Air transport is the type of transport that produces the transport of goods and passengers by air with the help of aircraft: - Presentation. Air Transport

23.09.2019

Air Transport In our country performs various functions. However, its main task is passenger transportation and urgent transportation of postal and cargo.
The use of aviation is not limited transport targets: It is widely used in rural and forestry, in construction, installation, geological exploration and search engines, in meteorology, etc.
In areas where there are no railways, primarily in the north of Siberia and Far EastIn the hard-to-reach mountainous areas, aviation often serves as the only vehicle.
The main technical and economic features of air transport include: high speed of transportation of passengers and cargo, high mobility and autonomy in flight, the ability to significantly reduce the path of following compared to terrestrial and water types of transport, organization of through non-stop messages. Air transport is continuously technically improved. Passenger and high-speed aircraft of large lifting capacity with gas turbines and turbojet engines were introduced.
In the general work of air transport, passenger transportation is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. The preferential use of air transport as a passenger means is predetermined by the high cost of transportation. Air transport is transported only by cargo, the fast delivery of which has a large population value, and their main part - passenger aircraft, smaller freight.
In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed. For 1993 - 1995 Transportation of passengers decreased half, and passenger turns are almost 40% (see Table 10.4). On the internal highways and local lines, the passenger turnover decreased by 2.1 times, but in international airlines it increased 2 times. Single Aeroflot broke up at 413 airlines, they actually acted 157. There are 845 airports in the country, including 66 have federal significance, 49 - international status. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%.
Created an extensive network of transit (over long distances) and local airlines. Moscow is connected by airlines with capitals. countries of neighboring countries, centers of republics, edges, regions and major cities of the Russian Federation. Direct air report installed with 87 foreign countries. In the system of international air airlines, our country has airlines that are operated by Aeroflot together with foreign airlines. This, for example, the Trans-Siberian Air Highway, which regularly make aircraft Aeroflot, Japanese airline Jal, French Er Frans, English Bauac, Scandinavian CAC, German Lufthansa.
Table 10. The main indicators of the development of air transport of Russia passenger traffic of air transport are influenced by a number of factors, the most important of which are the following: features of local areas, population in areas of population, the transport mobility, the number of items covered by the network aerial communications, distance between items, conditions of transportation (tariffs, regularity, comfort, frequency of flights, etc.).
The leading place in the formation of passenger transport of air transport belongs to the Moscow aircraft, which accounts for more than 10% of all the initial seats of passengers. Flights in five directions are made from Moscow: Caucasian, South, East, Central Asian and Western. The largest number of passengers is transported by air transport from Moscow to St. Petersburg, Sochi. A large stream of passengers is characterized by an eastern direction coming from Moscow through the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia to the Far East, as well as the South to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus.
In addition to Moscow, powerful passenger traffic is formed in the aviation nodes of St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Sochi, Mineral Water., Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Samara. From each airport, the most powerful passenger traffic follows the limited number of routes. So, airports in Moscow, with direct air connection with the 200 cities of the country, approximately half of all passengers are sent to 18 - 20 cities, half of the air passengers are sent to 9 cities.
In local air lines, many passengers are transported to Eastern Siberia. And in the Far East.
Transportation of air passengers differ in high non-uniformity. On the II and III, the quarters of the year account for more than half of the annual volume of passenger traffic. In winter, the number of flights is sharply reduced. The unevenness of transportation is most on the lines serving resort areas.
In the future, passenger transportation will be developed for medium and long distances. Air transport will take the main place in freight transportation in the development of the northern and northeastern areas of the country.
The main directions of the development of air transport are an increase in capacity (capacity) and aircraft speeds, improving the technical equipment of ports, especially in the districts of the North, Siberia and the Far East, security of flights.
Currently, a comprehensive program "Transport of Russia" is being developed. First of all, it is necessary to solve the issues of increasing investment in this industry, attracting foreign capital, the establishment of the work of transport engineering, electrical and electronic industries, instrument making, etc. In the conditions of a market economy, our country requires such a transport system that could adapt to rapidly changing circumstances.
Among the proposals, the creation of the Baltic transport corridor - the center is the Black Sea with a length of 2 thousand km. This is a whole system of communications, combining highways, railways, airports, ports, warehouses, cargo terminals, etc. Over time, the Russian corridor can become part of transcontinental transport systemconnecting north and Western Europe With the countries of the Middle East, Turkey, Iran.

Due to the size of Russia's territory, air transport owns a special role in ensuring transport accessibility of regions and settlements. The main areas of air transport use are internal and international transportation of passengers for long distances, shipping urgent and expensive cargo, as well as transport services of territories devoid of other types of transport. Of great importance, air transport has in agriculture, forestry, geological and exploration and rescue work, in polar expeditions, meteorology, construction, etc.

Air transport has the following advantages:

The ability to significantly reduce the path of following (the air lines in short in the direction of highways by 25%, river transport - by 40%);

High speed of shipping passengers and cargo;

Large mobility and autonomy of flights;

Almost complete lack of investments in travel work (requires 10-20 times less capital investments on the basis of new lines);

Safety movement above the car 2 times.

Disadvantages of air transport:

Strong dependence OT weather conditions;

High cost of freight traffic (100 times higher than on the railway);

Airplanes are significantly contaminated by the atmosphere. For 1 passenger kilometer, the plane throws 386 grams of harmful substances, a car - 12 grams, railway transport - 0.6 grams. For one transatlantic flight, the aircraft burns from 35 to 50 tons of oxygen - this is as much as the city consumes with a population of 15-20 thousand people during the year.

The condition and development of air transport affects many parties to socio-economic relations in the country, including on ensuring national security. The last decade clearly showed that there is a significant impact on the functioning of air transport, in addition to the state of the economy and the industry management system.
The nineties of the last century were for the air transport of Russia a kind of "black stripe". Thoughtless privatization B. civil aviation After the liquidation of the Ministry of Civil Aviation, the USSR led to the appearance of about 400 airlines in the world in the world in the world, many of which owned aircraft units. New airlines have fallen into unusual market conditions for them with tough competition. Heavy position in the economy of the country, unrestrained inflation led to a sharp rise in the cost of all resources and, as a result, to a sharp increase in tariffs for air transportation. Low salary, which was a consequence of shock therapy conducted in the country led to a limitation of the number of potential passengers and, as a result, to fall in air transportation volumes, which led to a significant change in the market for passenger transportation of the country. If in the 90s. The last century on the distance of transportation 1500 km in the total transport of railway and air transport, the share of air transport was approximately half and increased with an increase in the range, then the last decade, with a significant decrease in the total passenger traffic, the share of air transport decreased dramatically. However, after the decline in the 90s. Last century, air transport of Russia began to restore its volumes. In 2010, the passengers were transported by 45 million people, which is 9% more than 2009 indicator.

According to the settlements of the State Bank, the volume of passenger transportation on air transport in Russia for the period up to 2015 will increase and amount to 50 million people, and more than 62% will have to be transported on internal airlines. Apparently, the last conclusion is the share of transportation on the inner lines - is overestimated, since the transportation in international air lines increases with higher rates in higher rates.
In 2010, more than 180 operators were registered in the country, of which 15 companies perform 85% of air transportation. For normal operation of the airline, the aircraft park is important at its disposal. Of the total airlines, about 80 airlines have a park from 5 to 10 ships and about 60 airlines or almost 30% has less than 5 ships at their disposal. Small airlines do not have financial resources for their development, therefore, do not have prospects for successful competing on the market.

The growth of air transportation, outlined in Russia in recent years, turned out to be higher than this was predicted in the federal program "Modernization of the Transport System of Russia". The positive result of the growth of air transportation coincides with the other unpleasant fact-growing pace of write-off in airlines of the park of aircraft and helicopters. The park, which is exploited by the airline of Russia, went to them in the early 90s. When privatization, and these are aircraft and helicopters designed in 70-80. The last century and so far outdated and morally and physically.
Outdated airframe requires its replacement. However, the serious financial position of most airlines does not give the latter the ability to make such a replacement. The acting airfield has developed its resource significantly.
The replenishment of the park with new aircraft of domestic production takes place in a particular order.

Currently, about 70% of passenger turnover is performed by domestic aircraft of the old generation, about 6% of the domestic aircraft of the new generation (IL-96, Tu-204, Tu-214, An-38) and 18% of foreign-made aircraft. In 1995, the acquisition of aircraft was discontinued at the budget. To stimulate the renewal of the Park by domestic aircraft of the new generation, with the support of the state, mechanisms of leasing and partial budget subsidies are implemented.

Introduced from April 1, 2004, the ban on flights to the airports of Europe of aircraft, which do not meet IKAO standards, led to the fact that almost 80% of the main aircraft located in the fleet of airlines of Russia, they fell to this ban. Of these, 15% can be improved by installing sound-absorbing structures.
According to experts by 2012, Russian airlines will require more than 200 trunk, 300 regional and 80 cargo aircraft.

Russia's air industry is in a rather difficult situation, since many years have practically absent orders for civil aviation equipment. KB and industry offer a wide range of aircraft and helicopters. Now it has shifted from a dead point - a mechanism for compensation was developed by airlines part of leasing payments, which made it possible to implement the first projects for leasing 20 new aircraft - IL-96, Tu-204 and Tu-214. Fractional production not only does not provide the needs of Russian airlines, but also leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, and, as a result, to a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic producers.
Another problem area for Russian airlines It is worth the state of ground infrastructure. Russia currently has 325 civil airports. These include 63 airports of federal significance, which practically form a supporting network of civil aviation, since they cover the entire territory of the country and ensure the needs of air transportation both within the country and with foreign countries of distant and neighboring countries. 70 airports were admitted to regular international transport. It should be noted that only 62% of Russia's airfields have runway with artificial coatings, the rest of the airfields have a soil runway. 70% of the runways with artificial coatings were built more than 20 years ago and most of them require reconstruction. The growth of air transport in Russia, which is observed in the country in recent years, must be ensured by the relevant development of the ground production base.

So far, the insufficient equipment of airports in modern equipment, especially air-bodies and cargo complexes, leads to a violation of the technological process of transportation, a decrease in the comfort and quality of service of passengers, a violation of storage time, and cargo delivery. There are only 40-45 airports with profits. The overwhelming part works either with losses, or barely reduces the balance. The main cause of the low technical level of airports of Russia is an insufficient amount of investment in maintaining and developing airports.

In existing conditions, the main forms of state support of airports must be:

· Use of public-private partnership mechanisms;

· Creating conditions for increasing the share of airport income from non-aviation activities;

· Transmission on the terms of the concession of objects of airfield infrastructure, the development of an appropriate regulatory framework for the application of the concession mechanism.

One of the directions of improving airport business is the optimization of airport network. It is believed that a large number of international airports in the regions does not justify itself, since the status - international Airport - Requires to keep at this airport service financed from the federal budget: border guards, customs, SanEpidemstation, which, with small volumes of international transport, it does not always justify itself.

Experts believe that by 2012 in Russia there will be one or two major transfers of international nodes - hubs.
In addition, there must be 12-15 regional airports in which international transportation will develop, and several tens of local airports, which may be owned by the subjects of the Russian Federation. The geographical location of Russia allows you to create several hubs on its territory and intercept transit airflows. In the West, the first hubs were created in the 80s. The last century, which allowed the bandwidth of airports sharply, to reduce the time that spends the passenger to transfer to another flight, will increase the aircraft loading.
The main areas of socio-economic development of Russia for the long term emphasized the role of civil aviation in the transport complex. Ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement, regardless of the place of residence, geographical features Russia, the geopolitical and state security of the state and, finally, the role of individual regions is unthinkable to solve without air transport available for the majority of the country's population, although at present the level of income of the majority of the country's population compared with the average tariffs on air transportation is extremely low. If in 1992 the average tariff was at the level of 27% of the average salary, then it is currently more than 150%. This affected the situation that once a massive type of transport - air - turned into an elite, which could take advantage of up to 5% of the population. Also negatively affects the operation of air transport, excess competition in the airline market, privatization and restriction of airline investment opportunities, is an excessive number of airports carrying out international transport, as this leads to irrational expenditure of budget money.
For the withdrawal of air transport from the crisis situation in which it turned out to be required for a number of areas that should include both the problems of the recovery of the air transportation market, the improvement of airport activities, state support for civil aviation activities.

To improve the air transport market, the main direction of air transport transformations should be called a reduction in the number of airlines. World experience shows that non-minor and not even average airlines are competitive, but the largest and largest of them, and even entered alliances. The number of air carriers in Russia is clearly redundant. Also should be drastically limited to bring to the commercial activities of subjects of state aviation.
The implementation of these areas will not only increase the commercial efficiency of airlines, but also increase their investment opportunities and improve the quality of customer service.

Improving airport activity has several directions. One of the first is the streamlining of property relations at airports. The property of airfields, not subject to privatization, should acquire the owner in the face of FUGP, which would give it to commercial structures. Foreign experience shows a positive result of creating large airport hubs, it is necessary to organizely decide on potential airports in the center and in the regions that may apply for the role of hub and provide them with state support. Similarly, to establish the criteria for classifying the airport to the category of international in order to determine the optimal amount of budget costs.
The practice of working foreign airports shows that they receive a significant proportion of income from not aviation activity. It makes sense to stimulate the development of this kind of direction of their activities at the airports.

Falling machines can be classified according to the following features:

1) from the appointment and field of use: passenger, freight, combined, special purpose, training;

2) by speed: subsonic and supersonic;

3) depending on the length creament flight, the number of passengers transported, sizes and type of runways: local and main aircraft.

In 2010, the aircraft fleet park counted 2,200 aircraft and 1190 helicopters. The park includes aircraft, the operation of which started 40-50 years ago. Among them, morally outdated regional aircraft and aircraft of local air lines Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, An-26, An-2, as well as helicopters of the Mi-8 type, Mi-8MT. They are at least for generation behind the most perfect samples - An-74, An-32, An-38 and several generations are lagging behind overseas analogues for technical parameters, equipped with engineering engines of the 70s. Due to the imperfection of onboard equipment, the increased composition of the crew and the complexity of maintenance, although until recently ensured the conditions appropriate russian market Economic indicators of their use. At the same time, on the replacement of the fleet of aircraft and helicopters, the domestic industries practically does not offer anything in return.

For a regional passenger park represented by the most obsolete types (AN-24, Tu-134, Yak-40, etc.), the share of aircraft temporarily derived from operation was roughly stable until 2007. In 2008 and the first half of 2009, it grew from 37% to 43%. The new generation aircraft as part of the park of regional and local aircraft are represented by IL-114 aircraft (2 units), An-38 (6 units), An-140 (2 units). In general, the proportion of idle regional aircraft is approximately 40-44%.

Requires a state solution to the problem of aircraft. The second side of this problem is to test the mechanism for the transfer of new aviation equipment to airlines, i.e. Leasing systems, as well as identify an economically acquitted mechanism for the withdrawal of aircraft equipment. Abroad in recent years has been successfully developed by the activities of low-budget airlines, which are energetically tested from the airline market traditional airlines. Apparently represents some interest, study this experience and introduce it into the practice of working regional airlines.

The length of air lines of domestic civil aviation is 800 thousand km, of which 200 thousand km are on the line of international air services.

Passenger traffic on air transport is formed under the influence of the following factors: the solvency of the population, the number and mobility of the population, the tariffs, the conditions of transportation, the proximity of the airports, the qualitative indicators of transportation, frequency of flights, the coherence of the schedule with other types of transport. Significant passenger traffic is characteristic of the eastern directions connecting Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sochi, Irkutsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don with Volga, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.

Currently, the reconstruction of Sochi airports, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Anadyr, Nalchik, Barnaul, Yekaterinburg, who will have to become hot airports to serve international air transportation.

To manage flights, the country is divided into areas of the dispatch service. In the airport area, motion control is carried out by the airport dispatch service).

A system is applied, which is a radar and computing complex. This complex gives automatic collection, processing and dispatcher issues the following information:

Coordinates of aircraft;

Their onboard numbers;

Specified and current height;

Flight speed;

The amount of fuel.

Transfer control of aircraft between adjacent sectors is automatically. Each aircraft establishes the height of the echelon, along which it is obliged to make a horizontal flight along the route. The height of the lower echelon should be at least 600 meters from the lowest point of the earth's landscape in the strip of 25 kilometers on both sides of the path line.

The analysis of the material and technical base of the air traffic organization shows that their equipped with automated systems and complexes of automation of air traffic controls is about 80% for district centers, and more than 57% for airfield-dispatch centers. There are more than 2000 radar and radio navigation tools on operation. The development of service life in 2010 is an average of about 70%. A federal air navigation service created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation is designed to solve issues of further development of the material and technical base of the Internal Affairs Directorate.

Air transportation work can be characterized by the following technical and economic indicators:

1) the volume of freight and passengers;

2) passenger turnover;

3) freight turnover;

5) aircraft performance - the ratio of the above-kilometers made by them on a plane in the clock

6) The average flight range of passengers is calculated by dividing the passenger-kilometers to the number of passengers sent.

In front of the air transport controls (Rosaviatsiya of the Ministry of Transport) for the coming years, the following tasks are set:

1. Creating conditions for increasing the competitiveness of Russian airlines in the international and domestic market of air transport.

2. Improving flight safety.

3. Creation of alternative fuel supply systems at airports.

4. Accelerating integration prodes between airlines.

5. Overcoming crisis phenomena with airlines with modern aircraft.

6. Revival of regional aviation.

7. Improving the efficiency of using federal property through the introduction of new management mechanisms.

8. Improving the field training system.

The vehicle is a technical device, the purpose of which is the transportation of people or cargo to long distances. Today in the world there are more than a dozen thousands of such devices. Therefore, in order to distinguish one transport from the other, the standard classification was invented, due to which all types of vehicles can be divided into their intended energy used and the movement environment.

Main types of vehicles

As mentioned above, depending on certain signs, all types of vehicles can be divided into three main groups:

by appointment;
for energy used;
by moving medium.

Since the aforementioned types of vehicles have their own classification, features and differ from each other by certain features, they can be considered in more detail.

Types of transport for destination

Under the appointment, the sphere is meant in which the specific type of transport is used most often. That is, it can be vehicles:

Special use. This includes military (armored cars, tanks) and technological transport (travel machines).
Common use. This category includes all types of water, air and terrestrial transport used in the field of trade and services. For example, a truck that transports goods is already transporting to the common use category.
Individual use, i.e., those vehicles with which a person enjoys personally. The most common individual transport is a personal car or a motorcycle.

In addition, there is still a separate public transport subcategory. This includes urban (public) transport, that is, the one that transports passengers on certain routes, according to the schedule and for a specific fee. It can be buses, trams, trolleybuses, etc.

Types of transport for used energy

Depending on the energy used, there are vehicles:

Movement of wind power, such as sailing vessels (sailboats).
Moving muscular power (movable by man or animal). The most common transport driven by a person is a bicycle that is driven by foot pedals. In addition, there are smaller rowing vessels in everyday life, which are also moving through the human strength. About vehicles, movable animals, written in more detail below under the appropriate heading.
With a personal engine. This species, in turn, is divided into transport with a thermal and electronic engine.

Vehicles with a thermal engine - a mechanical vehicle that works through the transformation of heat into the energy required for movement. The source of heat in such engines may be, for example, organic fuel. One of the most famous transport representatives with a thermal engine - a steam locomotive, which is driven by treating (extracts) of coal.

The electronic is considered that transport, the engine of which is driven by electricity energy. The main vehicles of this type are trams, funicular, monorails, electric cars and electric goods.

Types of transport on the displacement environment

Depending on the movement medium, transport can be:

ground (automotive, rail, cycling, pipeline, as well as transport, driven by animals);
air (aviation and aircraft devices);
water (surface and underwater ships);
cosmic (devices and machines moving on airless ways);
other species.

Other types of transport include stationary lifts (elevators), elevators, cableways, etc.

Ground transport

There are various terrestrial vehicles that are divided by a number of signs:

According to the drive, there is a tracked (some types of tanks, tractors and cranes), wheeled (cars, bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles), as well as land transport, which leads in motion of animals.
In the number of wheels there are: monocycles (single vehicles), bicycles (two-wheeled), tricycles (three-wheeled) and quad bikes (four-wheeled transport).
By type of roads there are railway and fine vehicles. Rail transport includes any vehicle that carries the load and passengers on rail tracks. That is, it can be locomotives, wagons, trams, monorails and overpass transport. There is any terrestrial transport, including vehicles that moves around land.

Automobile vehicles

Automobile transport is considered the most popular and common type of land vehicles. The automotive includes all kinds of funds, with the help of which the shipping and passengers on the straight paths are carried out. Many cars are intended not only for transportation to short, but also on long distances, especially in cases where it is impossible to deliver passengers, products or materials in another way.

All car transport shares:

The racing cars, which, most often, are used in automotive and sprint races (Drag racing, auto-slal, etc.). These include, for example, monoposts are single cars with open wheels used in the Formula 1 races.
Transport cars that serve only for shipping and passengers. Depending on the purpose of the destination, they are passenger (personal uses), trucks (cars-vans, tractor, etc.) and transported (buses, route taxi etc.).
For special machines, which, among other things, are equipped with additional equipment intended for certain purposes. These include, for example, ambulance or fire trucks.

Vehicles movable animals

Use animals as a means of movement, people have learned when other types of land transport has not yet existed. Although there were already years old, modern vehicles appeared, many still prefer to ride riding on horseback or bargaining an animal in a wagon to transport any cargo.

To transport, movable animals, belongs:

Mangown transport. As vehicles to move cargo and passengers on carts, carts, people are mainly used horses, dogs, camels, buffalo, elephants and other mammals, which can be tamed and trained to transport.
Superior transport. The name of the packaging is like a packaging (blouse), which is attached to the back of the animal. Such a vehicle is used in cases where the gentle transport is inappropriate, for example, in mountainous areas where too cool slopes and narrow roads, which makes it difficult to move the wagon and cart. In addition to mountain areas, pack animals are used in rural and swampy terrain, as well as in the deserts or in the northern regions, where there are bad roads or there are practically no.
Horse transport, which is designed both for the transport of passengers and to participate in special sports competitions and contests. Basically, horse transport includes horses, camels and elephants.

Pipeline vehicles

The main purpose of pipeline vehicles is only transportation of goods (chemicals, liquid and gaseous products) on special channels (pipes). This type of ground transport is the cheapest and most popular, which are no analogues in the world. For example, in the territory of the Russian Federation, pipelines are used to transport more than 95% of oil produced.

In addition to low cost, pipeline transport has other advantages:

fast shipping;
low cost of transportation;
lack of cargo loss during delivery;
pipelines can be laid out where and as you like (not counting the airways).

Main types of pipeline vehicles: sewage, plumbing, garbage chute and pneumatic transport (pneumatic).

Air Transport

The aircraft appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and quickly won popularity worldwide. This type of transport also includes helicopters, airships, airbuses, airplanes. This is one of the fastest, but expensive types of vehicles, which is intended for passenger and freight traffic for long distances (more than 1 thousand km) by air. In addition, there are aircraft and helicopters that perform service functions (for example, stew fires, spray over the fields of insecticides, sanitary aviation, etc.). Tourists and businessmen who want to get into another country or even another continent are used by air transport. With these vehicles transport overalls and heavy things, products with a small shelf life, as well as valuable items.

At least this type of transport is noisy, expensive pleasure, but it is indispensable for scientific expeditions, which are sent to long-distance continents or other hard-to-reach places, where difficult or impossible to get in other way.

Water transport

This is one of the classic types of vehicles. Such transport is intended for transportation of artificial (reservoirs, channels) and natural (lake, rivers, sea, etc.) waterways.

Unlike air, water transport is one of the cheapest after pipeline. That is why almost everything is transported by such vehicles: ranging from building materials and ending with minerals. And such floats, such as ferries, are able to even transport other transport.

But passenger traffic has recently become much smaller. This is justified rather low speed, with which vessels move from one seaport to another.

Main types of vehicles moving on waterways: surface (boats, boats, liners, ships) and underwater ships.

Space transport (spacecraft)

Space transport (spacecraft) is a mechanical vehicle intended for the transport of goods and passengers on airless space (in space). Of course, speaking about the transport of people, it is implied that they are both passengers and the crew, the control of the spacecraft. Basically, such transport is intended for more specific purposes. For example, space stations are designed for various relief research, oceans and atmospheres that cannot be carried out on Earth, and satellites allow people to watch international television programs and make weather forecasts meteorologists. In addition, some spacecraft are used for military purposes (surveillance of combat areas, exploration of other countries, the detection of approaching space objects, etc.).

From the main space transport you can allocate: satellites, cosmic ships, orbital and interplanetary stations, planets.

Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"South Ural State University"

Faculty of "Economics and Entrepreneurship"

Department of "Economics and Innovative Development of Business"

Air transport of Russia. Passenger Transportation

Explanatory note to the course work

under the discipline "Transportation economy"

JUURGU-0805026502.2010.614.PZ Kr

Teacher

______________ N.S. Painter

____________________ 2010

Student Group EIP-239

A.R. Izmailov

____________________ 2010

Work protected

with an assessment (in words, digit)

____________________ 2010

ANNOTATION

Izmailova A.R. Air transport of Russia. Passenger traffic - Chelyabinsk: SUURGU, EIP-239, 18 s, bibliogr. List - 8 Naim.

In this term paper The advantages and disadvantages of Russia's air transport are considered. Ways to eliminate shortcomings. The state of airpaths and airliners today. As well as the implementation of passenger transport by air.

It is well known that air transport has become one of the fixed assets of the mass transport of passengers in the world. Air transport is carried out by civil aviation, which has a wider than only transport, application. As a sector of the national economy, it participates in solving not only purely transport, but also some special tasks. It is used in agriculture, to combat forest and other fires, in geological and ice intelligence, in sports and other purposes. But, undoubtedly, the main purpose of civil aviation is the transportation of passengers, cargo and mail by air mainly on large, often intercontinental distances. It not only provides the needs of the economy and population in transport, but together with cities forms the "frame" of the territory, is the largest component of the infrastructure, serves as a material and technical basis for the formation and development of territorial division of labor, has a significant impact on the dynamism and efficiency of socio-economic development. Individual regions and countries in general.

In the transport system of Russia, air transport is one of the main types of passenger transport and ranks third in terms of passenger traffic. In its overall work, the carriage of passengers is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. Using aviation Transport Gives a large temporary win (due to the high speed of aircraft and from the hide of the flight track) compared with other types of transport on medium and especially long distances. It is believed that over 1000 km in passenger traffic begins to prevail the air transport. Therefore, it is not by chance that the average distance of transporting one passenger with air transport on the inner lines reaches almost 2 thousand km, which is 3 times higher than the same indicator for railway transport (Transportation of passengers in the farm).

Air transport, being universal, is used mainly to transport passengers to medium and distant distances and individual types of cargo. The growth of material well-being, the expansion of cultural, business and scientific relations lead to an increase in the mobility of the population, which determines the need for high-speed movements - aviation.

The volume of cargo transported by air transport is insignificant. Cargo nomenclature is limited: valuable goods, cargo, requiring urgent delivery, humanitarian aid, medicines, food and industrial goods for remote regions, cargo for emergencies.

Currently, Russia has about 400 airlines and 845 airports, small airlines with 5-10 aircraft, it is difficult to compete with large companies. The problem of the renewal of the park significantly affects the performance of air transport. Recently, there has been a tendency to combine small companies in 10-12 major airlines. If air transport enterprises are privatized, then the privatization management systems are not subject to not so much because of their high initial cost and maintenance costs, how much because of the responsibility of the state for the safety of flights and the lives of people. In addition, the operational activity of airports is separated from the property and operational activities of airlines. At the same time, equal access of all airlines to the infrastructure of any airport and the free choice of airport for equal conditions for the competitive wrestling of airlines are provided.

The main technical and operational features and dignity of air transport:

· High speed of passenger and cargo

· Maneuverability and efficiency in organizing new routes

· The possibility of rapid redeployment of rolling stock with a change in passenger traffic, including due to accidents on other types of transport

· Large nonsense of flights

· The shortest way of following

· Saving public opinion due to the acceleration of delivery

· Unlimited translucent capabilities (today they are limited only by airfield capacity)

Work technology has its own characteristics. The movement is carried out: strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of the organization of take-off at the airfield field, according to the system of separation of each unit of the rolling stock of its corridor of motion, depending first of all, from the speed and lifting capacity of the aircraft.

1.2. Elimination of shortcomings of air transport

Features of air transport are quite brightly manifested, in particular, in some of its shortcomings. The most essential of them can be considered the following:

Not always enough air traffic safety;

Due to complex meteors, the regularity of flights is disturbed, and consequently, the schedule of aircraft;

Adverse environmental impact;

Relatively high cost of aviation transport services.

The probability of death of one person in the air is characterized by a value of 1: 500,000 flights, which gives all the grounds to say: aviation remains the most safe view transport. However, it was not always. Created, for example, in 1927, in the United States, the aircraft service lost 40 pilots from the first set of 41 people. Gradually came to awareness that air transport, as well as the speeds used by them and the conditions of operation of the equipment impose very special requirements for aircraft and their crews.

Today, the struggle for maintaining as much as possible as possible safety of flights begins at the stage of creating an aircraft. The aircraft manufacturers have even a special term - "safely damaged design", which characterizes the degree of operational survivability of the aircraft. Security of flights is the main concern of terrestrial engineering and technical staff of airlines, all services of ensuring - from meteorologists to air dispatchers and, of course, crews and flight attendants. Even such an ordinary at first glance, as the preparation of the liner itself and serving his pilots to touching the parking on the platform, is painted on points that take turns out loud in the pilot, until all mandatory operations are carried out in due sequence.

The complexity of the management of the modern high-speed liner of a large passenger complex is sometimes superior to the psychophysiological capabilities of a person. Suffice it to say that the pilot has to simultaneize about hundreds of flight parameters. The onboard electronics, which turns the dashboard, is essentially one large computer, requires continuous attention. The fatigue of crews in distant flights is so big that the US aircraft physicians issued a special directive that prescribes the pilots to sleep in turn during the many hours of flight.

And yet, in the practice of domestic civil aviation, more often than other causes of flight incidents appear elementary undisciplining, neglecting the rules and instructions for the operation of aircraft, and even simply - "disarranging" of pilots.

The next unpleasant feature of the air report is its increased, relatively with other types of transport, dependence on the weather and generally weather conditions (the threat of icing design in flights, a serious complication of piloting conditions due to deterioration of visibility when landing, etc.). By the way, up to 50% of all flight accidents and disasters occur at the stages of landing and landing. However, special technical means have already appeared and operate, which are called upon to turn this situation. Thus, in addition to the device at the airfields of light fields with powerful lamps, special radio equipment of the so-called automated landing, consisting of a pair of ground radiomaites and their corresponding on-board radio receivers and accurate radio cells, are designed and implemented. Of course, to use this witty crew system must have appropriate skills, high qualifications and experience.

Air transport, like its other fellow, has a harmful effect on the environment. But here he has its own specific features. An unwanted impact of aviation on the natural environment is mainly reduced to two factors: emissions by operating engines into the atmosphere of harmful substances contained in exhaust gases and noise generated by the operation of power plants. In principle, it differs little from the impact on the natural environment of other vehicles, such as cars, in which hydrocarbon fuel is also burned. But the specificity of aviation is, firstly, in more incinerated fuel coming by one car, and, secondlyIn the scattering of exhaust gases in much large volumes of airspace extending up to stratospheric heights. The latter feature seemed to be reduced by the nature of the specific regions damage during the operation of aviation equipment, but here it acts as a specific feature of certain types of aircraft, in particular high-altitude, contributing to the destruction of the ozone layer of the planet. This threat can already be fatal in the near future. True, now it is still unclear to the end of the nature and mechanism of interaction of ozone and exhaust gases of aircraft engines in the atmosphere. Apparently, there is a need to carry out thorough scientific research in this area at the international level.

The noise created by the work of the power plants of modern aircraft on take-off and landing adversely affects the human body. Since airports are located, as a rule, close to large cities And have a very high density of air traffic, residents of such cities, especially their areas located in close proximity to airports, are experiencing significant discomfort. With increasing the volume of air traffic, an increase in the power of the engines and the mass of aircraft, the need to suppress aviation noise rose into a complex problem.

In addition to external noise acting in environmentThe aircraft engines generate a strong inner noise operating on passengers and crew members on board. External noise affects people briefly, the inner - throughout the flight, sometimes ongoing for several hours. This circumstance has become one of the reasons, firstly, refusing to widely use power plants with air screws, and secondly, the use of structural layouts of aircraft with the placement of engines in the tail. In addition to some improvement in fire safety, such a layout significantly reduces the noise level in the passenger compartment and in the crew cockpit.

Improving the economic efficiency of air transport is constantly caught by all airlines in the world. Unfortunately, due to objective conditions transport services Civil aviation stably remain the most expensive compared with the services of any other types of ground or water transport. The main reason for the high cost of civil aviation services is the need for the cost of fulfilling the aviation science of complexes of complex research and development work on the design and construction of new types of aircraft, as well as to perform difficult and diverse test flights and labor-intensive conversion. For research and testing at the present level requires the presence of an expensive and complex special scientific and technical. Infrastructure - the largest modern institutions with aerodynamic pipes, numerous poster and other special installations, well-equipped test airfields with a set of complex and specialized flying laboratories. Sometimes you can create and experience simplified aircraft analogues.

In addition, for the construction of modern aircraft, their engines and complex connected and air navigation equipment, the highest quality and expensive materials are used.

The nineties of the last century were for the air transport of Russia a kind of "black stripe".

However, after the decline in the 90s. Last century, air transport of Russia began to restore its volumes. In 2008, passengers were transported by 33.8 million people, which is 9.4% more than 2007.

In 2008, the total number of passenger transported exceeded the volume of 1998. At the same time - in international communication was transported twice as many, and in the internal only 3/4. For the period from 1998 The trend of increasing the share of passengers in international communication is pronounced. In 2008 - Their share was 44.1%, having increased compared to 2003. by 4.3%.

Statistical data of the last three years allow you to optimistically evaluate the prospects for the air transport of Russia. A steady growth in recent years in the main sectors of the country's economy, GDP growth, an increase in salary and pensions, create a basis for a positive assessment of the growth rate of transportation in Russia's air transport. However, the rise in fuel prices also affects the magnitude of tariffs - the airline of Russia monthly is forced to increase tariffs, and the further increase in fuel prices, according to experts, will lead to a further increase in tariffs, which will affect the volume of transportation in air transport.

According to the calculations of the State Bank, the volume of passenger transportation in the air transport of Russia for the period up to 2015 will increase and amount to 43.2 million people, and more than 62% will be for transportation on internal airlines. Apparently, the last conclusion is the share of transportation on the inner lines - is overestimated, since the transportation in international air lines increases with higher rates in higher rates.

As of September 2008, 199 operators were registered in the country, of which 24 companies perform 85% of the transportation of Russia's air transport.

For normal operation of the airline, the aircraft park is important at its disposal. Of the total airlines, about 80 airlines have a park from 5 to 10 ships and about 60 airlines or almost 30% has less than 5 ships at their disposal. Small airlines do not have financial resources for their development and understand the policy of the Ministry of Transport, based on world experience, to reduce the number of airlines, which, according to Chapter Federal Agency N. Schipel air transport is dictated by the need to secure proper security.

Outdated airframe requires its replacement. However, the serious financial position of most airlines does not give the latter the ability to make such a replacement. The acting airfield has developed its resource significantly.

According to experts by 2012, Russian airlines will require 200 trunk, 300 regional and 80 cargo aircraft.

Fractional production not only does not provide the needs of Russian airlines, but also leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, and, as a result, to a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic producers.

Airlines have to solve the problem of the park replenishment. Domestic aircraft, except that their production is still in a personal order, have a significant drawback compared to imports - Russian aircraft producers do not provide high-quality maintenance.

The problem of ground infrastructure for Russian airlines is quite acute.

Russia currently has 423 civil airports. These include 63 airports of federal significance, which practically form a supporting network of civil aviation, since they cover the entire territory of the country and ensure the needs of air transportation both within the country and with foreign countries of distant and neighboring countries. 70 airports were admitted to regular international transport.

The growth of air transport in Russia, which is observed in the country in recent years, must be ensured by the relevant development of the ground production base.

The main cause of the low technical level of airports of Russia is an insufficient amount of investment in maintaining and developing airports. In this case, due to lack of funding, a number of objects under construction turned out to be frozen.

The main investments in the development of airports over the past decade are extrabudgetary sources, 50-70% of which are their own funds of enterprises. It is clear that this source for modernization in most airports is insufficient

Working Group of the State Council in the preparation of a project for the development of Russia's transport until 2025. Presums the gradual care of the state from the sphere of transport business. In particular, it is assumed in the program of reforming airports them privatization and transfer to private hands.

The main areas of socio-economic development of Russia for the long term emphasized the role of civil aviation in the transport complex. Ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement, regardless of the place of residence, the geographical features of Russia, the geopolitical and state security of the state and, finally, the role of individual regions is unthinkable to solve without air transport available for the majority of the population of the country, although at present the level of income of the majority of the country's population Compared with the average tariffs on air transportation extremely low.

If in 1992 The average tariff was at the level of 27% of the average salary, then it is currently more than 150%. This affected the situation that once a massive type of transport - air - turned into an elite, which could take advantage of up to 5% of the population. Also negatively affects the operation of air transport, excess competition in the airline market, privatization and restriction of airline investment opportunities, is an excessive number of airports carrying out international transport, as this leads to irrational expenditure of budget money.

Airlines should pay special attention even to the quality of service at the airport, although they do not have the opportunity to influence this fully. So, even minor omissions in service at the airport (untimely submitted ladder, baggage delay), passengers are often associated with the work of the airline.

The main part of the service provided by the passengers of the airline is service on board. Having bought a ticket, the passenger should know that he will receive for it: whether they will feed on board or not, what a range of dishes and additional services On board will be offered. Being a few hours in a limited space on board the aircraft, sitting in close and uncomfortable chairs, passengers only think about how to pass time.

Therefore, the organization of leisure on board should not be reduced only (as often happens) to the distribution of the press, which is not always enough. To provide additional entertainment types on board (audio, video) should, at least the airline of long-haul flights, despite all the difficulties associated with the re-equipment of Russian liners.

Power on board. This factor is important from the point of view of one airlines, and is less important from the point of view of others. However, Russian air passengers consider it one of the main ones by which they are judged by the airline and its services. Information about nutrition on board is practically absent. A photographs and descriptions of the proposed dishes published on the sites of some airlines relate mainly to international flights. Savings on nutrition (on a cake or excess glass of juice) may adversely affect the image of the airline as a whole. Save airline funds are necessary, but on other costs of the costs at the same time the organization's organization.

To better understand your passenger, know and anticipate its preferences and expectations, you need to have a feedback with it. This can be achieved, not only because of the polls of air passengers, but also using other channels, such as trust phones, data of monitoring and quality services and other services in direct contact with the consumer. All passengers who use the airline services even once a year should be known about these channels.

To improve the quality of airline service, marketing studies should regularly conduct in order to study the needs of passengers.

The overall impression of the passenger from the flight is determined mainly by compliance with the flight schedule, and the lack of information relating to the cancellation of the flight delay is the most painful point in relation to the airline.

Air transport is used in the national economy for the transport of urgent cargo, performs work in the construction of pipelines, bridges, LEP, participates in work for agriculture, geological exploration, fisheries. In areas Far North Helicopters play a large role in the transportation of goods and passengers. They deliver goods and passengers to oil and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide urgent medical care, etc. The geography of air transportation of passengers is determined primarily by the nature of the settlement and development of individual parts of the country, the territorial organization of urban settlement systems, the placement of large resorts, scales and directions international travel. The level of operation of air transport is an indicator of the degree of scientific and technical potential of the country. In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed. The demand for transport work exceeded the proposal .. Currently, the technical staffing of the ground base is 60%, and on aircraft complexes - no more than 50%. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%. Therefore, an acute is the issue of technical re-equipment of air transport, the transition to new types of domestic aircraft having the best flight and operational characteristics.

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8. Avetisov V.A. World transport. St. Petersburg: Speclit, 2000;

Avis - (from Lat.) Bird.

The first scientific approach to the problem of flights we find Leonardo da Vinci (Renaissance Epoch).

An outstanding contribution was made in 1876 the captain of the Marine Fleet Mozhaisky. In 1893, Rait brothers built a plane with a gasoline engine. He flew 800 meters. In 1913, the Russian designer Sikorsky built the world's largest plane (4.3 tons) "Vityaz". In 1924, AnT was built. By the beginning of the war, the USSR had 62 world records in the field of aviation. Tu-104 installed in 2 years 26 world records.

Technical and economic features of air transport

Advantages of air transport:

The air lines in short in the direction of highways by 25%, river transport by 40%

High speed

Requires 10-20 times less capital investments on the basis of new lines

Safety movement above the car 2 times.

Disadvantages :

Strong dependence on weather

High cost of freight traffic (100 times higher than on the railway)

Aviation significantly pollutes the atmosphere (for 1 passenger kilometer, the plane throws 386 grams of dirt, the car - 12 gr., railway - 0.6 gr. For one transatlantic flight, the plane burned from 35 to 50 tons of oxygen - this is as much as the city consumes with a population of 15-20 thousand people during the year).

Flight Management

To control the country is divided into areas of the dispatch service. In the airport area, the movement is carried out by ADC (airport dispatch service).

A system is applied, which is a radar and computing complex. This complex gives automatic collection, processing and dispatcher issues the following information.:

Coordinates of aircraft

Their onboard numbers

The specified and current height

Flight Speed

The amount of fuel.

Benefits

1. The highest speed and mobility of all kinds of transport. 2. A simple packaging than it is required in any other form of transport.

3. A large range of non-stop flights.

4. Lower insurance costs compared to other types of transport.

disadvantages

1. High cost of transportation of goods.

2. Dependence on weather conditions.

3. Restrictions on the transport of goods associated with their size and weight.

4. Savings due to high traffic rates can be reduced to "no" airport remoteness from the recipient.

5. The possibility of damage during transshipments (overloads) of goods.

6. The need to create an expensive infrastructure and maintaining it in working condition.