Between 870 and 920 Norman, Norwegian Sailor Gunbierne Ulf-Krakason, heading to Iceland, was abandoned by a buzzy far to the west and opened a number of small islands in 65 ° 30 'p. sh, and 36 ° z. D., which in the Icelandic generic Saga "Landnamabok" are named Schkers Gunbiern.

Behind them was visible was a high, covered with snow and ice the Earth, to which he could not come out due to heavy ice. Around 980, a group of Icelandes floating to the West was forced to be overwhelmed with the schoras that winter workers were accepted for Schhers Gunbierne. Returning to his homeland, they confirmed the story about big land Behind the ski. This land could only be Greenland.

At this time, in Iceland, he lived from Norway for the murder of Eik Turvaldson on nicknamed Raudi ("Redhead"). He did not have a new place in a new place and was expelled from there for a restless character for three years. With several close in 981, he went to search for Western Big Earth. Most likely, Eica went from Iceland directly to the West between 65-66 ° C. sh. And at this latitude, I saw the land away. After unsuccessful attempts to break through the ice of the Irik, passed along the shore to the south-west of about 650 km, until reached the southern tip of the land under study (Cape Farvel, in 60 ° C. sh.). Eik and his companions landed on an island 200 km from the northwestern cape and spent the winter there.

In the summer of 982, Eica went to the intelligence expedition, opened the western coast-raised by deep fjords covered by the Giant Glacier of the country for 1000 km away - from 60 ° to the north polar circle - and outlined places for farms. With one of the coastal vertices, according to the modern Canadian humanist writer F. Mowet, Eica saw in the West high mountains - On a clear day, an ice vertex can be seen for the Devisian Strait (2134 m) about. Buffinova Earth. Eik, in Moweet, for the first time crossed the strait and reached P-ov Cumberland. He inspected the entire mountainous eastern coast of this peninsula and went to the bay of Cumberland. The main part of the summer was in the hunt for walrus, the harvesting of fat and the harvest of the wallery and the tiggery of Narvalov. Upon returning to Greenland, Eikov reported on the opening of West Obuigdir ("Western Desert Areas"), who played an important role in the life of the Greenland settlers.

In the summer of 983, he passed from the northern polar circle to the north, opened the disco bay, oh. Disco, P-ov Nugssuak, Wedenkhuk and, probably, reached Melville Bay, 76 ° C. Sh., i.e., followed the western coast of Greenland by another 1200 km and the first sailed in the sea of \u200b\u200bBuffin. He was struck by the abundance of polar bears, sands, northern deer, whales, narrovalov, walrus, Gag, Dresses and all sorts of fish. After two-year searches, Eika chose several smooth places in the southwest, relatively well protected from cold winds covered in summer time Fresh green vegetation. The contrast between the surrounding ice desert ns these areas was so great that Eica dubbed the coast of Greenland ("Green Earth") - not a completely appropriate name for the largest island of about 2.2 million km2, of which it is barely 15% free from Ice Pokrov. "Landnamabok" argues that Eic wanted to attract " beautiful title"Icelanders to convince them to settle there. But the name given by Eyric, originally applied only to the well-friendly friendly corners southwest coast And only much later (in the XV century) spread to the whole island.

In 984, Eica returned to Iceland. The recruitment of the colonists was very successful, and in the middle of the summer, 986 he led to the West flotilla from 25 khanrov. When moving to Greenland during the storms, they died, somewhat turned back, but 14 vessels on which there were more than 500 colonists, reached Southern Greenland. They settled in the places indicated by Eyric. He himself chose a terrain for settlement on the southern coast (61 ° C. sh.), Near the vertices of Bredfjord, at the mouth of which Yuliance is now lying.

From southern Shore During the X-XI centuries. Normans advanced along the western coast of Greenland to the northern polar circle. They settled in small groups in well-protected places - in the depths of the fjords. The colonists brought with them livestock, but their main occupation was not cattle breeding, but fishing, hunting fishery and fishing and bearings. White attacks were not subject to trade, but rather a diplomatic tool for the kings of Norway and other northern monarchs, since their southern neighbors willingly accepted aligning in friendship with these birds. An even more valuable diplomatic "mark of attention", but more rare mined with great difficulty were white bears.

No later than the XI century. In search of the beast and birds, the colonists floated along the western coast far to the north, the second time - after Eika - between 68 and 70 ° C. sh. Disco Bay, P-Ohova Nugssuak, Wedneshuk and Fr. Disco. Here they discovered richer hunting grounds with good fish places and large stocks of the fin and called their "Nordset" (Northern Camp Starts), or "Hunting Earth"). For 76 ° C. sh. They completed the opening of the Gulf of Melville, through the Strait Smith entered the Kane Pool, and perhaps reached the Kennedy Strait, 80 ° C. sh. The North-West protrusion of Greenland, they called the Peninsula (now Hays). In search of new land and pastures, as the author of the middle of the XIII century notes. In his description of Greenland, the Royal Mirror, the colonists "... often tried to penetrate the inside of the country, rose to the tops of the mountains in different places to take a look at the neighbor and find out if there is any land, free from ice and suitable for settlement. But nowhere they could not discover such a plot, except that [already] captured, - a narrow strip along the edge of the water. "

They walked along the eastern, almost inaccessible shore of Greenland. Despite the almost continuous ice barrier, the swimming was performed between the coast and the inner edge of the packing ice. In the sagas and other written sources there are numerous instructions on the fact that the colonists not only visited these areas, but even spent several years there. Especially they attracted the area between 65 ° C. sh. and the northern polar circle where white bears met. They penetrated into more northern fjords, including in Ollumlengri ("the longest") - most likely it is the Bay of Raysbi, located 70 ° C. sh., 24 ° z. d., i.e. the first floated in the Greenland Sea. Thus, Norman-"Greenlandians" opened, at least about 2,700 km of the western and about 2,000 km of the east coast of Greenland and on these "segments" traced a huge glacial shield, the surface of which rises inside the country.

Perhaps they managed to bypass Greenland from the north and prove its island position. Adam Bremensky, who wrote in the third quarter of the XI century, already knows this: "There are a lot of things in the Atlantic Ocean ... Islands, of which Greenland is not the smallest. From the shores of Norway to Greenland, five to seven days of swimming ... "His words illustrates a map of the North Atlantic, created in 1598 by the Jesuits of the Treven University (found in 1945). It is possible, it is a copy of the drawing, drawn up not earlier than the XII century. Greenland on it is shown in the form of the island with a large northwestern protrusion and several bays. True, its dimensions compared with the true are reduced almost three times. Cooling did not allow it to repeat this great geographical discovery.

Norman villages in the southern and south-west coasts of Greenland, between 60 and 65 ° C. Sh., There were about 400 years. In the XIII century, when the colony reached the greatest heyday, there were probably about 100 settlements on this shore, the truth is very small - a total of about 270 yards. They were divided into two groups: South, which in reached documents for some reason, for some reason, is called Esterbugd ("East settlement"), between 60-61 ° C. sh., and northwestern - Westerbuggd ("Western settlement"), between 64-65 ° C. sh. In need of bread, forest and iron products, the colonists supported a permanent connection with Europe through Iceland, sending into exchanges for the products they need, sea animals, walrus, whales, gagachi fluff and other hunting and hunting products. So far Iceland was independent, the Greenland Colonology developed: in the XIII century. There lived on different estimates from 3 to 6 thousand people. After the joining of Iceland to Norway (1281), the position of the colonists deteriorated sharply. They often failed the lack of needed, as the ships were less and more easily visited. Probably because of the permanent skirmishes with the Eskimo who came from the North and the sharp cooling of Westerbügd in the middle of the XIV century. Was thrown by the colonists. Further fate is unknown.

Very difficult was the position of Esterbium at the end of the XIV century. When Norway obeyed Denmark. Danish kings declared their monopoly trading with the Northwestern Islands. In the distant Greenland, they were allowed to send from Denmark every year just one ship, and he often did not reach Esterbium. Icelanders were forbidden to swim in Greenland. After 1410, Esterbugd was completely abandoned. Without having forests and iron, the colonists could not build new and repair the old vessels. Without bread, they began to root and degenerate. Most of the colonists extinct, the rest were probably mixed with the Eskimos. But it happened not in the XIV-XV centuries, as previously assumed, and in XVI or even in the XVII century.

The Norman discoveries in the North-West Atlantic are reflected on the map of Danchanin Claudia Claussen Soot (1427), better known under Latin nickname Claudius Klavus Niger. On her, Greenland is shown as part of Europe. There is no doubt that the rest of the lands opened by the Normans south of Greenland were considered by the European islands, and not as the shores of the new world. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe new, western continent, not known "even ancient", could not arise before the era of great discoveries.

Who first opened Greenland ??? And got the best answer

Answer from @ Nyushka [Guru]
For the first time the island was discovered by the Icelandic Sailor of Gungrom around 875 (she did not go ashore).
In 982, the Icelander of Norwegian origin, Eikar Raud (Redhead), produced the first examination of the island and called him Greenland.
In 983, the Norman (Icelandic) colonies that existed before the XV century were founded in the south of Greenland. In the XI century, the population of Greenland, including the indigenous - Eskimos, adopted Christianity (in 1126 the first bishop of Greenland). From 1262 to the beginning of the XVIII century, Greenland actually belonged to Norway. In 1721, the colonization of the island of Dania began. In 1744, Denmark established the state monopoly (existed until 1950) to trade with Greenland. In 1814, during the termination of the Danish-Norwegian Ulya, 1380 Greenland remained for the Denmark and until 1953 was her colony. In 1953, Greenland was declared part of the territory of the Danish kingdom. In April 1940, after the occupation of Denmark of Nazi Germany, the US government announced the distribution of Monroe's doctrine to Greenland. On April 9, 1941, the Messenger of Denmark in Washington signed with the American government t. Greenland Defense Agreement (ratified by the Danish Rigsdag on May 16, 1945). The United States has begun to create military bases on Greenland. After the entry of Denmark to NATO (April 4, 1949), a new agreement was signed between the Danish and American governments on April 27, 1951, according to which Denmark and the United States carry out the joint defense of the island. In 1971, the United States had 2 military bases and other military facilities in Greenland.

Greenland (GRØNLAND, literally - "Green Country") - an island in the North Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, northeast of North America.
The state of the people of Inuit, the autonomous territory of Denmark.
Greenland - the largest island in the world. Area - 2 166 086 km². Population (2005, rack) - 56,375 people.


About 980, Viking Eric Rauda (Redhead) was sentenced to three years of expulsion from Iceland for the killing of the neighbor [. He decided to sail to the West and get to the Earth, which in clear weather can be seen from the vertices of the mountains of Western Iceland. She lay at a distance of 280 km from the Icelandic coast; According to Sagam, earlier in the 900s, Norwegian Gunbjern floated there. Eric sailed to the West in 982 together with his family, servants and cattle, but the floating ice prevented him to land ashore; He was forced to wake the southern limb of the island and landed in the place near Julianshob (cocaton). For three years of his expulsion, Eric did not meet any man on the island, although during his journeys along the coast, he reached the island of Disco, far to the north-west of the southern tip of Greenland.
At the end of the term of his expulsion, Eric Redhead returned to Iceland in 986 and began to encourage local Vikings to relocate for new lands. He called the island of Greenland (Nor. GRØNLAND), which means literally " Green land" Around the relevance of this name still continues disputes; Someone believes that in those days the climate in these places thanks to the medieval climate optimum was soft, and the coastal areas of the south-west of the island were really covered with thick herbal vegetation; Others believe that such a name was chosen with the sole purpose - to attract more settlers to the island.
Karl Lehmann.
Expert
(269)
Fascism was in Italy, Spain ....

Answer from Elena Osinskaya (Pestova)[guru]
Vikings

Answer from User deleted[guru]
trust a professional !!

Answer from Albert.[guru]
In general, I opened
But from modesty, Lavra gave way ... I do not remember who! :))

Answer from Ўras Dorofeev[guru]
For the first time the island was discovered by the Icelandic Sailor of Gunburne about 875 g. (I did not go ashore)
In 982, our era of Icelandets Eric Torvaldson reached the south-west coast of Greenland. This harsh and hard person, more famous under the name Eric Redhead, was in his homeland for the murder sentenced to a three-year expulsion. For three years he decided to hold, exploring Western lands, which Sailors of Iceland said so much.
Three years later, he returned home and told the tribesmen about his opening. He wanted to excite in the listeners the desire to go to this new land and therefore gave her an attractive name. Torvaldson nicknamed them the edge "green" - Greenland!
Since 1386, the island has belonged to Norway, after which he switched to Denmark. In 1979, the Danish Parliament provided Greenland wide autonomy.
Same:
Archaeologists stand out in Greenland four Paleo-Eskimo cultures, which existed before the discovery of the island of Vikings, but the terms of their existence are determined very approximately:
Sakkak culture: 2500 BC e. - 800 BC e. in southern Greenland;
Culture Independence I: 2400 BC e. - 1300 BC e. in the north of Greenland;
Culture Independence II: 800 BC. e. - 1 BC. e. mainly in the north of Greenland;
Early Dorset Culture, Dorset I: 700 BC. e. - 200 n. e. In the south of Greenland.
These cultures were not unique to Greenland. As a rule, they arose and developed in the territories of Arctic Canada and Alaska long before their penetration to Greenland, and could be maintained in other places of the Arctic after their disappearance from the island.
After the decline of Dorset culture, the island remained unnecessary over the centuries. The carriers of the Inito culture of Tula, the ancestors of modern indigenous people of Greenland, began to penetrate the north of the island at the beginning of the XIII century.
Capital - Nuk (old name - Gothob).
Most of the territory of Greenland is hidden under ice cover, the thickness of which in some places reaches three kilometers. Only the most unpretentious plants and the strongest animals can survive on the border of the earth and ice. Winter in this edge of harsh and last for a very long time, and in the summer the temperature rises very slightly, and it ends itself, hardly time to begin.
In some way in small areas of the Earth, free from ice, you can find the grass and some other low-spirited plants, but still, for the most part, the stones covered with moss and lichens are overlooked.
Today in Greenland lives only about thirty-five thousand people, which is extremely small for such a huge territory. Most settled on the free ice of the south-west coast of the island. Just two and a half thousand people live in the eastern part and a little more than six hundred people in North.

Early Paleo Eskimo Cultures

The history of ancient Greenland is the history of repeating migrations of Paleo Eskimos from the Arctic Islands of North America. A common feature of all these cultures was the need for survival in the extremely adverse conditions of the most remote edge of the Arctic at the very border of the range of arole. Even small climate fluctuations turned intimately favorable conditions into incompatible with human life and led to the disappearance of insufficiently adapted crops and devastating entire regions as a result of migrations and extinction.

Archaeologists stand out in Greenland four Paleo-Eskimo cultures, which existed before the discovery of the island of Vikings, but the terms of their existence are determined very approximately:

• Sakkak culture: 2500 BC e. - 800 BC e. in southern Greenland;
• Culture Independence I: 2400 BC e. - 1300 BC e. in the north of Greenland;
• Culture Independence II: 800 BC. e. - 1 BC. e. mainly in the north of Greenland;
• Early Dorset Culture, Dorset I: 700 BC. e. - 200 n. e. In the south of Greenland.

These cultures were not unique to Greenland. As a rule, they arose and developed in the territories of Arctic Canada and Alaska long before their penetration to Greenland, and could be maintained in other places of the Arctic after their disappearance from the island.

After the decline of culture, the island remained unnecessary over the centuries. The carriers of the Inito culture of Tula, the ancestors of modern indigenous people of Greenland, began to penetrate the north of the island at the beginning of the XIII century.

Settlements Viking

The last written certificate of Greenland Vikings - a wedding entry in the church of Khwali belongs to 1408. The ruins of this church are one of the most well-preserved monuments of the culture of Viking.

There are many theories regarding the reasons for the disappearance of Norwegian settlements in Greenland. Jared Daimond, author of the book "Collapse: Why some societies survive, and others die," lists five factors that could contribute to the disappearance of the Greenland colony: deterioration ambient, climatic changes, enmity with neighboring peoples, isolation from Europe, inability to adapt. The study of these factors is devoted to a large number of scientific research and publications.

Environmental deterioration

Greenland vegetation belongs to the tundra type and consists mainly of sources, fluffy and lichen; The trees are almost completely absent, with the exception of a dwarf birch, willow and alder who grow in some places. There are very few fertile lands, which, as a result of the absence of forests, suffer from erosion; In addition, the short and cold summer makes farming almost impossible, so the Norwegian settlers were forced mainly to engage in cattle breeding. Excessive exploitation of pastures in an extremely sensitive tundra medium with unstable soils could enhance erosion, lead to worsening pastures and falling their performance.

Climate change

Running results ice ice Allow to know about the climatic situation in Greenland over the centuries. They show that during the medieval climatic optimum there was indeed some mitigation of the local climate from 800 to 1200 years, but at the beginning of the XIV century began cooling; The "Small Ice Age" reached his peak in Greenland in about the 1420s. The lower layers of garbage near the oldest Norwegian settlements contain significantly more bones of sheep and goats than pigs and coarse livestock; However, in the sediments of the middle of the XIV Art. Near the rich dwellings are only bones of cattle and deer, and near the poor are almost solid bone seals. The version of the decline of cattle breeding as a result of cooling and changes in the nature of the nutrition of the Greenland Vikings is also confirmed by studies of skeletons from cemeteries near Norwegian settlements. Most of these skeletons are traces of pronounced rickets, characterized by deformation of the spine and chest, in women - pelvic bones.

Enhance with neighbors

During the foundation of the Norwegian settlements, Greenland was completely devoid of local population, but later the Vikings were forced to contact inuita. Inuit of Culture Tula began to arrive in Greenland from Elsmir Island at the end of the XII - early XIII century. Researchers know that the Vikings called Inuita, as well as Aboriginalov Winland, english (Norv. Skræling). "Icelandic Annals" is one of the few sources, which indicate the existence of contacts between the Norwegians and Inuit. They are told about the attack of Inuit on Norwegians, during which eighteen Norwegians died, and two children were captured. There are archaeological evidence that the Inuites led to the Norwegians trade, because during the excavations of the Initov parking lots, many products of Norwegian work are found; However, the Norwegians, apparently, were not very interested in inuita, at least, the findings of the Initian artifacts in the settlements of Vikings are unknown. The Norwegians also did not adopt the kayak construction technology and receptions of hunting for Killed Nerpen from Inuit. In general, it is believed to be the relationship of Norwegians with Inuitis were quite hostile. From archaeological evidence, it is known that by 1300 the winter parking lots of Inuit existed already on the shores of the fjords near the Western settlement. Somewhere between 1325 and 1350. Norwegians completely left the Western settlement and its surroundings, due to the unsuccessful opposition to the attacks of Inuit.

Kirsten Siemer in his book "Frozen echo" is trying to bring that Greenland has had a much stronger health and fed better than it was thought, and therefore denies the version of the extinction of the Greenland colony from hunger. She probably claims that the colony died as a result of the attack of the Indians, pirates or the European military expedition, which history did not save information; It is also likely to relocate the Greenland in Iceland or in Wellands in search of a more favorable home.

Contacts with Europe

With quiet winter weather, the ship carried out a 1400-kilometer trip from Iceland to the south of Greenland in two weeks. Greenland should have supported relations with Iceland and Norway to trade with them. Greenlandians could not build ships themselves, because they did not have forests, and depended on the supply of Icelandic merchants and from expeditions for wood to Winland. Sagi talk about Icelandic merchants who flood to trade in Greenland, but trade was in the hands of the holders of large estates. They traded themselves with the commercial merchants, and then resold the goods to small landowners. The main article of Greenland exports were walrus. In Europe, they were used in decorative art as a ivory replacement, whose trade was designed during hostility with the Islamic world in the era of crusades. It is considered likely that as a result of improving the relations of Europe with the world of Islam and with the beginning of Transshar caravan trade in ivory, demand for walrus beeves has fallen significantly, and this could contribute to the loss of interests of merchants to Greenland, reduce contacts and the final decline of the Norwegian colony on the island.

However, the cultural influence of Christian Europe felt in Greenland quite well. In 1921, Danish historian Paul Norland was digging the burial of the Vikings at the church cemetery near the Eastern settlement. The bodies were dressed in European medieval clothing XV century and did not have signs of rickets and genetic degeneration. Most had crucifixions on the neck and drawn up in a prayer gesture.

From records of papal archives, it is known that in 1345, the Greenlandians were exempt from the payment of the church decade due to the fact that the colony was seriously suffering from poverty.

The last vessel, which was visited by Greenland somewhere in the 1510th year, was an Icelandic ship that took the West storm. His team did not come into contact with any inhabitants of the island.

At about the same time, about 1501, the Portuguese expedition was visited in the Greenland area. The re-discovery of the Europeans of Greenland, as it is believed to have been committed about 1500 by the Portuguese expedition of the cortyaria brothers. It is usually attributed to the re-opening of Greenland by Europeans.

Danish expeditions to Greenland in the XV century

From this time, Greenland became a territory, quite well known worldwide. Various English expeditions in search of the north-western passage studied its shore at least 75 ° north latitude.

Strategic value

Autonomous Greenland proclaimed himself by the state of the people of Inuit. Danish geographical names were changed to local. The country began to be called Calallit Nunat. The administrative center of the island, Gothob, became Nuuk, the capital of almost sovereign country, and in 1985 the Greenland flag was adopted. However, the movement for the independence of the island is still weak.

Thanks to the progress of the latest technologies, especially the development of aviation, Greenland has now become much more affordable for the outside world. In 1982, local television broadcasts began.

In 2008, in Greenland, a referendum was held on the issue of self-government, following which on May 20, 2009, the Denmark Parliament adopted the law on the extended autonomy of Greenland. Extended autonomy of Greenland was proclaimed on June 21 of the same year. Both inside Greenland and outside it, there are people who consider the expansion of autonomy as a step towards the independence of Greenland from Denmark

Riddles of history. Facts. Discoveries. People Zgur Maria Pavlovna

Who opened Greenland?

Who opened Greenland?

At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, Portuguese Savior Brothers Miguel and Gushpar Cortyrians on three Karavellah went searching for the North-West way to Asia. In one day they came across the island lying on the "intersection" of the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans. So the Europeans opened Greenland. second time. And in 1721, the colonization of this exotic piece of sushi began. Scandinavians, however, this time Danes, re-mastered the lands that Vikings opened long before them. Who belongs to the glory of the lapper of the largest island in the world?

If you believe Sagam, it was Norwegian Gunbierne. Somewhere between the 870s and 920s, he sailed to Iceland, but the storm dropped it to the West to the small islands in 65 ° 30? from. sh. 36 ° z. D. For them was a high, covered with snow and ice Earth, to which sailors could not be suitable due to heavy ice. Today highest point The Arctic, which is located in Greenland, is named after the brave Morleod Mountain Gongbierne.

About 980, a group of Icelanders, floating to the West, wanted on the ski, which took the islands open by Gongbierne. Returning to their homeland, Icelanders also told about the big land behind the schoras. And in the summer of 982, the Lentaries of Eric Torvaldson had already loomel at the local shores, who entered the story under the nickname Eric Redhead.

Eric was born in Norway, but his father is Torvald - along with his family expelled from there for murder. So Eric found himself in Iceland, but he had to be removed from there: this time he expelled him for two murders. If you believe the sources, the anger of Erica was fair: one of the victims fell his neighbor who did not return the boat, which was borrowed. Erik committed the second crime from Vesti - he shook the Viking, who killed his slaves. However, even cruel laws of the time of the Samosood did not approve, and now Ryulya Buyan had to spend three years on a foreign land. Eric did not lose: he decided to get to mysterious landwhich in clear weather was visible from the mountain peaks of Western Iceland. Eric decided to try his happiness: he bought the ship, gathered to Vataga friends and rushed towards adventure. He took with him a family and servants. Even his cattle Erik plunged on the ship. The island, most of which today is covered with ice, oddly enough, it seemed to the Vikings suitable for life. The thickness of the ice cover reaches in some places of three kilometers, and therefore only the most unpretentious plants and animals are able to survive on the border of the Earth and Ice. Summer in the local edges is practically no - it ends, and not having time to start, and summer days In Greenland, the slight warmer of the winter. Why did this island like Eric and his companions so much? Why did he get such an absurd name - "Green Earth"? The fact is that at the end of the 15th century, the climate of Greenland was much softer than in our days, and, having encouraged the southern tip of the island, the sailors landed around Julianhob (cocaton), where the grasslands and air were resolved with flavors of the flowers near the fjords. There is, however, another version: Some researchers believe that the name "Greenland" was primarily advertised - Eric wanted to attract as many settlers as possible. However, the name, which Eric gave these lands, was originally applied only to the friendly corners of the south-west coast and spread to the whole island only in the XV century.

For those three years, which Eric had to spend in Greenland at least, was the term of his expulsion, the settlers have treated enough land to feed themselves, and spread cattle. They hunted firing, greased fat, walruss and talnia narrovalov.

One day, he tells the legend, Eric climbed into one of the coastal vertices and saw high mountains in the West. Modern researchers suggest that it was Buffhin Earth: on a clear day it can be seen for the Devisian Strait. According to Canadian writer F. Moweet, Eric was the first one who crossed the strait and fell to Cumberland. He explored all the mountainous eastern coast of this peninsula and went to the bay of Cumberland.

In the summer of 983, Eric passed from the northern polar circle to the north, discovered the disco Bay, the island of Disco, Peninsula Nugssuak, Wedenkhuk, and may have reached Melville's bay, in 76 ° Northern latitude. He studied another 1200 km of the west coast of Greenland. The viking admired the abundance of animals and birds, on which you can hunt: white bears, sands, northern deer, whales, narwalov, walrus, Gag and Kretch. But there were also different breeds of fish.

After two-year searches, Eric looked after several places - flat, but well-protected from cold winds. In 985, he returned to Iceland, but not in order to stay there forever, but to recruit future colonists. There are many wishing to find a lot - about 700 people. They went out into the sea on 25 ships, but a storm began, and 11 of them went to the bottom. Only 400 brave travelers got to Greenland. They founded on southern coast Islands so-called Eastern settlement. For ten years, another settlement appeared - West. He was built new colonists who sailed later.

Eric Ginger

Of course, the migrants had difficult to: very harshs were winter. Nevertheless, the Wiking Colony in Greenland flourished. As archaeologists say, the number of colonists has steadily growing and reached in the end of the peak - three thousand people.

Viking settlements stretched along fjords. Build a house on the island was not so simple - there were no big trees here. I had to be content with fins or turf. Scientists calculated that about the construction of one of the large buildings went around square kilometer Derna - how many wikings have invested, while they were lying on him! There were stone structures. To keep the building heat, the walls were made very thick - sometimes more than two meters.

Since the summer was very short, the grain grew badly, and in fact, in the traditional diet of Vikings there were bread and porridge. The grain was added and in chowers - fish and meat. Meat domestic animals - goats, sheep and cows appreciated very high. Cattle scored extremely rarely, pleaseing milk. Settlers caught fish nets, hunted on seals and deer.

In the XIV century in Greenland began cooling. Glaciers turned to the lands of Vikings, gradually depriving them pastures. Trading with Scandinavia, who brought a consonant income, fell into decay - in Norway and Iceland rampated a plague. I had to adapt to new conditions: scientists argue that Vikings saved the sea, namely seafood. Their share in the diet was now more than 80%.

Around 1350, all residents of the Western settlement disappeared somewhere - about 1000 people. It became known about this, since the priest from the Eastern settlement, coming to the neighbors, did not find anyone. Only the wild cattle wandered between empty houses. He did not see the dead - as if the Vikings suddenly evaporated. There are no rapids yet. Sit down to settle the pirates, there would be the bodies of the dead. It would be, to get to the colonists of the plague. We could not move somewhere people: no one would throw their belongings and animals.

Eastern settlement survived to the beginning of the XVI century. But in 1540, Icelandic naval, attached to the shores of Greenland, did not find any colonist. They discovered only the body of a man in a raincoat with a hood. Who was this man? And where are the rest? Historians believe that people sailed back to Iceland - after all, the climate became much colder, and there was no possibilities to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding. If you believe the legends of Eskimos, pirates attacked the inhabitants of the Eastern settlement. Archaeological excavations In Greenland, this version does not confirm, but it is curious why the fate of the Viking was so interested in this version?

At first, the island seemed uninhabited by the Vikings. But was it so? The fact is that the first Greenland "mastered" not Vikings, but the Eskimos. Scientists argue that the history of ancient Greenland is the history of repeating migrations of Paleo Eskimos. They sailed here from the Arctic Islands of North America. Paleo-Eskimos adapted to an extremely unfavorable climate and survived at the very border of the range suitable for human existence. But even very small climatic changes could destroy the adapted culture.

Scientists allocate in Greenland four ancient Paleo-Eskimo cultures, whose representatives lived on the island long before the appearance of Vikings. This is a Sakkak culture, culture of Independence I, the culture of Independence II and early Dorset culture. Later, the last one disappeared, it existed approximately 200 of our era.

But who caught Vikings in Greenland, if the last Eskimo left this land for seven hundred years before their appearance? The opinions of researchers are divergent. Some believe that all the cultural representatives dosset. This culture (the beginning of the I millennium BC. E. - Start I Millennium N. E.) was opened in 1925 at Cape Dorset (Baphinova Earth). It was widespread in the Far North-East of Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and in Western and Northeast Greenland. Tribes Dorset were hunters. Their prey was seals, walruses and northern deer.

Perhaps the Scandinavian colonists who arrived with Eric's redheads turned out to be not the only inhabitants of the island. The new migration of Eskimosov - representatives of the late Dorset culture - allegedly took place shortly before their appearance. But Eskimos settled on the distant north-west of the island, at a very long distance from Viking settlements. And indeed, in the excavations of the parking lot of culture, Dorset did not find any subjects of Scandinavian production. Nevertheless, there are indirect evidence of contacts, the so-called "exotic elements", which are not typical for this culture: a screw carving on bone labor instruments and carved figures of people with a beard.

Another culture, with the representatives of which Vikings collided completely exactly, called Tula. It existed between the 900s and 1700s on both shores

Bering Strait, the Arctic coast and on Canada Islands. Some researchers believe that in Greenland Dorset and Tula for some time adjacent. It was between the 800 and 1200 ms, after which Tula changed Dorset. Tula tribes well adpedired to local conditions, they were fed the hunt for animals, both marine and ground. In the central part of the American Arctic, Tulians built rounded dwellings from whale bones and stone, traveled on dog sledding. The same representatives of Tula, who lived in the field of Bering Strait, lived in the houses from the fin. Archaeologists find sinewings, stone lamps, knives, figures of people, animal and waterfowl. Tuly basically lived settled. They copied food reserves, and thanks to them they could survive the hungry winter months.

How was the Eskimos of Tula with their neighbors and Vikings? There is no unambiguous answer to this question. Archaeologists have found in the excavations of the Eskimo parking lots a lot of items of Norwegian work. But how did they get to Tuly?

In connection with the cooling, Eskimos migrated closer to the territories that belonged to the Vikings. A number of researchers believe that the Vikings not only met with Eskimos, but even lived among them. But supporters of this version are a bit. According to the legends of Eskimos, the Scandinavians conflicted with Tuly. On armed clashes with Eskimos are also told by Sagi. It is possible that Tulians prevented the Vikings, pushing them from the hunting territories of the central part of the west coast.

Fragment of Carta Marina (XVI century). Tula is indicated as tile

Was these so different peoples among themselves? Unknown. Things made by scandinals could get to Toviyam and another: from the settlements left by Vikings. Oddly enough, the colonists did not use the experience of their neighbors whose clothing was more adapted to the conditions of the North, and did not even adopt the individual elements of their costume. It surprises scientists, but the history of Greenland times of Vikings is generally full of riddles, and who knows whether the science will find the answer.

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The Atlantic Ocean, which today is a great dear shipping, in ancient times was an insurmountable aquatic desert between East and West. In three places, however, geographic conditions favored the intersection of the ocean. On both sides of the Equator Passat and the flow caused by them are directed from the old light to the shores South America and West Indies. Favorable to shipping Water spaces lying south of the equator have never been used any substantially: the peoples of Africa were on a too low level of development in order to master them. The use for shipping waters lying north is associated with the name of Columbus. Water located along the line passing through the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, were used for shipping before all others, Scandinavian countries Severed the generation of seafarers, which the first of the peoples of Europe overcame the danger of the open ocean. True, it did not lead to such practical results as the discovery of Columbus, and precisely because European culture in those early times was not yet sufficiently ripe to cope with the serious danger of shipping in the northern seas.

In this way, geographical position Greenland is the reason that this country fell into the field of view of Europe in more than five centuries before Columbus landed in America. The opening of Greenland is a natural link of marine hikes during the time of Vikings. The first period of these trips refers to the time of about 800. For a short period of time, it led to the creation of Scandinavian possessions from Ireland and Normandy to the heart of Russia; Vikings penetrated before White Sea and Constantinople. After the unification of Norway, Iceland was opened. Following this, the first, even inaccurate information about Greenland appeared at the same time. According to the old Icelandic written source of Landnamabok, even then (about 875), Greenland, saw "Gunbjurn, Son Ulf to Krak, when he was abandoned by a storm to the north-west of Iceland and opened the islands of Gunbørn." Apparently, it was about a group of small islands near the modern shopping point Angmagsalik.

Opening of Greenland Eric Torvaldsen (Red)

Following the relatively tenth century, the spark of enterprise suddenly broke out again. In the north, the path to Greenland and Winland was found. The peasant Eric Torvaldsen, on the nickname of the Redhead, who in childhood, together with his father, moved from his homeland of Norway in Iceland, where he was convicted of murder for three years, decided to find a country that Gunbørne saw from published. From Cape Snefelsnessed, he took a course to the West and saw the eastern coast of Greenland "at the middle glytchcher in the place where he is called the Bloss"; natural conditionsApparently, they prevented landing in this place, where the coast for most of the year is completely blocked by floating ice. Then he changed the course to the south, in order to find out whether the earth is suitable for habitat, and, having encouraged Cape Farwell, landed, apparently in the area of \u200b\u200bthe present settlement of Julianhob, near the southern tip of the island. It was the first white person who entered the Earth of the New World! He gave the country name Greenland, as it believed that it would attract people if the country would have an attractive name, "so reported in a half years in the oldest source about the opening of Greenland - in the book of Ardodes" Island Bok ". Eric intended to introduce a new link to the chain of widely expanded settlements of Scandinavians and used his three years of expulsion for detailed studies that spread to more northern territories, up to the current district of Gothob.

First settlements in Greenland

In the next summer, after returning to Iceland, he again went into swimming, having at least 25 vessels in Kilvater, of which, however, only 14 reached promised land. The settlers settled in two districts - Estherbügden (East settlement) and Westerbügden (Western settlement); The first of them was located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe present Julianhoba and the southern part of the Frederikshob County, the second - in the present district of Gothob.

The settlers led the harsh life in this country, where even unpretentious barley does not ripen. The struggle of Scandinavians for existence led to the fact that they gradually familiarized themselves with the surroundings of settlements, and these knowledge was subsequently forgotten and restored only in the XVIII century.

Studying Scandinavians of Greenland in a greater part is the result summer trips In order to collect the fin (precious in this flavored country) and hunting for seals, walrows and whales. Places of fishery extended north up to the Bay of Disco. Some industrialists reached even more northern places. On the far North, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe present colony, the supernavik, near the stone pyramids on the island of Kingigthorusauk, found a small stone with Rounic letters. Judging by the language rank, the signature refers to about 1300 g.

It is possible that Normans have penetrated further. One of the Icelandic sources reports a trip to the country to study to the north of commercial seats in the summer of 1265 or 1266. As researchers have penetrated, it is impossible to establish because there is no possibility to determine the distance specified in the book; However, it is not eliminated that researchers reached Melville Bay. But little of this. In the northern part of the Tula District, at the Marshall Bay, between the Strait of Smith and the Gumboldt Glacier, during the excavations of the ancient Eskimo Razvalin, various items of Scandinavian origin were found, including the remnants of the mail. It is possible that these items were delivered as a result of exchange trade with Eskimos; However, if you compare the finds and vague legends of polar Eskimos about many militant white people who arrived in large rowing courts without mast, it is hardly possible to completely deny the possibility that the Scandinavians really visited these extreme nordic places.

Studies of the Eastern Coast of Greenland

In contrast to the Western, the eastern coast of Greenland due to the presence of drifting ice remained mainly unexplored scandinances. There is an indication that they knew the terrain in the vicinity of the Zvsbi Bay, which, despite the northern position, is still one of the most affordable parts of the coast. In any case, it is probably necessary to seek the Scandinavian Svalbard settlement, regardless of the fact that in later times, this name was transferred to the island of Spitsbergen. Basically, apparently, the east coast visited only by people who were shipwreck.

Then, by the end of the Middle Ages, the darkness of the unknown is applied to Greenland and there are scandinavia. The tragedy walked here is reflected in the summary reports that have been reported to us about the period that becomes more and more scarce. It may seem incomprehensible that from Scandinavia, it was done so little in order to support the message. It is still necessary to note that Greenland has never been completely forgotten. Directly following the cessation of ancient marine hikes follows the period during which unsuccessful attempts to study Greenland.

An incentive for such studies was friendly relations that existed in the XV century between the yards of Denmark and Portugal, the birthplace of great geographical discoveries. Portuguese prince House Enrique, or, as it was called Dane, Henry navigator, according to the desired to be fictional medieval description Travel, came to the idea that you can find a seaway leading directly from Norway to China and India. His cousin was married to the Danish king by Eric Pomeransky, and Scandinavia at the time was considered the carrier of old traditions of marine trips to Greenland and Winland. For this reason, the prince established cooperation with Denmark. Danish nobles were invited at the beginning to participate in dangerous travel along the African coast, after which in the Danish itself they took preparation for swimming north. In the summer of 1473, Crystien I equipped an expedition, which can be called the first Danish polar expedition. Two Admirals - Dietrich Pinging and Hans Pothorst were appointed as managers. An expedition navigator, or the "navigator", apparently, was a scandinavine named Ion Slip (Iohannes Ocolvus), a portuguese Joao also took part in the campaign. It is known about the travel itself extremely few. The initial item, apparently, was Norway, the expedition was in Iceland for some time, from there the way continued towards the eastern coast of Greenland, where the compass was carved on Mount the "Compass", that is, a sign that, in all likelihood, in Portuguese sample It should have denoted that the country is busy. In his book "Map Marina", written in 1539, and later in his descriptions nordic countries Swedish archbishop Olaus Magnus gave a compass drawing, which, of course, is made by imagination. In all likelihood, the expedition experienced strong storms and, perhaps, even suffered shipwreck; It is also known that the expedition had a fight with Eskimo " marine robber».

But still, the expedition was carried out, and the greatest achievement was that she penetrated to the West and south of Greenland and, undoubtedly, opened Newfoundland.

There was no practical value expedition. However, the desire to once again master Greenland did not stall, although all Danish expeditions undertaken in the next century ended unsuccessfully. An expedition was abolished by Archbishop, the expedition was canceled due to the fact that the Archbishop quarreled with King Cold Christian II, and when the king later took this company to his own hands, then the Swedish uprising of 1520 was broken out, at the end of the restless period of feudal interdesquets and reforms that prevented the equipment Expeditions, other complications arose. The expedition-free king Frederick II - one in 1579 under the leadership of the Englishman Oldey and the other in 1581 under the leadership of a native Faroe Islands Mogenas Haynessen - turned out to be unsuccessful, as they came across the impassable wall of drifting ice from the east coast and were forced to return without results.