from the Tsurg itself, related to the development of CMA TPK (iron ore, ferrous metals, mineral-building raw materials). Therefore, the bandwidth of individual lines is already insufficient, the technical equipment of transport is weak, it is necessary to improve the interaction of various types of transport in the region.

The Central Black Earth area has developed economic ties with the Central, Urals, West Siberian and Volga regions of Russia and Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral-building materials, ferrous metals, bread, sugar are exported from the region. Since the regional economy is strongly experiencing a shortage of energy and technological fuels, the importation of coal, coke, oil and petroleum products prevails, and also import mineral-building goods in large volumes, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, consumer goods, etc.

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Sea transport is primarily important in that it provides a significant part of Russia's foreign trade relations. Domestic transportation (coaster) is essential only for the supply of northern and oriental coarse countries. The share of sea transport in cargo turnover is 8%Although the mass of transported goods is less than 1% of the total. This ratio is achieved due to the largest average transportation distance is about 4.5 thousand km. Transportation of passengers by sea transport is insignificant.

On global scale Sea transport ranks first in turnover, standing out the minimum carriage of goods. In Russia, it is relatively poorly developed, since the main economic centers of the country are removed from sea coasts. In addition most of The seas surrounding the territory of the country are freezing, which increases the cost of the use of maritime transport. Serious problem is outdated navy country. Most ships are built more than 20 years ago and should be written off by international standards. There are practically no ships of modern types: gas carriers, lighter carriers, container ships, horizontal loading ships, etc. There are only 11 large seaports in Russia, which is not enough for such a country. About half of the Russian cargoes from maritime walking are serviced by ports of other states. These are mainly ports of the former Soviet republics: Odessa (Ukraine), Ventspils (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia), Klaipeda (Lithuania). The use of seaside ports of other states leads to financial losses. To solve this problem, the construction of new ports on the coasts of the Baltic and Black Seas is underway.

The leading turnover of the marine pool of Russia is currently being Far Eastern. The main ports in it are rarely freezing Vladivostok and Nakhodka. A contemporary port of East with terminals for the export of coal and forest cargo are built near the find. The port of Vanino, located on the final section of the Baikal Amur railway line, is also of great importance. In this port, there is a ferry that connects the mainland Russia railway network with the Sakhalin Island Network (Port of Kholmsk).

In second place in terms of cargo turnover is the northern pool. The main ports in it: Murmansk (non-commercial, although it is behind the northern polar circle) and Arkhangelsk (forest-exporting, at the same time marine, and river). Large ports also act at the mouth of the Yenisei. This is a denunciation, through which ore concentrates from Norilsk, and Igarka, through which the forest goes and forest products. The site of the northern sea route between the mouth of Yenisei and Murmansk is year-round, which is ensured by using powerful icebreakers, including atomic. Navigation Eastern mouth Yenisei is carried out only 2-3 months in summer

The third value is the Baltic pool. The main ports in it are St. Petersburg (freezing) and Kaliningrad (non-freezing). The use of a convenient Kaliningrad port is difficult, as it is separated from the main part of Russia with the territories of foreign countries. Near St. Petersburg there is a small port of Vyborg, through which forest cargo goes mainly. Ports of Ust-Luga and Privacy are being built.

In the fourth place in terms of freight turnover is the Cheryomor-Azov pool. Here are two non-freezing oil exports of the ports - Novorossiysk (most powerful in Russia) and Tuapse. TO sea transport There are also transportation in the Caspian Sea. The largest here are the ports of Astrakhan (at the same time marine and river) and Makhachkala, through which there are mainly oil loads.

River transport

River transport (or inner water) was the main thing in Russia until the end of the XIX. Currently, its meaning is small - about 2% of cargo turnover and mass of cargo transported. Although this is a cheap type of transport, but it has serious shortcomings. The main directions of the flow of rivers often do not coincide with the directions of transportation of goods. For connecting adjacent river basins, expensive channels have to build. On the territory of Russia, the river - seasonal type of transport, since rivers freeze for several months a year. The total length of shipping river tract in Russia is 85 thousand km. 3/4 of goods transported currently by river transport of Russia are mineral-building materials. Transportation of passengers with river transport is insignificant, as well as maritime.

More than half of the cargo turnover of the country's river transport falls on the Volga-Kama pool. It is connected by canals with neighboring pools (Don, Neva, Northern Dvina, White Sea), being the basis of a single deep-water system of the European part of the country. Here are the largest river ports: Nizhny Novgorod, North, South and West in Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd, Astrakhan. In second place in terms of the volume of cargo turnover, there is a West Siberian pool, which includes oh with tributaries. In addition, in addition to building materials, a significant share in transportation is petroleumautics. The main ports are Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Labytnangi, Tyumen. The third in Russia is the northern dock swimming pool with Sukhon's tributaries and permanent. In it, a significant share in transportation is forest cargo. The main ports are Arkhangelsk and Kotlas.

Great value of river transport plays in the northeastern part of Russia, where there are actually no networks of other types of transport. The main amount of cargo for these territories is covered in summer or from the south of the railway (according to Yenisei from Krasnoyarsk, on Lena from Ust-Kuta), or from the mouth of the rivers, where goods are delivered by sea transport.

Transportation; Thanks to her, he continues to occupy an important place in the transport system, despite low speed and seasonality.

At the same time, the share of transportation of passengers with river transport is very low. This is due to the fact that being very cheap at low speeds (20-30 km / h), the cost of transportation by river transport is significantly increased during transportation with speeds of 50-60 km / h, which allow you to compete with other types of transport (automotive and rail ).

History

The history of river transport has not one thousand years. It is believed that the first major river Courts began to build in ancient Egypt still in the fourth millennium BC. e. Ancient river vessels were rowing or sailing. Later began to apply a craving with the help of the horses sitting along the banks or people (Burlakov). There were also vessels, driven by horses located on the vessel itself (see a cowned vessel).

In the 19th century, steamers began to use on the inland waterways, and the first river ship (and in general the first ship in the world) was built in Russia.

Freight transportation

Since the speed of cargo river vessels is 10-20 km / h, in the inner waterway transport are mainly loaded, which do not require fast delivery - building materials (for example, sand), coal, coke, grain, etc. are transported by rivers and petroleum products. There are also vessels carrying trucks along with their cargo and river ship-container shipments.

For freight transport, either self-propelled vessels are used, or touched by the barge (tug-tractors for wiring a barge are already practically not used). Barges are used mainly for bulk cargo.

The largest cargo river vessels may have a length of more than a hundred meters and take on board about five thousand tons of cargo. For example, Russian vehicles of the Volgo-Don type have a length of 138.5 m, a width of 16.7 m, a precipitate of 3.5 m and a load capacity of 5000 tons.

However, such major vessels can be used far from everywhere. IN Western Europe Pretty common (primarily in France, Belgium and the Netherlands) relatively small cargo ships, called penichami. They are built in accordance with minimal dimensions of gateways and channels adopted in France, and therefore can be used by almost all the waterways of this country. The maximum size of the penis - length is 40 m, the width is 5.2 m, the sediment is 2.5 m and the height of the highest part of the vessel over the waterline - 3.5 m. Penish takes on board 300-400 tons of cargo. As a rule, the crew of the penis consists of two people - her husband and wives, which are both the owners of the vessel. They constantly live on the ship and get housing on the shore only retirement (their children learn in the boarding schools).

Passenger Transportation

Traditional river vessels, even modern buildings, are distinguished by modern speeds speed (rare more than 25 km / h), so they cannot compete on equal terms and rail transport. Therefore, large passenger courts Nowadays, almost always used to transport tourists (river cruises), as well as for the transport of passengers to hard-to-reach areas, with which there is no automotive and railway communication.

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Watch what is "River Transport" in other dictionaries:

Type of water transport. By cargo turnover of inland waterways (rivers, lakes, canals), USA, Russia, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, China are highlighted. Here is the majority of shipping channels (coastal canal in the United States, the Great Channel in China). Main p ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Carries out the transport of passengers and cargo on waterways natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs). Allocate: Main river paths serving foreign trade transportation of several states; Interdistrict, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

river transport - - En River Transport Transportation of Goods or Persons by Means of Ships Traveling On Rivers. (Source: Ceda) themes ... ... Technical translator directory

river transport - Type of transport involved in transportation of passengers and cargo for inland waterways - shipping rivers and canals ... Dictionary on geography

The type of transport that carries out the transport of passengers and goods is mainly in the inner waterway, both natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (channels, reservoirs (see reservoir), storage areas). Stand out ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

River transport - River TRANSport. To start. War to the share of R. t. We had to 7% of the total cargo turnover of the transport of SSRAVNY R. t. Provided the OSN. Transportation to P na with poorly developed other communication paths. During the years of presen. Five-year plans (1929-1940) were built ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: Encyclopedia

Carries out the transport of passengers and goods on waterways natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs). Allocate: Main river paths serving foreign trade transportation of several states; Interdistrict, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Type of transport that carries out the transport of passengers and goods to the OSN. on inside. Waterways, both natural (rivers, lakes) and artificial (canals, reservoirs, storage areas of rivers). Length inside. Water shipping routes of the message R. T ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

Pleasure ship on the Moscow River. 1930 E Moscow. River transport in Moscow provides the work of a powerful river transport hub that has three ports - northern, western and southern, equipped with modern technical ... ... Moscow (Encyclopedia)

River transport is the oldest view of the transport. For many centuries, he played a huge role in the formation and development of states. With it, relations were established, trade developed, the troops were moved.

Russia has a large and branched network of river tract and lakes. However, it plays a significant role in those regions where the directions of the main transport and economic ties and riverways coincide (the Volga-Kamsky River basin in the European part of Russia), or in weakly developed regions with the almost complete absence of alternative modes of transport (North and North East of the country).

Internal river transport is located mainly in the current big rivers, The main requirement to which is shipping.
The advantages of river transport are in natural ways, whose arrangement is required less capital costs than for the construction of railways.

The main disadvantages of river transport are seasonal nature, limited use due to the configuration of the river network, low speed. In addition, large rivers in our country flow from the south to north and from north to south, and the main bulk flows have a latitudinal direction.
With the construction of a cascade of hydrouses to deep-water highways turned Volga and Kama. Interrabassaine compounds Whiteor-Baltic, Moscow-Volga, Volga, Volga-Donskoye, Volga Baltic constitute a single deep-water system (HSS) with a total length of 6.3 thousand km.
With the growth of inland water transport in the east of the country, the country's leading position holds the Volga-Kama pool, on the rivers of which there are more than half of the carriage of cargo and passengers of river transport. The first place in terms of traffic in this basin was taken by building materials (60%). Their transportation goes in both directions and is mainly intraous.

The bulk of the forest is transported from top to bottom in the rafts and on ships. From the Kama on the Volga there is a Ural and Siberian forest, and through the Volga-Baltic path - the forest of Karelia, Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions for the Volga region, the North Caucasus. On the Moscow Channel name, the forest goes to Moscow and Moscow region. Through the ports of Kama and Volga in the pool, Kuznetsky coal comes into the pool and delivered waterways to power plants.

The prominent place is occupied by the transportation of salt - from Baskunchak hydrochlorians up the Volga on the Volga region base, center, Urals, on the enterprises of the North-West fishing industry and export. Up the Volga is also sent to bulk cultures from the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, fish from the Caspian Sea, chemical products coming from the Urals and the Volga region. In both directions, oil and petroleum products are delivered, bread cargoes.
Kama with the tributaries White and Vyatka is essential in the transport links of the Urals with the Volga, the center, the North West. Came down the down, oil, grain, mineral building materials, chemical goods are transported. In the opposite direction - forest, cement, coal. Up the champ of cargo flow is significantly less.

The Volga-Don Canal increased the carriage of bulk cargo on the Volga. From the areas adjacent to Don, the Volga carbon, grain, bumbish, mineral building materials, industrial products are brought along the Volga, and from the Volga-Kama pool to the Don forest, cement, ore, chemical products.
Water-transport links with the North-Western district and foreign countries of the Baltic Sea through the Volga Baltic Waterway are of great importance. According to the Volga-Balt in the southern direction, forest, ore, apatite concentrate, building materials, and north - petroleum products, grain, coal, chemical goods are sent.

The main passenger fluxes are concentrated in the Volga-Kama pool. There are many transit, local, suburban and intracity lines. River passenger ships are widely used to organize recreation and tourism. The most extended transit lines: Moscow - Rostov, Moscow - Astrakhan, Moscow - Perm, Moscow - Ufa.

In the Volga-Vyatka basin are large river ports: Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, etc.
The rivers have long served as important transport communications of the Northern and North-Western economic regions. In the European North for the carriage of goods, the Northern Dvina with the tributaries of the dishonest and dry, the messen, the Pechora, and in the north-west - the White Morod-Baltic Channel, Svir, Neva.

According to the North Rivers there is a powerful stream of forests, oil and mineral construction goods, as well as coal and grain. Main ports: Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Naryan-Mar, Mezen, Pechora.
The North-West River basin provides transportation in the southern direction of apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula, iron ore and forests from Karelia, and in the opposite direction - petroleum products, grains, salts and industrial goods. Transfer points for goods serve St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Petrozavodsk.

From St. Petersburg to Moscow and regular passenger lines are organized to the upper Volga. Local lines were greatly developed, especially with an increase in the number of high-speed vessels.

In the east of the country, Western Siberia with its main Ob-Irtysh basin occupies the first place in terms of traffic. The growth of river transportation of the pool is caused by the development of oil and gas resources, as well as new forest arrays. From the transshipment transportations (Omsk, Tobolsk, Novosibirsk) on Ob and Irtyshu, pipes and drilling equipment, construction materials, coal, industrial and food products in the areas of oil and gas fields of the Tyumen region are coming. The depths of Siberia deliver cargo in the northern sea route with transshipment in the mouth of Ob, Pura, pelvis on river ships.

Over half of the transportation in the pool falls on the forest entering the rafts to port Asino. From here and from some other items, the forest is already transported to Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk. More than a quarter of water transportation on OBI and Irtyshu occupy building materials coming from the south of the district to the north, to the centers of the oil and gas industry. Little, although water transport plays a prominent role in the delivery of bread cargoes, petroleum products, coal and salt.

On OBI, along with old ports, Novosibirsk and Barnaul, ports arising in connection with the formation of industrial centers, such as Surgut, Salekhard, Ob, Labnyangi.
Yenisei binds the southern regions of Eastern Siberia with an indoor. Forest transportation reaches 2/3 of Yenisei cargo turnover. The river is also transported by grain, stone coal, petroleum products and mineral building materials. On the upper Yenisei, from Minusinsk to Krasnoyarsk, the cargo stream is prevailing down, and the main place in it is occupied by bread cargoes.

The mouth of the hangars, from where a large amount of forest comes from, separates the direction of freight flows on Yenisei: most of the goods go up, and the cargo stream down the river prevails from the mouth of the hangary to Dixon. On hangar and Lake Baikal is transported mainly to the forest. There are also transportations of mineral building materials and coal on the hangar.

Main ports: Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Igarka, Dudinka, and on the hangar - Irkutsk, Makarevo, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.
On Lena, regular shipping is carried out from the port of sturgeon to the river delta. According to Lena, in addition to domestic goods, cargo arriving from the railway from sturgeon and from Tiksi Bay, where they are brought out along the Northern Sea Route. In the structure of the cargo transportation of the Lena Basin 2/3, cargo drives (mineral building materials and coal), the rest - oil and forest. The bulk of cargo follows the Lena from top to bottom. For shipping, a number of tributaries of Lena are used - Vitim, Aldan, Olekma and Vilyui. Cargo operations pass in the ports of Yakutsk, Vitim, Kirensk, sturgeon.

In the Far East, the Cupid and his tributaries of the zea and rudeness are in the Far East. Basic goods transported by Amur: grain, salt, fish, forest, oil, metal, coal. Direction - Eastern, down the river. The largest ports: Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
In the eastern regions in the conditions of insufficient provision of land communications, river transport plays an important role in the carriage of passengers. Local, intracity, suburban and tourist lines operate on large rivers. The main transport of passengers is carried out along the Yenisei River and the Bratsk reservoir, relatively small sizes - by the lower flow of the hangars and Lake Baikal. In the pool there are transit routes Krasnoyarsk - Dudinka, Irkutsk - Bratsk, Port Baikal - Nizhneangarsk and Tourist Lines Krasnoyarsk - Dixon, Lake Baikal.
On Lena, transit passenger routes pass in the directions of sturgeon - Yakutsk, Yakutsk - Tiksi. Tourist transportation is growing, and the trips to Lensky Pillars are especially popular.

Further development of river transport is associated with the improvement of shipping conditions on inland waterways; improving the port economy; extension of navigation; an increase in the throughput of waterways; The expansion of mixed railway and water transport and transportation type "River - Sea".

Problems of river transport

Having chasing the volume of cargo transportation and ton-kilometers, the world's largest river vessels built and adjusted the rivers under them (deepen, expanded and hidden), arguing that the river transport is the most economical, the most eco-friendly and safest type of transport. It is difficult to argue with this. All over the world, thanks to the listed characteristics of river transport in demand and develops rapidly. In some countries, it is transported to 15 percent of the total cargo transported. But as for Russia, there is a completely different situation here. The world's largest river fleet, confining the rivers and channels under it, and spending tremendous means, lost sight of the cost of transportation, as a result of which a significant part of cargo traffic belonging to river transport was its main competitor - railway transport.

According to a number of scientists in 1950, the cost of river transportation was about 23 percent less than on the railway. In 1970, the cost of river transport exceeded the cost of rail transport by 5 percent, and by 1990. - by 42 percent. In the future, the cost of river transport has decreased somewhat, but still turned out to be about 25-30 percent higher than on railway transport. As a result of the increase in the cost of river transportation, the freightness of the inland waterways has been significantly reduced and is currently approximately 7 times lower than the average in the world. For one km of inland waterways in Russia accounts for only 1 thousand tons of cargo transported. In China, 1 km of the road accounts for about 10 thousand tons of cargo transported, in the United States - about 12 thousand tons, and in Germany - more than 30 thousand tons.

No less severe situation with passenger traffic. Almost all the "dawns", "sunrise" and "rockets", which were previously pride of the river fleet, were unprofitable and derived from operation. Large travel vessels, with the exception of cruising on some attractive routes, are also unprofitable. Having worked 50, and sometimes more than a year, many tourist ships are morally and physically outdated. The metal-capacity of such vessels is significantly higher than in foreign analogues. Fuel costs 2 times, and sometimes 3 times more than modern foreign models.

Crew crews also exceed the crews of the courts of their foreign colleagues. Having inherited from the Soviet Union, Russian river vessels are increasingly resold, gradually come into disrepair and are output. Termination of the majority of such vessels is the case of the near future.
From the given data it is clear that Russia, having the most extended and most modern inner waterways in the world, uses them extremely inefficient. Moreover, explain it only with objective reasons, for example, a limited number of navigation or by the rapid development of other types of transport, it is impossible. Subjective factors are played a huge role in the ineffectiveness of river transportation: the subjective factors are played: unprotected reforming of river transport management, incorrectly selected priorities for the development of river transport, unreasonable, and sometimes just erroneous solutions related to the development of the fleet and inland waterways, etc.

If you analyze the development of river shipments, it turns out that the effectiveness of river transport began to fall from the late 60s, namely, with the adoption in 1967, the Ministry of Finrechflot of Russia decisions to increase the guaranteed depth of HDS from 365 cm to 400 cm. It is from this The moment began the unreasonable construction of large-tonnant self-propelled ships with a large sediment. The ships were built, and the depths declared on the HPS were not provided, as a result of which the largest fleet began to walk with an underload, and the small-tonnant and mid-room fleet lost in speed due to the exploitation of large-tonnage vessels.

Despite the fact that since 1967 has passed for 45 years, the guaranteed depth of 400 cm on HSS has not yet been reached, and, apparently, with a reasonable attitude towards nature and taxpayers, cannot be achieved. Yes, and there is no need for this. Why cut down the rivers and build new hydroells, if the volume of cargo transported by river transport does not exceed 1 percent of the total freight transportation in the country.
At the same time, it is still necessary to hear that the HSS need a guaranteed depth of 400 cm, which it is necessary to build new hydroeats and fill the reservoirs in the central part of Russia, as well as increase the bandwidth of certain gateways and will almost disaster, If this is not done.

The current situation in the river industry clearly confirms that river transport has already been almost out of the transport system of Russia and the significant impact on the country's economy does not. Moreover, he continues to pass his position and if cardinal measures will not be taken in the near future, in fact will cease to exist, which will be a shame for a country having the most extended, the most extensive and very perfect network of inland waterways.

River port in Salekhard

The value of river transport for the national economy must be considered in an inseparable connection with other types of transport forming a single transport system. Despite the relatively small proportion of river transport in the total cargo turnover of the country in many areas, as well as in the transport of a number of goods, it owns a leading role. The transport costs for the delivery of mass loads on waterways in large volumes and at considerable distances is usually significantly lower than on other types of transport. This is facilitated by significant depths on the main inland waterways, allowing the use of large-tonny vessels (the carrying capacity of the dry cargo ships reaches 5300 tons, oil-level - 9000 tons) and heavy trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 22,500 tons. At the same time, high productivity of labor on transportation, relatively small specific fuel costs are achieved. , Low power and metal. River transport is also indispensable when delivering non-standard large and heavy equipment.

The main advantage of river transport is that it uses natural waterways, with the exception of artificial shipping channels. There is no other country in the world with such a widely developed inland waterway network as Soviet Union. The overall length of rivers in our country is over 2.3 million km (of which about 500 thousand km are suitable for shipping and forest). Of the 70 major rivers flowing through the territory of Europe and Asia, half falls on the Soviet Union. Among them are such large rivers as Volga, Dnipro, Don, Kama, Pechora, Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, Angara, Lena, Amur, and others. The USSR has more than 2 thousand large lakes. The most significant include Ladoga, moon, Onega, White, Balkhash, Baikal.

The total length of the country's exploited routes is about 126.6 thousand km. Maximum waterways with guaranteed depths that allow you to smoothly carry out freight and passengers. The total length of the tracks with guaranteed depths is about 84 thousand km, of which are artificial - more than 21.1 thousand km.

Thanks to the construction of the White Sea-Baltic Channel, the Volga-Baltic Waterway named after V. I. Lenin, the channel name of Moscow, the Volga-Don Canal named after V. I. Lenin The main rivers of the European part of the country are combined into a single water transport system, providing transport links located here Economic regions. The construction of a cascade of large hydroelectric power plants and the creation of reservoirs on the Volga, Kame, Don and Dnieper turned it into a single deep-water system (HSS) with guaranteed depths of 3.5 m, and 9 m and more than 90% of the length. In carrying out a number of technical measures, it is possible to further increase the length of waterways with guaranteed and elevated depths. Currently, over 160 chambers of gateways are operated on waterways of the country.

About 96% of the total length of exploited waterways is equipped with a shipping situation; Approximately 60% of the paths have illuminated shipping signs.

The inland waterways of our country are characterized not only by high length, but also significant branching, allowing them to effectively use them for the transport service of deep districts. Almost all major trunk rivers have numerous lateral tributaries with relatively small depths - up to 1.2 m. They are classified as small rivers. Especially many such rivers in Siberia and the Far East. Of the total extent of the waterways used by the shipping companies of the eastern pools for transport purposes (72.7 thousand km), the share of small rivers accounts for about 55%, including in the Irtysha shipping company, their share (in length) is about 59%, Western Siberian - 67%, Yenisei - 55% and Lensky combined - 58%.

Blue roads of the country are transported annually in large volumes of bread and other agricultural products, forest, salt, coal, ore, products of various industries, building materials and other goods. In 1985, 632.6 million tons were transported by river transport of the country, and in terms of the volume of carriage of goods in tons, he left first place in the world.

Water paths, including small rivers, play the transport service to the newly mastered areas of the North, Siberia and the Far East, where other land transports due to the natural climatic conditions are developed, as a rule, weakly. Here, river transport performs a pioneer role, delivering equipment, equipment, food and other goods to hard-to-reach areas by geological exploration and survey parties. For newly open and planned deposits, deposits on waterways are delivered in significant volumes of a wide variety of cargo, thereby providing accelerated development, and then the development of these areas. A large number of national cargoes of river transport delivers in oil and gas areas Western Siberia., Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, enterprises of the Diamond and Gold Mining Industry of Yakutia, forest industry, Sakhalin oilmen, many of the most important buildings.

For recent years, the most intensive development of transportation on the rivers of Siberia and the Far East is characterized.

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