With the Hercino Europe, the British Islands are sometimes united - the island region, which includes the United Kingdom, Ireland and a large number of small islands and archipelago. Indeed, this is a kind of continuation of the subcontinent of Northern and Central Europe. From the mainland, Ireland separated in Pleistocene, the United Kingdom - in the postlegal period. The width of the Para de Kale is just 32 km. The Hercinian structures of the south of the islands are the continuation of the mainland, and the folded structures of the Caledonian age in the north are the continuation of Caledonide Scandinavian Highlands. The appearance of the Noshloland Highland resembles a mountain fennoscandia. The London pool is essentially the island part of Paris with the same Cuest system on the monoclinary airborne beds of Jurassic and chalk sandstones, limestone and chalk. For all components of nature northern part British O-Great Breaths are similar to Fennoscandia, South with Hercino Europe. However, the island nature of the country determines the unity and many peculiar features of its nature.
A very big effect of the sea affects literally in everything. The nature of even the largest island island - Great Britain (230 thousand km 2), not so long ago separated from the mainland, wears pronounced island traits.
Region is a moderate marine with a large amount of precipitation (1000-3000 mm). Their mode is typical for marine climates (a small winter maximum is expressed). Summer is non-fries (11-17 ° C), winter warm (3-7 ° C). Unstable, frequent fogs.
Center about. The United Kingdom occupy a low (900 m) Pennic Mountains, north - the chill ridges of the Nososhotland Highlands. O. Ireland is raised along the edges, and lowland is located in its central part.
In an exogenous relief, a fluivial morphoskulpture prevails, the flowable significantly processed the ancient glacial and accumulative relief, but the sowing valleys and other exed forms are well preserved in the north of the region.
The trigges are occupied by rivers, lakes or form fjords. These bays and glacial lakes are similar and sometimes wear the same name - "Loch" (for example, the bay of Loch Broome and Loch-Ness, Loch Lomond).
It is relatively large in the area of \u200b\u200bmarine plains, the types of coastal relief are diverse. Everywhere, where there are cool coastal cliffs, the sea developed abrasive ledges, especially peculiar and picturesque in basalt cliffs.
The rivers are short, full-flowing throughout the year, usually form in the mouth of the estuary or fall into fjords. Rivers are connected by a thick network of channels. Estairia serve comfortable bays to enter sea ships.
On the islands lying in the zone of the deciduous forests, many non-flame areas of both anthropogenic origin and natural. High humidity and strong winds are unfavorable for wood vegetation, characteristic of weather conditions of the islands, especially on Western viscous slopes. Versered wasteless and wetlands (Moores) are widespread.
The islands had significant reserves of stone coal on which the industry developed. Now they are strongly exhausted, and the Gas shelf of the North Sea is also served by the energy raw materials.
The life of the population of the islands is closely connected with the sea. In small archipelagoes, most people are engaged by marine fishing and its service. Many fishing towns and villages and on coasts of large islands. The United Kingdom has long been a well-known trading power, with convenient non-freezing ports lying on the lively seaway, and possessed a large fleet. One of the largest ports of the world - London, located near the mouth of the river. Thames. In the estuary of the Thames includes a high tidal wave, which allows the ocean courts to rise to almost the outskirts of London.
The nature of the British Islands is very strongly changed by a person, mainly in the process of industrial production and urban construction. Great here and the share of agricultural land, mainly serving animal husbandry. Forests are secondary and seeds, only 8% of the United Kingdom Square and 4% - Ireland. A large problem is air pollution, which is aggravated by the big humidity of the climate. Measured to solve this problem (replacement of fuel types, strict emission regulation, etc.), although they gave positive results, but did not solve the whole problem: the level of air pollution especially in the cities of Great Britain is still very high. Residents of British O-Great Breathes carefully relate to those few places where low-changed nature has been preserved - Lake District in Cumberland Maced, Wales Mountain Landscapes, North-Northland Highlands, North-West and Southwestern Ireland. In the UK, several hundreds of natural reservations were allocated "places of special scientific interest" (their several thousand), 10 national parks were organized exclusively for recreational use. Three national parks and several reservations are in Ireland.
Diagram illustrating terminology associated with British Islands
Geographical realities
- British Isles - Archipelago, including the Islands of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as groups of Hebrid, Orkney, Smetland Islands and smaller Islands of Angles, Maine, etc. Sometimes the British islands include the Norman Islands, as belonging to the UK, but located off the coast of France.
- United Kingdom (island) - The largest of the British Isles. "Veliko-" means simply "more" than Brittany ( historical area In the north of France), and not the "greatness" of the state. The latter was settled by Britons (from Cornwall) in about 500 and was called "Small Britain". For example, in French "Brittany" will be Bretagne., and "United Kingdom" - Grande-Bretagne..
- Ireland (island) - The second largest from the British islands.
- Norman Islands - A group of islands in the Strait of La Mans off the coast of France. Not included directly into the UK and do not constitute political unity, being divided into two corona lands: Jersey and Guernsey. Geographically not belong to the British Islands, but they may be included in them for political considerations.
Political realities
4 Building Parts UK
- United Kingdom - The short name of the state occupying the UK island and the north of the island of Ireland, exercises custody over the Norman Islands and about. Maine, which are formally not included in the country.
- - the full name of the same state
- Britannia - in modern value - the unofficial synonym for the concepts of "United Kingdom" and "British Empire"; Historically, the Roman province (lat. Britannia.), approximately corresponding to the territory of England and Wales.
- United Kingdom - Ceing with English. The United Kingdom. - Reduction of the term THE UNITED KINGDOM OF Great Britain. And Northern Ireland. (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), rarely used in Russian and corresponding to the term "United Kingdom" in Russian.
- England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland - Composite administrative political parts Constituent Countries) UK.
- England - The historic core of Great Britain, in conversational speech can be used as a synonym for the latter.
- Crown lands - The name of the three owners of Great Britain, which are not directly in its composition, but are not at the same time the overseas territories. These include: Beiliviki Jersey and Guernsey (Norman Islands) and Isle Of Man In the Irish Sea.
- In addition, there are no generally accepted terms in Russian for the following concepts:
- England, Wales and Scotland as a whole - en: Great Britain (letters. United Kingdom). In most languages \u200b\u200bof Europe, as in Russian (but with the exception of English), the United King is directly called United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Full (for example, it. Großbritannien., FR. Grande-Bretagne.).
- United Kingdom + Crown lands on the British Islands (Maine, Jersey and Guernsey) - en: British Islands (≠ British Isles in the geographical sense). If the use of "UK" is usually used in increasing use in this sense.
- In addition, there are no generally accepted terms in Russian for the following concepts:
- Ireland (full title - Republic of Ireland) - Another sovereign state in the British Islands, takes most of the island of Ireland.
- Northern Ireland (Olster) is one of the four administrative political parts of the UK (see above).
- Brittany "The name of the peninsula in France, who has once populated by Britons from the south of Britain and giving him his name.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
Scotland |
Northern Ireland |
Republic of Ireland |
Adjectives and other derivatives
Names of residents
Historical aspectsGreeks called British Islands Pretaniké.. Romans called the United Kingdom Britannias. or Alba., and Ireland and other islands Britanniae.. After disembarking in 41, they called Britain the territory close to modern England and Wales, Caledonia - Scotland, and Hibernia. - Ireland. First, the British Islands were the kingdoms of Celts, Saxons and Vikings (Reed, Stratklide and Wessex).
Numbering monarchsIn 1603, the Scottish King of Yakov VI inherited Trone of England as Yakov I English (and called himself Yakov I britishdespite the fact that there was no Kingdom of Great Britain Until 1707), but countries have retained independent parliaments and sovereignty. Scottish historians often call this monarch Yakov VI and I, British historians prefer - Yakov I and VI. Many Scots (and not only the nationalists) were upset in 1953, when at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, she received the second serial number, although neither the former Kingdom of Great Britain (1707-1801) nor the United Kingdom (from 1801) did not have Elizabeth I . However, Elizabeth I was already in kingdom of England (927-1707). The current rule says: When the monarch takes the name previously used by both English and Scotch monarchs, the sequence number will be the following from the greatest of them. If the king of Yakov is, it will be yakov VIII, and not III (next to Yakov VII Scotland and Yakov II England). Lingvotek translations agency translated from / to 85 languages Mira |
Geographical position
Extreme Points- north - Cape Herma Ness - 61 , 1 61 ° C. sh. 1 ° C. d. / 61 ° C. sh. 1 ° C. d. (G) (O)
- eastern - Loweoft - 52.5 , 1.5 52 ° 30 'p. sh. 1 ° 30 'in. d. / 52.5 ° C. sh. 1.5 ° C. d. (G) (O)
- south - Cape Lizard - 50 , -5 50 ° С. sh. 5 ° h d. / 50 ° С. sh. 5 ° h d. (G) (O)
- west - Cape Sandane-Head - 53.5 , 10 53 ° 30 'p. sh. 10 ° 00 'in. d. / 53.5 ° C. sh. 10 ° C. d. (G) (O)
The length from north to south is 1000 km, and from west to east - 820 km.
Major Relief Forms Formation Physics and Geographical Country: North Scottish Highlands, Penninsky Mountains, London Pool.
Coastline Strongly dissected - numerous bays, the largest of which are Bristol, Cardigan, Liverpool, Ferrt-Clyde, Ferrt, Fort-Fort, as well as the estuary of Thames in Sushka.
Physico-geographical characteristics
Rocks
The territory of the archipelago can be divided into the following areas differing in geological structure:
Central part about. The United Kingdom lies on the stove of ancient platforms. The breeds of the Mesozoic are characteristic: clay, limestone, coal rocks.
Southeast part about. The United Kingdom is timed to the syneclise of epigeric platforms. Powerful sedimentary sediments of the mesocainozoic and Cenozoic age, Jurassic deposition of limestone, chalk and sandstone are characteristic.
Loch Derg - Lake in the south-west of Ireland. The height at sea level 33 m. The area is 118 km², length is 40 km, width 4 km. The average depth is 7.6 m, the maximum is 36 m. The iceline of glacial origin, the eastern and northern coast is low, but in the south and south-west of the coast steep and rocky. Fresh Lake. It is in the direction of the River Shannon, therefore it has an elongated shape and is waste.
Lakes of the British Islands play an important role in the transport matter. Also on them are hydroelectric power plants.
Soil
General soil formation factors
The territory of the physico-geographical country is under the influence of the ocean. Oceanic climate with soft not cold winter (January temperature from +0.3 ° C to +8 ° C), moderately warm summer (temperatures in July from +15 ° C to +23 ° C), quite high average annual temperature (from + 9 ° C to +15 ° C), a significant amount of precipitation (mainly from 600 to 1500 mm per year). Wide forests.
Fasted soils
completed in the center and in the north of Great Britain, on the West Bank of Ireland (in the Mary Relief). Absolute heights Mostly 300-500 m. (On the soil map of FAO / UNESCO, they are shown as lounisols) soils are formed mainly on the aligned surfaces under the conditions of seeping of atmospheric precipitation into the profile of the profile on loose rocks that do not contain carbonates.
Vegetation - oak, oak-beech forests, more or less illuminated.
Lesseed (mechanical removal of colloids) in a weak-matted, biologically active weakly subsequent medium. The removal of the colloids of iron and clay minerals is expressed. Limsived soils are considered as climax on sandy and acidic soil-forming rocks or as secondary as a result of degradation of brown forest soils. This was facilitated by the human activity (replacement of deciduous forests coniferous) and leaching from the soil absorbed cations with age.
Soil profile
There is no rough horizon in connection with a fairly fast decomposition of the forest bedding. Horizon A1 (more often with a capacity of less than 10 cm) - brown-dated gray or grayish-brown, small, unclear grain, with numerous small roots, with a clear boundary. The humus-eluvial (death) horizon A1 beige, light brown or yellowish-brown, lumpy, porous, sometimes with horizontal layeriness, density, excited or dust-loom, with a rare transition to the illuvial horizon in (colmatitis). This horizon is strongly riveted, dense, dark brown, prism in the upper part and progly-tiled at the bottom, with clearly pronounced tiles of illuvement. Soil power 150-200 cm and more. In the "pseudo-ball" lesized soils in the horizon, speculations and manganese-glazed films are noted due to the poor water permeability of the accumulation horizon. Soils are under broader or under secondary coniferous forests, meadows, pastures, as well as widely mastered under cereals, flax, potatoes ... well react to the introduction of organo-mineral fertilizers.
Brown forest Typical soils
Locked mainly to the areas of distribution of carbonate moraine and loess-shaped loam.
Elementary soil processes
For soil, processes are characterized, leading to the release of hydrates of iron oxides and outline, intravenous formation of secondary clay minerals of the hydropower-montmorilonite composition as a result of weak hydrolysis of primary minerals.
Soil profile
Soils are distinguished by a weakly inferentiated profile. There is no horizon of coarse humus. Layer of low power litter. OPEAD decomposes during the growing season as a result of significant microbiological activity. Horizon A1 (with a capacity of 15-30 cm) Buro-gray, with a sturdy small (caprolite) structure, with numerous stroke of rainworms and a mass of roots; Addition loose or weakly dense. The transitional gorisor A1B (approximately to the depth of 30-40 cm) with a larger lubricant or nuts a lump structure. The Metamorphic Horizon of the WTT is brown or bright brown, heavier in mechanical composition, dense, with a nut structure is sometimes with a tendency to prismatic, with roots and rainworms; Its power fluctuates from 30 to 130 cm. Soils have high biological activity. They have a great biological value in forest and agriculture, as suitable for growing demanding soils of forest crops, and in agriculture to grow a large range of cultures. When making organic and mineral fertilizers, sustainable high yields are obtained.
Vegetation
British islands are located in the two natural zones of the North of the United Kingdom, about 56 ° C.Sh., Lies in coniferous forests; The rest of the territory, including the island of Ireland - broad forest forests.
The features of the orographic structure of the British Islands significantly affect the distribution of precipitation, the hydrographic network and determine the vegetable and soil cover. The softness of the winters, the absence on the plains of sustainable snow cover explains the presence in the undergrowth of the deciduous forests of evergreen shrubs (for example, holly). The meadows are the most common type of vegetation and in Ireland. Heathless empties consist of an ordinary and European heather, blueberries, juniper. They are located on coarse, strongly apodoline sandy and gravelous soils. Often, Verceners are interspersed with meadows. Meadows are one of the important natural resources. On their basis, animal husbandry of England and Ireland grew. According to the forest area (about 4% of the UK territory), the area is in the last place in Western Europe (excluding Iceland and Arctic Islands). It affects undoubtedly centuries-old human economic activity, a high degree of development of intensive farming, animal husbandry and industry. Natural forest restoration occurs very slowly. Artificial forest landing is well taken out and in the form of small groves, parks, plantings along the roads and rivers often create a false impression of good obstascing of the islands.
About 92% of forests are located in private ownership, which makes it difficult to conduct new forest stations and forest products in the national scale. Available small arrays of forest parking are timed to the less wet areas of the southeast of Great Britain. But here, excessive soil moisture impedes the development of beech forests (they are confined to the slopes of the hills). Forests are dominated from summer and winter oaks, ash with admixture of birch, larch, pine, hazel. In Scotland, pine and birch forests are developed on podzolic soils of coarse mechanical composition. The upper high-rise forest border on the British islands is the lowest in the moderate belt of Europe (the effect of high humidity, strong winds and grazing in the mountains). Wide forests reach the height of 300-400 m, coniferous and birch to 500-600 m. The forest fauna peculiar to previously pretentious islands. On the this moment The share of protected area on the islands is about 22%.
Animal world
The fauna of the British Islands declined noticeably. The largest mammals: deer, roeble, wild goats. Of the smaller animals are common curtains, caress, foxes, rabbits, wild cats, ferrets, mountains. Currently there are only 56 species of mammals, the largest of which, noble deer. 130 species of birds are constantly living on the British Islands, including the national symbol of England - a redoging charge. Millions of birds migrate along the coast of Great Britain from the south to the north and back. In the fall in London, late in the evening you can observe huge flocks of bruises-Belobroviki and Kronshnepes flying south. Many species can adapt to changing conditions, and it is believed that in the suburban gardens of birds more than in any forest. The most common sparrows, finches, starlats, crows, kingfisher, robin, tits. In waters, the British islands are found different kinds Fish: in surface layers seawater Coal fish is found, from May to October, there are a lot of herring here, the thrill in the bays and estguia rivers feeds, and Sardines and mackerel appear off the coast of the Cornish Peninsula. From bottom fish feeding on bottom molluscs, worms and crustaceans, the most common flabble. The most important commercials: Cod, Piksha and Marlan.
Literature
- Lobova E.V., Khabarov, A.V. Soils of Eurasia // Soil / Reviewers: Kovka V.A., Adyrichin PG .. - m .: "Thought", 1983. - P. 53, 59-61. - 303 p. - 40,000 copies.
- Yermakova Yu.G., Ignatiev M.G., Kurakova L.I. and etc. Europe // Physical geography of continents and oceans / Ed. Ryabchikova A.M. - m.: "Higher School", 1988. - P. 84-85, 129-132. - 592 p. - 30,000 copies. - ISBN 5-06-001354-5
Links
see also
- List of the islands of Great Britain (eng.)russian
| Atlantic Ocean | |
|---|---|
| Seas | Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov · Baltic Sea · Irish Sea · Caribbean Sea · Sea Labrador · Sea Lazarev · Marmara Sea · Sea Rieser-Larsen · Sargassovo Sea · North Sea · Sea Skowles · Mediterranean Sea (Albão, Balearia Sea, Ligurian Sea, Tirren Sea, Adriatic Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea) · Sea Weddell · Black Sea |
| The most important bays | Biscay Bay · Bristol Bay · Guinean Bay · Mexican Bay · Bay Maine · Bay of St. Lawrence |
| Essential straits | Big Lot · Bosphorus · Gibraltar · Dardanelles · Danish · Daivisov · Drake · Cabota · Kattegat · Kerch · La Mans · Small Blouth · Messinsky · Skagerrak · Florida · Eresund · Yukatan |
| Relief DNA | aVES Ridge · Azorescoat · Angolan Basin · Argentine Basin · African Antarctic Range · Balearic Basin · Barake Ridge · Beat Ridge · Bermuda Plateau · Plateau Blake · Blake Bahamas · Brazilian Basin · Venezuelan Basin · Ascension Plateau · Guiangskaya Basin · Guinea Basin · Guinelese Raising · Gellensky Globes · Gibbs Flaming · Plateau Goban · Western European Basin · Bowl Green Cape · Iberian hood · Wheel Cayman · Range Cayman · Capskaya Bowl · Wheel Kings · whale ridge · Cretan brand · Labrador Kotlovin · Libyan flavored · Mauls hill · Nicaragua's elevation · Newfoundland brand · Newfownland ridge · Plateau Bribaren · Reykyanesya Ryu-Grande Ridge Ridge · Riou-Grande Plateau · Rockall Hills · Wpadina Romanesh · Wheel Romanese · Plateau São Paulo · Raising Seara · North-American Brand · North Atlantic Range · North African Basin · Mid-Atlantic Range · Sierra Leone · Tyrrhen Basin · Farrero Icelandic Threshold · Falkland Plateau · Hotton Ranked · Central Both (Mediterranean Sea) · Hellensky Globe · |
Introduction
1. Geographical location. Geological structure, relief, minerals
2. Climate. Inland waters. Soil
3. Natural zones. Animal and vegetable world.
4. Environmental Problems and Environmental Territories
Conclusion
List of sources used
Introduction
The object of studying the physical geography of the mainland and oceans is the natural territorial complexes of the Earth, the planetary patterns and morphostructural features of their occurrence, development and changes under the influence of human economic activity.
The formation of natural complexes occurs in the geographic shell (geosphere), which is a complexly constructed integral continuously developing material system consisting of four qualitatively different, interpenetrating and interacting areas: the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
To Central Europe include the Physico-Geographical Country - British Islands. It is located on the territory of the young epipaleozoic platform, mainly in that part of it, the foundation is represented by the structures created in the Hercino folding power consultation. Self-definition is the Northern Districts of the UK and most of Ireland related to the epipolesis platform with the foundation formed mainly by Caledonian folding.
The country has very clear boundaries in the south, west and north, where it is washed by the seas, as well as in the areas of contact of the epigeric platform with the structures of the Alpine geosynclinal area.
1. Geographical location. Geological structure, relief, minerals
The British Islands are located at the north-west coast of Europe, between 60o 52 "and 49O 10" northern latitude and 1 o 46 "Vost. And 8o 10" Western longitude, and separated from the mainland by the Strait of La Mans and the Northern Sea
British Islands - the only large archipelago. off the coast of Western Europe. It includes two large islands - United Kingdom and Ireland - and a large number of smaller - Maine, Angles, White, Sky, internal and external hebrides, Orkney and Shetland. British Islands - the most extensive archipelago in Europe. The total archipelago area is about 325 thousand km2, of which 230 thousand km2 fall on the island of the United Kingdom and 84 thousand km2 - on the island of Ireland (Figure 1).
The whole area is located at a short distance from the mainland, within the mainland shame, which is particularly wide in the East, where the North Sea is within its limits. Northern and Western coasts are washed directly Atlantic OceanThe Irish Sea is located between Ireland and Great Britain.
Most of the British Islands refers to facilities on the Kaldenian folded base. In the extreme north-west, on the Hebrid Islands and in Northern Scotland there are remains of fragmented Precambrian sites, the south of the Bristol line - London is common to the Hercinian folded structures. All folded structures of the British Isles have undergone a strong vertical dismemberment, especially intensively manifested at the end of the neogene and the beginning of anthropogen. These processes created an extremely fragmented relief with alternating protrusions of an ancient folded basement and depressions filled with sedimentary sediments of different ages and origin (Figure 2).
In the quaternary period, almost the whole area, with the exception of the southern part of the UK island, was covered with glaciation, leaving powerful moraine accumulations and had a great influence on the formation of relief. The last glaciation had a local mountain nature with centers in Scotland, Ireland and Wales.
The depth of coastal waters of the British Islands almost never exceeds 200 m. The shallow water area is limited, sharply expressed by the ledge from which oceanic depths begin. The preserved hollows of river valleys and sections with a dune relief, testifying to the relatively recent land levels testifying for the relatively recent land levels in the British Islands, were found on the continental bottom surface. The final branch of the archipelago from the mainland and the design of the modern outlines of his coasts occurred already in the post-year-old time.
The island position and the pronounced effect of the Atlantic, the sharp dismemberment of the shores, even more reinforcing this influence, the dissemination of the relief and the widespread spread of anthropogenic landscapes determine the main features of the nature of the British islands. To this, it should be added that the islands, quite recently lost contact with the mainland, in many ways of nature very much resemble the neighboring areas, but the island position imposed a certain imprint and on natural features, and the living conditions of the population.
In the relief of the British islands, altured mountain ranges of small height and square, alternating with hilly basins and a plateau, prevail. The greatest height only slightly exceeds 1,300 m. The coastline of the islands is very strongly disseminated. This is due to tectonic faults and repeated raising and lowering sushi, which occurred in the process of geological development of the islands. Large bays are coming in the coast of Great Britain and Ireland where the surface is flat. On larger peninsula, on the contrary, mountain ranges rose. In the structure of coasts in many places, the series of sea terraces is clearly expressed, the formation of which is the result of repeated changes in the sea level.
The North-West Coast of the United Kingdom and the West Coast of Ireland is especially severely raised. In the first case, a fjord is well expressed, in the second - a rice type. Less dissected east Coast Great Britain, where they prevail, a straight bedside coast with several deeply spent bays.
The North-West Coast of the United Kingdom and the West Coast of Ireland is especially severely raised. In the first case, a fjord is well expressed, in the second - a rice type. The Eastern Coast of Great Britain is less disseminated, which is dominated by a straight bay with several deep-driving bays.
In the North of Great Britain, the North Scottish Highlands rises, stretching from the northeast to the south-west from one bank of the island to another. The deep tectonic crack of the Glen-Make Highlands is divided into two parts: Northern Highlands and the Grand Mountains in which the most high top Islands - Massif Ben-Nevis (1 343 m). The Caledonian Canal, connecting the Bay of Marie-Four, on the northeast coast of Scotland with the bay of Furt-Lorn on the west coast, was laid on the depressure of Glen Make. The extreme northern part of the highland as a result of recent faults and fragmentation was separated from the UK island, forming two groups of islands - internal and external hebrides.
The North Scottish Highlands as a whole is a grievous array with an aligned surface and separately protruding vertices. In his relief, traces of the effect of quaternary glaciation are visible: the jet of boulders, "branchists", numerous trigger valleys. The North-Western Fjord Coast of Scotland Scalist and is accompanied by a mass of the islands. The activities of the surf in the rocky shores of the islands produced a variety of bizarre forms. Especially famous grotto Fingals on a small island of Staffa, formed in coastal basalt cliffs. During the tide, this grotto is filled with water, and during the low tide it can be penetrated, without silent the legs.
A more smoothed relief has a South Scottish elevation with a high-end surface with a semi-voltage surface cut by wide valleys. Its western part is higher and more dismembered than the Eastern, it has carot lakes, clusters of boulders and moraine. The northern outlook, as well as the southern outskirts of the North Scottish Highlands, is formed by discharges.
There is an average-Scottish plain between the Grampiana Mountains and Southern Hills in a wide crest. It is composed of red-colored sandstones, the clays and limestones of Devon and carbon, containing stone coal. These sediments are broken by the outputs of volcanic pages forming numerous domidated hills.
South of the South Scottish elevation, in North England, highlights highlights and hilly plains, bordering the coast. The middle part of Northern England is occupied by the stretching Penni Alps stretching in the meridional direction - an anticlinal raising folded by coal rocks. The architecture of the anticline was blurred, and the slopes were developed by the coastal ledges, the hollow-descending to the east and west.
From the North-West to Pennines, the ancient domes of Cumberland is adjacent to Cumberland. During the glaciation on the slopes of the array, a complex of mining and glacier forms was formed. Its slopes are cut through large circuses, the triggage valleys are diverted on the slopes in radial directions and form expansion engaged in lakes. For many Lakes, Cumberland array received the name of the Lake District.
From the south to the foot Pennin adjoins the hilly plain Midland, folded by the deposits of Triass and Yura. The hills are cut through numerous valleys and ravines, in the slopes of which the thickness of the red-colored rocks are exposed. For predominance in the landscape of red tones, Midland is called red plains.
In the West, the Wales Peninsula performs far into the sea, almost entirely engaged in Cambrian Mountains. The relief of the mountains smoothed, the tops are rounded, the slopes of gentle. Only the highest parts as the Snowdon volcanic array (1,085 m), have a mountain relief formed under the influence of an ancient glaciation. From the other parts of the UK, the peninsula is separated by the wide valley of the norn river. At the extreme south of Wales, the sections of the Gercesan structures forming low raising in the Cardiff area are traced.
Graben Bristol Bay separates Wales Peninsula from Cornwall Peninsula, forming the south-western tip of Great Britain. This peninsula is engaged in adolenitized hills, protruding among the thickness of younger sediment. The greatest height (500-600 m) On the Peninsula, Cornwall reaches the crystal arrays of Dartmur-Forest and Exmur-Forest. The recent lowering of the sushi caused the dismemberment of the coast and the formation of ingression bays, as well as the separation from the coast of numerous rocky islands. The eastern part of the peninsula is occupied by the lowland plain Somersetshire, folded by the Mesozoic rocks.
The southeastern part of the Great Britain on the geological structure and relief differs from all other parts. The folded structures do not go to the surface, and the sedimentary deposits of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic age are common throughout the area. The main feature of the relief of this area is the distribution of Couston, stretching from the southwest to the northeast and facing the steep edge towards the ancient mountain lifts of Wales. From the south to the foot, Pennin is adjacent to a hilly plain Midland, composed of red-colored sandstones, as well as limestone and shale of Triass and Yura. Its high dismembered edge - the elevation of Kotswold-Hills - reaches a height of 300-350 m. From the south of this cuesta, a lower band stretches, filled with sand-clay sediments of Jurassic and chalk age. In the south, depression is replaced by a chalome cooast plateau of Chiltern Hills, reaching 250 m of heights. It is hollowing sunging sown to the oblong depression of the basin of Thames, or the London basin filled with powerful sediments of the Cenozoic. The south of the basin Thames on the surface again the chalk breeds forming two ridges - the North and South Doons, cool to the north, towards the London basin, and to the south - towards La Mansha.
The entire inside of Ireland is occupied by the lowland Central Irish Plain. The surface is made by limestone carbon, which are covered with a low-power layer of clay sediments. On the plain there are all forms of karst relief.
From all sides, the Central Irish Plain is surrounded by highly fragmented mountain massifs with a height of no more than 1,000 m. In the north there is an array of donegal, from the northeast coast - the Mountains of Antrim, folded by basalt lava, under which the rocks of different ages are hidden. The North-West Scroll of the Coast of Ireland fill a strongly dissected mountainous mountains, in the southeast along the coast, Mount Wicklow, in the south-west, there is the highest part of Ireland - Kerry Mountains with a peak of CarranTowhill (1 041 m).
In addition to tectonic and erosion dismemberment, in the relief of the mountains of Ireland, traces of ancient glaciation, which create sharp, almost alpine relief at small heights, are expressed in the relief. Especially this affects the Kerry mountains folded with powerful strata of the ancient red sandstone. Their slopes have huge circus engaged in lakes. Mountains Kerry Lessa are broken to a deeply dissected coast.
During the complex geological history of the islands, a variety of minerals were formed in their depths. Locked mainly with the outskirts of the ancient mountain structures and with the processes of volcanism of different ages. Stone coal - the main wealth of the island of Great Britain. Especially rich in coal deposits in Pennica, on the mid-Scottish lowland, in the foothills of the South Wales, whose industrial reserves are 4 billion tons.
The largest railway deposit is in East Midland: 60% of all stocks are concentrated here. Significant stocks of stone and potash salts found in Cheshire and Durham.
Iron ores of sedimentary origin lie on the outskirts of the penin mountains. The iron content in ore is no more than 28%.
In the granite intrusions of the Cornwall Peninsula, the fields of copper and tin ores were concentrated, but at present they have already been greatly developed and lost their meaning.
In the Cammedylene array found lead-zinc and hematite ores, and on Cornwall - lead zinc and tin. Many hopes are assigned to the oil and gas of the North Sea, the total reserves of which are 2.6 billion tons respectively. And 1,400 billion cubic meters. m.
The reserves of non-ferrous metals are associated with volcanism in neogene, there are in the north of Ireland (Figure 2).
Ireland has large reserves of peat, common both on the plain and on the flat surfaces of mountain arrays.
2 climate. Inland waters. Soil
Sharp and wet Western winds, which are minted throughout the year, bring a large amount of moisture on the British islands. Especially many precipitation falls on the Western slopes of the mountains, where the annual sums exceed 1,500 mm, and in some places - and 2,000 mm. The precipitates fall predominantly in the form of a small sowing rain, and in some areas in winter it rains almost daily. In the south-west of Ireland and on Cornwall, snow does not happen throughout the winter, and in other places there are only 10-20 days with snow (in Greenwich about 14 days, and Edinburgh-20). Eastern and southeastern regions receive 700-800 mm of precipitation per year. Cloudy There is less, winds are not so cutting.
In the spring, cold northern winds are blowing, significantly delaying the growth of crops in the east of Scotland, and sometimes dry eastern. This time of year is usually the least rainy. Spring on the British islands is cooler and longer than on the same latitudes on the continent.
In the UK, as in other countries with the marine climate, the summer is relatively cool: the average temperature of the warmest month is July - by 1- 2 degrees lower than the same latitudes of the mainland. In the summer months, cyclonic activity decreases, and the distribution of the average temperatures of July is more corresponds to the latitudinal zonality: in the south-east of the country +16 degrees, and in the extreme northwest +12 degrees. The maximum temperature in the south-east of England sometimes rises above +27 degrees, and sometimes up to +32 degrees. Maximum precipitation here have to go on the second half of summer.
With warm and wet winds that are found from the Atlantic, the abundance of rains in the western regions of Great Britain is connected. On average, 2,000 mm of precipitation falls in the year, while in Eastern England, located in the "rain shade", is only about 600 mm, and even 500 mm in places. Mountains, thus, serve as a natural barrier, delaying wet air on western side. The abundance of precipitation adversely affects the growth of many farm crops, especially wheat and barley. In general, cereals in the British Islands give good results in a dry year, but then the herbs often burn out.
In autumn, cyclonic activity, the weather becomes cloudy and rainy, sometimes with strong storms, especially in September and October. When warm air is taken out on the cooled surface of the islands, there are often fogs on the coasts.
The annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations in the south-west of Ireland is approximately 7-8 ° C (with the average temperature of the coldest month +6, + 7 ° C), in the east of Ireland to 10-11 ° C, in the south-east of England -14 ° S. Almost smokey winter and relatively cool summer are characteristic of the entire region, but in the east and south-east of frosts are more often and the summer is hotter than in the north-west. Summer temperatures of the North Scotland are rarely rising to + 20 ° C. The number of sunny days in the southeast reaches 40%, while in the West it is only 17-20%.
In some years there are sharp deviations from medium weather conditions. In winter, they are invasion of the invasion of arctic air, which are accompanied by frost, snowfall, in summer - the spread of tropical air masses causing drought. However, such anomalies are extremely rare (Figure 3).
One of the features of the nature of the British islands is thick fogs, which are particularly often in winter in the area of \u200b\u200blarge cities, where there are many dust and smoke in the air serving condensation cores. The main cause of their formation is the contact of relatively cold waters with the warmer waters of the north-Atlantic flow and the contrasts of air temperature generated. The fogs in large cities sometimes reach such a dense, which become impenetrable even for the most powerful lighting; They last for several days without a break, make it difficult for a street movement and cause many accidents.
The river network of the islands in connection with the features of the relief and climate is very thick. Almost throughout the country except for some southeastern areas, the amount of drop-down precipitation exceeds evaporation, and therefore the thick network of full-flow rivers is developed. The largest - norn, having a length of 354 km, and the Thames (338 km), the pools of which borders among themselves, and Shannon (368 km) - significantly inferior in length by many rivers on the mainland, but they are fulfilled all year, do not freeze and therefore are comfortable For shipping. The greatest value for the Great Britain has a timce. 1/5 of the country's total population lives in her pool. Here is the capital conurbation - Big London.
The rivers of the lowland part of the country located east of the main watershed, calm. In the mountainous areas of Scotland and Wales, the origins of rivers are at considerable altitudes, therefore the current rivers are quick, they often overlook the shores, especially in the rainy season. Short but full and fast rivers of North-West Scotland and Wales are used to produce electricity. There are more than 60 hydroelectric power plants here. Estairia the largest rivers Great Britain - Thames, North, Hammbert, Mercy, Clyde and Fort are wide, artificially in-depth and straightened bays. They are located the largest seaports, the largest port and city of Scotland - Glasgow, and industrial knots. During the tide, salt water penetrates the estuaries far upstream, so the population of most seaports is supplied with drinking water from the upper rivers, underground tanks and mountain lakes.
Natural waterways are supplemented with a thick channel of channels, the creation of which was conducive to a small height and a weak severity of watersheds between individual river systems.
On the island of Ireland in the formation of the river network, karst processes play a major role. Many rivers disappear in underground voids and then appear again. They are powered largely due to karst sources and lakes.
The largest Lakes of Great Britain - Loch (about 400 square meters) in Northern Ireland, as well as Loch Lomond and Loch Ness in Scotland. Numerous Lakes of Mountain Scotland and the Lake Circle are very picturesque and attract many tourists. They serve the drain regulator and are used as local destination routes. So Loch-Ness and Loch Lochs, located in a large Glen and the connected channel, make up a straight waterway between Eastern and western coast Scotland. Lake range has been published by the supplier fresh water For Manchester, who receives it in two aqueducts longer than 100 km. There are no large lakes in the flat part of Great Britain, but there are many artificial water bodies created on the site of former peatpooling, sandy and gravel quarries.
Underground tanks have long served as the main source of high-quality water for the population of the lowland part of England. The largest underground pool, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reaches almost 30 thousand square meters. km, located under the chalk limestone in the south-east of England. Currently, underground tanks give 2/5 of all water consumed in England and Wales (Table 1).
Table 1 - Water Resources of Great Britain and Ireland
The most fertile soils of Great Britain are in its warm and
a relatively dry southeastern part, where they formed mainly on lime rocks. Comparatively high summer temperatures here contribute to increased biological activity and accumulation of humus in the upper layer of the soil. Initially, the whole area was covered with broad forest, under which brown forest soils were formed. Currently, the soil is very fortunate as a result of prolonged use of barley, wheat and sugar beets, as well as herbs. On wetlands - marchs - and in some other plain districts of England, the melioration, under natural and perennial pastures, preserved proven brown forest soils. On the drained marine lowlands of the phenlend, as well as in the valley of the river Trent, rather fertile peat alluvial soils are common. In these areas, more than in other areas of the country, sow wheat, gardens and berries are produced, are engaged in intensive gardening. In the hills and coastal ridges, low-power humidity and carbonate and ferrous-carbonate soil are developed. In the Western and Northwestern areas of the UK, acid brown podzolic soils predominate. These lands are used for grassy and as natural pastures. In the mountainous regions of Cornwall, Pennin, Lake Circle and Scotland, where the wet and cool climate are developed by ferrous-podzolic soils, which are easily drowned, leading to the formation of peatlands.
The soils of South Britain can be divided into types in accordance with the features of the relief. In the north and west, the soils are acidic and relatively low-core, since intensive leaching occurs with heavy precipitation. In the south and east of the soil have a neutral or alkaline reaction. According to the mechanical composition of the soil of South Britain, they differ greatly from stony on the grinded searana to fine-grained on the heavy clays of Staffordshire. For the power of the soil profile, the differences are also significant - from deanitation mountains to river valleys with a thick alleva.
The soil of Ireland is lowland. In the West, where limestone overlook, fruitless limestone waste and varuchers are common. But on the central plain in dry areas, light podzolic soils predominate with a significant content of humus, and wetrated peat, empties become fertile after drying. Sour soils are also observed, the development of these soils is characterized by high wedge and constant lack of lime. In addition, phosphorus deficiency is characteristic. Therefore, to obtain fertile soil, it is necessary to limify the soils and the introduction of phosphate fertilizers (Figure 4).
3 Natural zones. Animal and vegetable world. Domestic differences
The British Islands enter the range of distribution of large forests, but obviously have never been completely covered with them. In the north of Great Britain, pine and birch forests are dominant on podzolic soils, in southern regions - Oak, and in some places and beech-robberies on forest burzems. Currently, the forests occupy only 4-5% of the islands area. In most cases, they are exterminated, but in some places the absence of forests should be considered the result of natural conditions.
Now there is a logging in the country. Exotic species of trees (Douglasova Piht, Sitkinskaya spruce, thinochy larch) were delivered from other countries. Currently, forests occupy only 10% of the United Kingdom. They are mainly preserved according to the valleys of rivers and in the lower parts of the mountainside slopes. In the lower belt of England and Wales, Oak, Elm, Grab, beech and ash are growing. In the north of Scotland in the Grampiana mountains and on the North-West Highlands, the lower belt of the mountains is engaged in mixed oak-ell-pine forests, and pine and birch forests are spread above. The upper limit of the forest reaches 500-600 m, and broad-sized forests are usually not raised above 400 m.
On the natural perennial meadows of England and Wales grow wild pale yellow daffodils (Welsh emblem), lilies, purple yatrynik and primrose, of which they have long made wine in English villages. Above the borders of the forest in the mountains of England and Wales are dominated by cereal-diverse meadows and heather empty with juniper, blueberries and Voronik.
For the vegetation cover of South Britain, no trees are more characteristic, but shrubs. The hawthorn in rural hedges, honeysuckle, lobby, rustic rusticity, honeysuckle, and in the elevated areas in the wasteland, are drawn to themselves. Among the most common grassy plants - Forest, bell, Primula, Kaluzhnitsa, Hyacinth, Pattern, Clover, Waterborne, Iris, Vika, Lucerne Khmelevoid, Levka Sedoy, Yamennik, Strawberries, Buttercup, Poppie, Dandelion, Geranium, Mac, Labacker, Mother -Y-stepmother, Veronica and panels. There are also mistletoe, nettle and mustard mistress. Very varied cereals. In addition to them, ferns and sources are growing in wet places, among the latter, the reeds are most striking. On mountain wastelands in the conditions of a more crossed relief, cereals have to withstand strong competition from the rock, heather and ferns-Orlyak.
Although the most part of Southern Britain prevails favorable conditions for the growth of trees, the number of their species is limited. Here, apparently, the role of the destruction of forests during mainland glaciations was played (the maximum glaciation was spread to the Thames Valley) and the predominance of the Arctic conditions on free from ice territories. Most trees who managed to settle in this country belong to the category of hardwood, a noticeable exception is TIS. Among deciduous breeds, oak, beech, birch, ash, Iva, Aspen, Alder and Platan are especially common. On the plains, the British Oak is striking with its sizes, but in the sublime areas, it does not withstand competition with a beech or birch, and in wet hollows - with alder or yoy. On chalk limestones, he is inferior to ash, beech and birch. The poplar is also very characteristic of British plains. Among the introduced woody rocks are highlighted walnut, noble chestnut, pine and male.
Soil-climatic conditions of Ireland are unfavorable to grow trees. Bezness is a characteristic feature of the landscape of Ireland. Forest lands occupy less than 2% of the country area. Herbs are well growing well, providing a feed base for animal husbandry, the leading industry of the Agriculture of Ireland. The cultivation of feed herbs is widespread. From grain crops, preference is given to those that are well tolerated by a cool wet climate. Wheat gives the greatest crops at the bottom of the Valley of the Liffi River. In the valley of the Bann river, flax is also grown. Roots - such as feed beets, turnips and potatoes, are cultivated in many areas of Ireland, but sowing of forage herbs and natural haymaking sowing. Pastures and hayflowers make up the main background of the surface of Ireland, with the exception of the most sublime areas and swamps. Ferns, heather and squat shrubs grow in the mountains.
Along the western coasts and on the surface of mountain arrays above 200-300 m, the heather empty with the predominance of ordinary and Western European heather, and admissions of ferns, blueberries and some cereals. In many places, the heather's empty specially retain as hunting grounds.
Due to the softness of the winters, some evergreens plants grow on the British Islands. As part of the flora occurs, for example, in the form of undergrowth of oak forests Evergreen shrub Holly, or a pool. In the south and especially in the south-west, many cultural Mediterranean plants planted in the ground are well tolerated winter without losing foliage (Figure 5).
The animal world of the British islands is very poor. Large animals in a natural state are now almost anywhere else. For example,
many large mammals, such as a bear, a boar and an Irish noble deer, have long been exterminated on the British islands as a result of intensive hunting, and the wolf was destroyed as a pest. Now there are only 56 species of mammals, 13 of which are introduced. The largest mammalian representative is a noble deer inhabites on the elevations of Cornwall, on Scottish Highlands. Pretty a lot of roasted, which are found north of Yorkshire and in the south of England. Wild goats live in mountainous areas. The islands and coastal cliffs of Cornwall and Wales are gray seal, and the ordinary seal prefers the coast of Scotland, the eastern shores of Northern Ireland and the islands adjacent to them. There are no major predatory animals in the UK. In addition to the highland, there are foxes and badgers and badgers in the groves. Widespread the otter to which intensively hunt. Of the minor predators, the most numerous ermine and caressing, ferrets are found in Wales, and in the mountains of Scotland - wild European cats and American cunits.
The British Islands constantly lives 130 species of birds, including a lot of singers. National symbol of England - redoging the charge. Millions of birds migrate along the coast of Great Britain from the south to the north and back.
In connection with the large work on the implementation of swamps in the country, the population of ducks, geese and other waterfowls has significantly decreased. Therefore, in recent years, special areas have been allocated for the protection and breeding of these species. The organization of reserves contributed to a significant change in the animal world of the British islands.
In the waters, the British Isles are found different types of fish: in the surface layers of seawater there is a coal fish, from May to October there are a lot of herring here, in the bays and estuaries of the rivers fodder, and Sardines and mackerel appear off the coast of the Cornish Peninsula. The most important fishing fish of distant and nearest water - Cod, Piksha and Merlan.
In South Britain, many species of animals have died out, there are still noble deers, foxes and hares. Common rabbits and proteins. The number of birds, especially waterfowl, has decreased due to the drainage of the marshes; The negative impact on some species of birds was destroyed by vegetation cover. At the same time, thanks to the human activity, the habitat conditions of the sparrow, pigeons and to a lesser extent - the charges are improved. Among other types of birds of England - cuckoo, meadow horse, hemp, lemon and snow reels, chaffinch, wretched, gardening and various types of finches and drokes, including black droinds, charging and nightingale. Pheasants and Grapr - partridges common in the northern counties of England are still found.
The differences between the individual parts of the British islands are due to the variety of natural conditions and the uneven distribution of natural resources.
South of Pennin is a weakly dissected relief, extensive areas with fertile soils, full-flowed rivers and a favorable climate, the proximity of mineral deposits.
South Pennin is better preserved natural landscapes than in other areas. Here is the most picturesque nature and warm climate of the southern coast.
North, on both sides of the penin mountains, there are fertile hilly lowlands cut through full-flowed rivers.
North England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have mountainous relief, poor soils. Compared to South England and Senninsky England here less than the sun in warmth and much more precipitation within the course of the year.
In North England, in Scotland and Wales sharply decreased coal mining.
The territory of southern England to the south and south-west of the Thames is a mosaic of low chalk hills and a plateau, mixed with small lowlands. North of the Thames, the hilly relief gradually passes into the extensive plain of the FENS, or Fenland, which, as Zoš approaches the bay, becomes flat, that the sea is constantly threatened to overvaluate the neat rectangles of fields, separated by large and small channels and ditches. In the past, this terrain of the ball is very frozen.
Midland is located to the north of South England. All its territory, in addition to the southern tip of the Peninsky Range in the north and eastern revolt of the Cambrian Mountains in the West, is an extensive hilly plain with two low plateau: Central and Birgimgemian. Climate Midland as a whole is similar to the southeastern part of England. Within the limits of precipitation more in the western part and on the plateau. Midland is better than other areas of the British Islands, provided with its own mineral resources. There are limestone in abundance here, and in the county, Staffordshire is a large deposit of refractory clay.
Senenninsky England. The geographical "axis" of the district serve Pennic Mountains, which from the south to the north rises from 550 to 720 m above sea level. The mountains are strongly smoothed and in many places intersect with valleys. The middle part of the penin ridge is disseminated by narrow valleys, turned into the Yorkshire Dalez National Park. Western and oriental slopes of Pennin, hollow falling in both directions, go into hilly lowlands - Lancashirskaya and Cheshire in the West, Yorkshire in the East.
North England. Located in the north-east of the region of the Cheviot Mountain and the whole area north of them to the border with Scotland enter the Northumberland National Park, the attraction of which is the adriana shaft, a wall of 120 km long, built by the "across" by the Romans to protect the northern borders of the land conquered by them from Celts and Pictites. In the West, the wide valley of the Eden River separates Pennina from a Cumberland massif, or a lake county, where another national park is located. From the top of the dome-shaped massif, the river valleys are radially diverged, for which the set of narrow long lakes.
Wales is the average area of \u200b\u200bthe high-albele of the Peninsula and adjacent to him from the North-West Island of Angles. The peninsula has the shape of the horseshoe, a concave part of which is an extensive Cardigan bay. Almost the entire Wales Peninsula occupy Cambrian Mountains, rising from the south to the north, and the heights are small here - from 250 to 750 m above sea level. Only in the extreme northwest there are vertices reaching 1,000 m above sea level; The highest of them - Snowdon (1,085 m) for six months is covered with snow. In the created here national Park Snowdonia "Picturesque cliffs of rocks alternate with beautiful green valleys and blue lakes. The central part of the mountains is leveled, the plated, and the southern - is a series of low ridges extending over a wide direction. The highest ridge of this part of Wales - Bracon Bracious - became his second national park.
Another of the largest areas is Scotland. This is a mountainous country, Northern Scotland mountains reach a significant height, rocks, crossed deep valleys; In the southern part of the mountain below, aligned plateau and rounded hills with granite outages are dominated. Here are more wide river valleys and seaside lowlands. Granite is mined in the mountains of Scotland, uranium ore was found. The mid-scottish lowland, built in the main red sandstone, can only be called lowland conditionally: in the center there is a chain of hills of volcanic origin and hundreds of smaller rocky gigs are scattered everywhere. Along the rivers stretch the lowlands with fertile alluvial soils. In the mid-Scottish lowland are the main resources of the district - several coal deposits. Due to the sweeping effect of the north-antlated flow, Scotland climate is much moderate and softer than the same latitudes of the mainland. Winter is warm even than in the south-east of Great Britain, and the summer is on average for 2-3 ○ cooler. Opened ocean winds Western slopes of mountains are devoid of wood vegetation, and on the eastern slopes, Scottish pines, ate and larchs grow. Above the borders of the forest dominate the heather's empty, swamps and thickets of fern.
The territory of Northern Ireland (Olster) in its natural conditions closest to Scotland. The inner part of Northern Ireland is an extensive lowland with a large shallow loch lake in the center. In the north-east, the vulcanic elevation of the antrim is overlapped by a basalt shield. In the southwest, three sorrow of the mountains of Sperry go to the Ern River, in the valley of which two were formed large lakes - Upper Loch Ern and Nizhny Loch Ern. Just as in Scotland, lowland areas are covered with sediments brought by a glacier once. In the mountains a lot of peatables. The climate of Northern Ireland is very wet and cool, rivers are full, many small lakes.
4. Ecological problems and environmental protection areas
In general, the British Islands is characterized by a very high degree of nature change by man. Earlier, industrial development, the abundance of cities, the development of transport played a big role in this. Nature in areas adjacent to Pennines, in Midland ("Black Country"), in South Wales suffered especially strongly. Suffering from air and water pollution, from overpopulation and other consequences of their activities, the population of the British Islands thoroughly protects those few corners within the UK and Ireland, which have not yet lost their attractive features of their nature: Lake Circle, Cornwall Mountains, North-West and South -Waspad Ireland.
The unreleased by the smoke of the cities at the time of the industrial revolution, the British made the British to appreciate and protect the rural landscape. At the British Islands, you can not rarely meet the living hedges, "English" gardens, nurseries for the development of decorative trees, shrubs and flowers. In the UK, there is a special category of "protected" territories. In such places, new construction is limited or prohibited. Protected areas include green belts around the largest cities and cones, reserves, animal reserves, national forest parks, Especially picturesque places, fertile agricultural land, trails along the coasts and the slopes of the mountains above 250 m above sea level. There are 131 reservations for separately protected species of flora and fauna (Figure 6, 7). In England and Wales, 10 national parks have been created with a total area of \u200b\u200babout 12 thousand square meters. km.
Figure 6 - Area protected areas in the UK
Figure 7 - Area protected areas in Ireland
On the territory of the British Islands, the reserves account for 88% of protected areas and only 12% make up the reserves (Figure 8).
Figure 8 - Structure of protected areas
The problem of combating pollution is acquired greater sharpness. It bothers the level of pollution of the medium, especially in cities. A rather high level of air pollution, the question of liquidation annually 20 million tons of various waste. The amount of emissions into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and methane is growing annually (Table 1).
Table 2 - the number of emissions into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and methane
The problem of land resources is very acute. It is estimated that in England and Wales by the end of a century, about 2.5 million hectares of agricultural land will be used for other purposes. When developing minerals, as many landscapes will be destroyed as for the two previous century, the most serious enemy of natural landscapes is sandy and gravel careers. They cause terrain more harm than coal development.
Conclusion
In this course, the physico-geographical characteristics of the British Islands are given. Physico-geographical position, geology, relief, climate, soil, inland waters, animal and vegetable world, environmental problems and environmental protection areas are considered.
From the text of the work it is clear that the British Islands have a mainland origin. They are located not far from the continent of Europe, on the mainland shallow. The separation of these islands of the Strait was the result of the lowering of the sushi at the end of the Quaternary period. The lowered land formed a submarine platform - a highly raised seabed section, as a result of which the sea, washing the British Islands from the East and South, shallow water.
The climate of the British islands is temperate oceanic, with a soft winter and cool summer. The nature of the islands is diverse, there are rare species of birds and animals; On the territory of the UK and Ireland Islands there are many reserves and reserves, some islands and archipelagoes that are not populated are reserves for birds and animals. In the territory of the British Island in the course of complex geological history in the depths, useful are the desired. Almost all known minerals, except for diamonds found. The sharpness acquired the problem of combating pollution.
British islands are rich in water resources. A dense network of full-flow rivers is developed. The largest of them are norn, having a length of 354 km, and Thames (338 km), the pools of which bordered among themselves.
The covered features of the British islands are significant in the area and length in the latitudinal and meridional directions, some internal differences generate.
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British Islands - Archipelago in the northwestern part of the European continent located between the Atlantic and the Northern Sea. At the British Islands there are territories, subject to the English Crown - Ireland, United Kingdom. Where are you?
Perhaps the most important island of the archipelago is Misty Albion. Under this name all over the world is known to the United Kingdom. The annual flow of tourists visiting London is not inferior to the number of guests of Rome and Barcelona. In the United Kingdom, travelers visit the monarch of palaces, medieval castles, gothic cathedrals, richest museums and modern buildings. What state is the city?
What to look at the British Islands
In England, according to the rightly called homeland European monarchy, you can meet many medieval attractions. In addition, in this part of the world, as anywhere, traditions, therefore, London and its surroundings will appear in their cultural magnitude.
We should not forget about the industrial manchester, Marine Brighton, Motherland Robin Guda Nottingham, Bitlovsky Liverpool, Sports and Scientific and Educational Institutions: Cambridge and Oxford, as well as Stratford-on-Avon, where an outstanding writer and poet Shakespeare worked.
Country of challenges, the name of the Celts - Scotland is a combination majestic mountains, Iscin-dark lakes, ancient culture for accompaniment of boils, plaid scotch skirts, as well as strong whiskey. In these parts, we recommend visiting: the capital of Edinburgh, the city of Glasgow and Inverness (the famous mythical buttermantic monster is inhabited here, Shetland Islands and Orkni.
Wales - the edge of serene landscapes and magnificent castles. What is curious, 1 km2 locks here are more than anywhere in Europe. Most of them are concentrated in rural areas. We advise you to start a tour of Wales from the incomparable Cardiff.
Ireland Island is divided into two state formations - the independent state of Ireland and Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. The pearl of the North is Londonderry. Belfast is not inferior to him, in which beer festivals are regularly held.
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