Control airspace radar field article. On some problems of monitoring compliance with the procedure for using airspace

BC./ NW. 2015 № 2 (27): 13 . 2

Control airspace through space

Klimov F.N., Kochyev M. Yu., Gickin E.V., Lunkov A.P.

High-precision air attacks, such as winged rockets and unmanned shock aircraft, in the process of their improvement began to have a large range from 1500 to 5,000 kilometers. The lowestness of such goals during the flight requires their detection and identification on the acceleration trajectory. To fix such a goal at a large distance, it is possible or contaminate radar stations (RLS ZG), or with the help of location or optical satellite base systems.

Shock unmanned airplanes and winged rockets fly most often with speeds close to passenger speeds aircraftTherefore, an attack with such means can be disguised as usual air traffic. This puts in front of the system control systems the task of identifying and identifying such means of attacking from the moment of start-up and at the maximum range from the frontier of effective defeat by their means of VKS. To solve this problem, it is necessary to apply all available and developed control systems and monitor the airspace, including the Zaguorrug RRS and satellite groups.

The launch of the winged rocket or an impact unmanned aircraft can be carried out from the torpedo apparatus of the guard boat, from the external suspension of the aircraft or from the launcher of the disguised as a standard sea container, located on a civil engine door, a car trailer, railway platform. Satellites of a missile attack warning system already today fix and track the coordinates of the starts of unmanned aircraft or winged rockets in the mountains and in the ocean along the torch of the engine on the acceleration site. Consequently, the satellites of the warning system of a missile attack need to be tracked not only by the territory of the likely enemy, but also the water area of \u200b\u200boceans and continents globally.

The placement of radar systems on satellites, to control the air-outer space is associated today with the difficulties of technological and financial nature. But in modern conditions, such a new technology as broadcast automatic dependent monitoring (AZN-B) can be used to control airspace through satellites. Information from commercial aircraft on the AZN-B system can be collected using satellites, placing receivers on board, performing at the frequencies of AZN-B and repeaters received information on terrestrial airspace control centers. Thus, it is possible to create a global field of electronic observation of the planet's airspace. Satellite groupings can be sources of flight information on aircraft at sufficiently large areas.

Information about airspace coming from the AZN-in-satellite receivers located on satellites makes it possible to control aircraft over the oceans and in the folds of the terrain of the mountainous arrays of the continents. This information will allow us to allocate the means of an air attack from the flow of commercial aircraft with their subsequent identification.

Identification information Azn-in commercial aircraft arriving through satellites will create the ability to reduce the risks of terrorist attacks and diversions in our time. In addition, such information will provide an opportunity to detect emergency aircraft and air disasters in the ocean away from the shores.

We will estimate the possibility of using various satellite systems for receiving flight information of aircraft on the AZN-B system and relaying this information on terrestrial aircraft control complexes. Modern aircraft transmit flight information on the AZN-B system using onboard transponders with a capacity of 20 W at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

The AZN-B system works at frequencies that freely penetrate through the land ionosphere. The transmitters of the AZN-B system, located on board the aircraft have limited power, therefore, receivers located on board satellites should have sufficient sensitivity.

Using the energy calculation of the satellite communication line, the satellite aircraft, we can estimate the maximum range, on which the reception of information is possible by a satellite with aircraft. The peculiarity of the satellite line used is a mass limit, overall dimensions and energy consumption, both onboard transponder of the aircraft and a satellite-timed transponder.

To determine the maximum range, which is possible by the seater with a satellite of AZN-in messages, we use the known equation for the line of satellite communication systems on the land area - ISS:

where

- efficient signal power at the output of the transmitter;

- efficient signal power at the receiver entrance;

- coefficient of amplification of the transmitting antenna;

- inclined range from ka to the reception area;

-Tlin waves on the "Down" line

waves on the "Down" line;

- effective area of \u200b\u200bthe transmit antenna aperture;

- the coefficient of transmission of the waveguide path between the transmitter and the antenna way;

- efficiency of the waveguide path between the receiver and antenna ZS;

Converting the formula - we find an inclined range, which is possible by the reception by a satellite of flight information:

d. = .

We substitute the parameters in the formula corresponding to the standard onboard transponder and the selection satellite trunk. As the calculations show, the maximum range of the line on the line aircraft-satellite is 2256 km. Such an inclined range of transmission on the line aircraft-satellite is possible only when working through low-bit satellite groupings. At the same time, we use standard aircraft on-board equipment, not complicating requirements for commercial aircraft.

The groundwater entry station has significantly lower mass limits and dimensions than onboard equipment of satellites and aircraft. Such a station can be equipped with more sensitive receiving devices and antennas with a high increasing coefficient. Consequently, the link range on the satellite-ground line depends only on the conditions of the direct visibility of the satellite.

Using these orbits of satellite groups, we can estimate the maximum inclined range between the satellite and the ground-based receiving station by the formula:

,

where the n-height of the satellite orbits;

- Radius of the earth's surface.

The results of calculations of the maximum inclined range for points on various geographic latitudes are presented in Table 1.

		Orbcom	Iridium	Messenger	Globalstar	Signal
Height orbit, km				1400	1414	1500
Radius of land north Pole, km	6356,86	2994,51	3244,24	4445,13	4469,52	4617,42
Earth Radius Northern Polar Circle, km	6365,53	2996,45	3246,33	4447,86	4472,26	4620,24
Earth radius 80 °, km	6360,56	2995,34	3245,13	4446,30	4470,69	4618,62
Earth radius 70 °, km	6364,15	2996,14	3245,99	4447,43	4471,82	4619,79
Earth radius 60 °, km	6367,53	2996,90	3246,81	4448,49	4472,89	4620,89
Earth radius 50 °, km	6370,57	2997,58	3247,54	4449,45	4473,85	4621,87
Radius of Earth 40 °, km	6383,87	3000,55	3250,73	4453,63	4478,06	4626,19
Radius of Earth 30 °, km	6375,34	2998,64	3248,68	4450,95	4475,36	4623,42
Earth radius 20 °, km	6376,91	2998,99	3249,06	4451,44	4475,86	4623,93
Earth radius 10 °, km	6377,87	2999,21	3249,29	4451,75	4476,16	4624,24
Earth radius Equator, km	6378,2	2999,28	3249,37	4451,85	4476,26	4624,35

The maximum transmission range on the line aircraft-satellite is less than the maximum inclined range on the satellite-ground line in satellite orbcomment systems, iridium and messenger. The most close maximum inclined range is the data to the calculated maximum data range from the satellite orb system.

Calculations show that it is possible to create a system of surveillance over airspace using a satellite retransmission of AZN-in messages from aircraft to ground-based flight information centers. Such a surveillance system will increase the range of controlled space from the ground item to 4500 kilometers without the use of inter-service communication, which will ensure an increase in the control zone of airspace. When using channels of interposteral communication, we will be able to control the airspace globally.

Fig.1 "Control airspace with satellites"

Fig.2 "Control of airspace with interspotnikov tie"

The proposed method of control of airspace allows you to:

Expand the zone of action of the airspace control system, including the ocean waters and the territory of mountain ranges up to 4500 km from the selection of ground-based stations;

When using an interpersonal communication system, control the airspace of the Earth is possible globally;

Receive flights from aircraft independently of foreign surveillance systems of airspace;

Select air objects, monitored by RLS ZG according to the degree of their danger on distant discovery.

Literature:

1. Fedosov E.A. "Half a century in aviation". M: Drof, 2004.

2. "Satellite communications and broadcasting. Directory. Edited by L.Ya.Kantor. M: Radio and Communication, 1988.

3. Andreev V.I. "Order of the Federal Air Transport Service of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1999. No. 80 "On the establishment and implementation of a system of broadcasting automatic dependent monitoring in civil aviation of Russia."

4. Traskovsky A. "Moscow Aviation Mission: the basic principle of safe management." Aviaparan. 2008. №4.

Polygon Ashuluk. Radar station "Sky-ye". This three-coordinate radar does not have foreign analogues. Photo: Georgy Danilov Perfection of the Federal System of Intelligence and Control Airspace: History, Reality, Prospects
At the end of the XX century, the issue of creating a single radar field of the country was quite sharp. Specific radar systems and means, often duplicating each other and eating colossal budget funds, did not comply with the requirements of the leadership of the country and the Armed Forces. The need to deploy work in this area was obvious.

Ending. Start in number 2 for 2012

At the same time, due to limited spatial and functional capabilities, the current FSER and PCP does not provide a sufficient level of integration of departmental radar systems and is unable to carry out the entire amount of tasks assigned to it.

The limitations and disadvantages of the created FSR and KVP can be briefly defined as follows:
SIT EC EFC with air defense authorities are not allocated in the entire territory of the country, but only in the central, eastern and partially North-West and Caucasian-Ural zones of responsibility for air defense (56% of the FSR and CCP for full deployment
upgraded with the purpose of performing double-purpose functions of less than 40% of the RLP of the Ministry of Transport of Russia, while the RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia has ceased to be system-forming in a single radar system of FSW and PCP;
an ATM and RLP DN issued by the EU and the RLP of the air situation in spatial, high-quality and probabilistic-temporal characteristics often does not comply with the modern requirements of the air defense authorities (EMD);
radar, flight and planned information obtained from the EU of the EU ATM is used in solving the charts of the air defense (EHF) inefficiently due to the low level of equipment of the CAP (CPO) adapted automation facilities complexes;
a joint automated processing of data from various sources of information of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the EU ATM is not provided, which significantly reduces the accuracy of identification and identification of air facilities in peacetime;
the level of facilities of FSW and HCP objects with high-speed digital means and communication systems and data transmission systems does not meet modern requirements for the efficiency and accuracy of the exchange of radar, flight and planned information;
there are deficiencies in conducting a single technical policy when creating, manufacturing, supplying and operating dual-use tools used in FSER and CCP;
it is not enough to coordinate measures for the technical equipment of objects allocated to the FSR and HCP, within the framework of various FDPs, including the modernization of the EU ATM and the improvement of the management and communication and communication systems of the Russian Federation;
existing regulatory legal documents do not fully reflect the use of SITA, RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, attracted to the radar provision of the EU EC Centers, as well as the use of the EU state identification tools established on the RLP of the Ministry of Transport of Russia;
there are practically no possibilities of zonal interdepartmental commissions on the use and qCP to coordinate the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Ministry of Defense of Russia on the application and operation of the FSW and HCP technical means in the areas of responsibility for air defense.

Mobile altomer type PDV-13
Photo: George Danilov

To eliminate the listed deficiencies and implementations of the national interests of the Russian Federation in the field of use and the CCP, the full-scale deployment of FSER and PCP in all regions of Russia is needed, further integration with the EU ATM based on the use of basic information technologies of observation and qC, upgraded and promising radar, automation and communication tools First of all double destination.

The strategic goal of the development of the FSER and KVC is to ensure the required efficiency of intelligence and the CCP in the interests of solving the challenges of air defense (EHF), the protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in airspace, the preventing of terrorist acts and other illegal actions in airspace, ensuring air traffic safety on the basis of integrated use Radar systems and funds of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia in the conditions of reducing the total composition of forces, funds and resources.

In the weekly "Military Industrial Courier" (No. 5 of 08.02.2012), the Commander of the Troops of the East Republic of Lieutenant Oleg Ostapenko drew the attention of the public that the current state of the low-rise radar field within the Russian Federation has a not better configuration.

Therefore, customers and performers are full of enthusiasm and find mutually acceptable solutions in the most difficult situations and a casual state of modern legislation in the interests of implementing the FDP.

According to the results of the II stage of the FDP, a significant increase in the efficiency and quality of solving the problems of anti-air defense, the protection of the state border in the airspace, radar support of aviation flights and the organization of air traffic at important air directions with the limited composition, funds and resources of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation were being ensured.

In accordance with the CIS concept for the period up to 2016 and the future perspective approved by the President of the Russian Federation in April 2006, one of the main directions of building ESR currently is the full-scale deployment of FSW and PCP throughout the country.

To ensure the full integration of departmental radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the formation of a single information space on the state of the air situation as one of the main directions of the concentration of efforts in the construction of the Countries further development FSR and PCP are advisable to lead at the following steps:
III Stage - short-term perspective (2011-2015);
IV Stage - Medium-term perspective (2016-2020);
V Stage is a long-term perspective (after 2020).

The main task of the development of FSER and PCP for the short term is the deployment of FSW and HCP in all regions of Russia. At the same time, during this period, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive modernization of the EA radar, in order to increase the efficiency of using radar, flight and planned information obtained from the EU ATM of the Ministry of Transport of Russia, to solve the air defense tasks (EAS) and increase the area of \u200b\u200bcontrolled airspace.

Radar Station 22G6 "Desna"
Photo: George Danilov

To create a radar field with improved parameters, a decision was required to continue the work within the framework of the FDP "Improvement of FSR and PCP (2007-2010)" for the period up to 2015. The case required for the country's defense capability is not "sore" in instances, as often happens It received a logical continuation - the FDP was prolonged until 2015 in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on February 2011 No. 98.

The main task of the development of the FSR and the CCP on the medium (after 2016) and the long-term perspective (after 2020) - the creation of a promising integrated double-purpose radar system (IRLS DN) of the FSW and PCP in the interests of the formation of a single information space on the state of the air condition for organs Air Defense Management (EMP) and EU ATM.

For the timely completion of the full-scale deployment of FSR and KVP, it is primarily necessary not to miss the issues of the organizational and technical plan:
creation at the IVP IWC and PCP of the permanent interdepartmental working group of representatives of interested ministries and departments, scientific organizations and industrial enterprises in order to quickly solve problematic issues and preparation of proposals for current issues;
preparation of proposals for the formation of a specialized management in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, as well as the formation of the new 136 CNO FSER and the Air Force for the coordination of work on improving the federal system by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the concept in the period up to 2016 should allow:
full-scale deployment of FSW and PCP based on the creation of fragments of EA radar in all regions of the country and to ensure the prerequisites for deploying an exploration system and warnings about the air-space attack;
improve the quality of solving problems of ensuring national security, defense capability and the economy of the state in the field of use and CACs of the Russian Federation;
lead regulatory legal documents in the field of use and control of airspace in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the creation and development of the air navigation system (ANC) of Russia;
ensure the implementation of a single technical policy in the development, production, placement, operation and application of dual-use systems and tools in the field of use and the CCP;
create conditions for the advanced development of domestic science and technician in the field of exploration and qt
reduce the total costs of the state for the maintenance and development of radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

In addition, the implementation of the concept in the period until 2016 will ensure the fulfillment of ICAO requirements to the level of air traffic safety (according to the risk criterion).

For the near future (until 2016), priority measures for the development of FSR and KVC, except for the work within the FDP "Improvement of FSR and KVC (2007-2015)", as well as scientific and technical support of FTP activities, it is advisable to spend in the following directions :
NIR commissioned by the Ministry of Defense of Russia, aimed at conducting advanced system research on the modernization and development of FSW and PCP;
OCD commissioned by the Ministry of Defense of Russia, aimed at the practical implementation of the main provisions of this Concept in two main areas: the complex modernization of the EA RLS and the creation of a head area of \u200b\u200bpromising IRLS DN;
serial supplies to the facilities of the FSR and the CCP, which are part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, new technology, including dual-use.

FTP "Modernization of the EU ATM (2009-2015)".

With such a distribution of activities for each direction of work, the fulfillment of its specific, but interrelated tasks with other works, and duplication between them is excluded. In addition, it seems necessary to also organize:
the introduction of new tools and technologies for identifying and identifying air objects, taking into account modern conditions for controlling airspace in peacetime;
improving the interspecific interaction of systems of observation and control of air and surface space based on the use of a contradictional radar (RLS ZG), automatic dependent systems (AZN) and promising sources of information;
the introduction of integrated digital communication systems based on advanced telecommunication technologies, for the operational and sustainable exchange of information between objects.

Solving the problem of automatic remote management of key information for the hardware definition equipment with a hardware and software method according to the available communication channels intended for issuing radar information.

Implementation of the concept in the medium and long term (after 2016) will allow:
to achieve the strategic goal of the development of the FSR and PCP - to ensure the required efficiency of intelligence and qCP in the interests of solving the tasks of the air defense (EHC), the protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in airspace, the preventive of terrorist acts and other illegal actions in airspace, as well as the required level of air traffic safety in conditions of reducing the total composition of forces, funds and resources;
create an IRLS DN and form a single information space on its basis about the state of the air situation in the interests of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and other ministries and departments;
ensure the implementation of promising funds and technologies for identifying and automatic detection of their degree of danger;
significantly reduce the cost of operation of observation and dual-purpose PCPs due to their operation in automatic mode.

The implementation of the concept will also contribute to the integration of Ans of Russia in the Eurasian and global air navigation systems.

The purpose of the development of FSER and the CCP after the completion of the main stages of development seems to be the creation of a promising IRLS DN on the basis of EA RLS, which ensures the union of the departmental radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the formation of a single information space on the state of the air defense on this basis of the Ministry of Defense Russia, Ministry of Transport of Russia and other ministries and departments.

The creation of IRLS DN will eliminate departmental and systemic contradictions through the introduction of basic information technologies of observation and qCP, the use of modernized and promising means of radar, automation and communications primarily dual-use, as well as a single technical policy in the field of use and PCP.

Perspective IRLS DN should include:
network of unified sources of dual-purpose information (UIR), providing mining, preliminary processing and issuing information on an air situation in accordance with the requirements of consumers of various departments;
network of territorial information joint information centers (soy shopping center) on air situation;
integrated digital telecommunications network (ICTS).

The main consumers of the information provided by the IRLS DN are the PVA CAP (ECF) and the EU ATM.

The IRLS DN should be built on a network principle, in which the access of any consumer of information to any Wii of the DN or TC Soy (taking into account the restrictions of access authority).

The composition of the technical means of all WFIs should be unified and include the following information, processing and connected components (modules):
primary radar (PRL);
secondary radar (VARL), providing information from the aircraft in all current request-response modes;
ground radar means of state identification of the EU GRUD (NRZ);
receiving devices of the AZN system;
automatic processing devices and combining information from the above sources;
terminal devices for conjugation with an integrated digital telecommunication network in order to provide various types of communication (data, speech, video, etc.).

The means of obtaining information on the air situation (PRL, VARL, NRZ, AZN) can be integrated in various versions.

Wii DN should be created on the basis of the current dual-purpose information elements of three types:
RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia (Armed Forces);
RTP DN of the Ministry of Defense of Russia (Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), decisive tasks of qt and ensuring flights (flights) of aviation in peacetime;
RLP DN of the Ministry of Transport of Russia (EU ATM).

At the same time in the period 2016-2020. The Head section of the IRLS DN should be created in one of the regions of Russia, and later the deployment of IRLS DN in all regions of the country is provided. As a head plot, the IRLS DN it is advisable to determine the most developed fragment of the federal system in the north-west of the country.

As part of the head section of the IRLS DN, existing systems and funds of EA RLS, ensuring the information and technical interaction of the air defense authorities (EMB) with the EU ATM, as well as to deploy prospective means of radar, automation and communication, implementing new observation technologies and qCP and ensuring the construction of the WI DN and soy shopping center.

Of course, it is extremely desirable that the plans are performed. But the question is naturally arising: how effective is the system of intelligence and control airspace as a subsystem of intelligence and warnings about the air-space attack of the System of Russia in Russia?

Restore system radar control Airspace, which had once had the mighty USSR, does not make sense today. The means of the contemporary level of the modern level should ensure the solution of the combat missions without the "assault" limit. In the extreme case, highly mobile means of long-range radar detection and controls should be operated.

In his article on issues of national security issues, published on February 20, 2012 in the Russian Gazette, Vladimir Putin drew attention to the fact that in modern conditions, our country cannot rely only on diplomatic and economic methods for removing contradictions and conflict resolution.

Russia is facing the development of military potential as part of the containment strategy and at the level of defense sufficiency. Armed forces, special services and other power structures should be prepared for a rapid and effective response to new challenges. This is a necessary condition for Russia to feel safe, and the arguments of our country were perceived by partners in various international formats.

The joint efforts of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the MIC for the improvement of the FSER and the ODC will greatly increase the spatial and information capabilities of the IWR and the Air Force.

Already today, operational-strategic commands formed throughout the country can and should effectively use the spatial potential of the Unified Radar System of the FSR and PCP. And whether in practice use and how are the methods of hostilities of active childbirth of the troops, having such a system?

Whether on the exercises of the duty forces on air defense, aimed at stopping the violations of the airspace in those regions, where today, by reconstructing the TRLP of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the reconstruction of the EU Mintransway Center for the Ministry of Transport of Russia, equipping their SIT with air defense authorities has practically restored the information capabilities of lost in 1990s. radar field? Are questions from determining the state affiliation of air facilities on the principle of "their own strangers"?

Probably, the widest ranges of the Russian public and the expert community of the country would be interested to know how efficiently the created Unified Radar System of FSW and HCPs in today's borders of responsibility for anti-air defense. We should not be tormented today and in the historically foreseeable future question: Does Russia faces radar blindness?
Sergey Vasilyevich Sergeev
deputy General Director - Head of SPKS OJSC NPO LAMZ
Alexander Evgenievich Kislukh
candidate of Technical Sciences, Advisor to the FSW and PCP Deputy General Director - Head of SPKS OJSC NPO LAMZ, Colonel

Improving the federal system of exploration and control of airspace: history, reality, perspectives

At the end of the XX century, the issue of creating a single radar field of the country was quite sharp. Specific radar systems and means, often duplicating each other and eating colossal budget funds, did not comply with the requirements of the leadership of the country and the Armed Forces. The need to deploy work in this area was obvious.

The beginning of work on the creation of a federal system of intelligence and control airspace was found by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 1993. "On the organization of air defense in the Russian Federation", in which for the first time it was now the usual name - a federal system of intelligence and control the airspace of the Russian Federation (FSR and Qc).

The Military Scientific Committee and the Office of Radio Military Troops (RTV) of the Chief Command of the Air Defense Forces was prepared projects of reports and regulatory legal documents, which were based on the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation of 1994. "On the creation of a federal system of intelligence and control the airspace of the Russian Federation" and " On approval of the Regulation on the Central Interdepartmental Commission of the Federal System of Intelligence and Control the Airspace of the Russian Federation. "

The following tasks were imposed on the FSW and PCP:

• radar reconnaissance and radar control of the airspace of the Russian Federation;
• operational management by the forces and means of radar reconnaissance and radar control of the airspace;
• organization of the interaction of the management bodies of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (Armed Forces) with air traffic control bodies;
• informational support of control systems for troops and air traffic controls;
• accommodation on the territory of the Russian Federation of radio electronic technology based on a single technical policy.

The information basis of the FSW and KVP was the division of the PVT air defense, communication troops and radio equipment for the Air Force, radar observation of the Navy, the radar positions of the Unified Air Traffic Organization system (EU ATM). The radar intelligence units of the air defense troops could be used at a special order.

Thus, the unified radar system of the federal system was to consist of the forces and means of radar intelligence of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as well as the management system, collecting and processing radar information, the basis of which was the command items (CP) of radio engineering parts and connections , Intelligence information centers of the CP of compounds and associations (districts and zones) air defense.

In its development of FSW and KVC, as its ideologists presented themselves, a number of development stages were necessary, while it was necessary to maximize the potential of the radar system of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

1st stage. Preparatory (1993).

2nd stage. Priority work on the creation of FSER and PCP (January - September 1994).

3rd stage. Deploying the main elements of the FSR and the CCP in the air defense zones (October - December 1994).

4th stage. Deploying information elements of dual-purpose and testing of technical means of a single automated radar system - EA RLS (1995-2001).

5th stage. Full transition to EA RLS (2001-2005).

FSR and HCPs were formed for two decades. The practical activity on the creation of the federal system began in October 1994, when, on behalf of the President of Russia, the Central Interdepartmental Commission of the Federal Migration Commission of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (CMW) under the leadership of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense for the Aviation Colonel-General V. A. Prudnikov was started. The origins of the creation of the federal system were professionals of their business, military and civilians and specialists in the field of air defense and police department: V. A. Prudnikov, V. G. Shelkovnikov, V. P. Sinitsyn, V. F. Migunov, K. Dubrov, A. I. Aleshin, A. R. Balychev, Ya. V. Bezel, V. I. Mazov, A. S. Sumin, V. P. Villa, V. K. Demmedyuk, V. I. Ivastenko, V.I. Kozlov, S. N. Karas, V. M. Korykov, A. E. Kislukh, B. V. Mikhailov, B. I. Kushneuk, N. F. Zobov, A. A. Koptsev, R. L. Deloov, N. N. Titarenko, A. I. Travnikov, A. I. Popov, B. V. Vasilyev, V. I. Zaharin and others.

During the first four stages, the coordination bodies of the federal system were created and began to work: the Federal Summary of FSR and PCP, six zonal interdepartmental commissions (for air defense zones), the two interdepartmental commissions with the rights of zonal (in two air defense regions in the West and East of the country).

Regulatory legal documents were developed and approved, regulating the activities to create information elements of the double-purpose of the FSR and the PCP in zones and air defense areas: "Regulations on the divisions of the Russian Ministry of Defense of Double-Use", "Regulations on the positions of the Ministry of Transport of Russia Double-Use", General Agreement between the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia "On the creation, functioning and operation of units and dual-use positions".

Fig. 1. Evaluation of the reduction in the resource consumption of radio electronic technology of the DVS
Julia burner graphics

As a result of this work between the authorized structures of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia, agreements were reached on the creation of 30 positions and 10 dual-use divisions.

The first practical steps to create information elements of the dual-purpose of the federal system were made due to the perseverance and enthusiasm of specialists of radio engineering troops (RTV), which performed the functions of the CMW apparatus, as well as the EU EU enterprises and the enterprises of the defense and industrial complex (OPK).

The experience of the information interaction of military and civilian management bodies has shown that the use of Dual-purpose divisions of the RTV in N. Calna, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Kyzyl, Kos-Agach made it possible to reduce the economic costs of enterprises in the interests of solving the EU OR EU tasks at least 25-30 percent. RLS (RLC) of RTV type 5n87, 1l117 and P-37 was used as sources of radar information.

In turn, the use of TRLK-10 and RLS P-37 on the positions of the dual-use destination of the North Caucasus Center of AUWD, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Perm, Kolpashevsky ATM Centers allowed to maintain the quality of control over the use of airspace within the limits of air defense in the conditions of reducing the composition and The number of RTV Air Force.

However, the subjects of the FSR and PCP, despite the very high level of documents, in accordance with which it was necessary to maintain work, was funded under the state defense order on the residual principle. A R & D on FSW and PCPs during these years were financed at 15 percent of the need.

Radio-solemmer PRV-13 on one of the sites of the Polygon Kapustin Yar. Designed to work as a means of measuring the height in the composition of the 5H87 radar complex together with other rangefinders (P-37, P-35M, 5H84, 5N84A)
Photo: Leonid Yakutin

As of July 1, 1997, it was not possible to conclude a single agreement (local agreement) on the creation of dual-purpose information elements due to the lack of real opportunities on mutual settlements between military and civilian users of radar information.

There is an urgent need to have priority financing when creating a federal system. Therefore, in December 1998, a special working group was formed from representatives of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Federal aviation service (FAS) of Russia, which has prepared an analytical note on FSW and PCP for the report to the highest management of the country.

The note was noted that the situation with the creation of FSER and PCP represents not only a serious threat to the national security of Russia, but also the reason for the missed benefits of the possible receipts of funds to the federal budget through the FAS of Russia from foreign and domestic airlines using the airspace of Russia.

It was stated that the FSR and PCP are the national domain of Russia, one of the most important fragments of the country's unified information space. She needed to provide immediate and comprehensive state support.

Fig. 2. Indicators of increasing area of \u200b\u200bcontrolled airspace
Julia burner graphics

The question was resolved at the level of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation E. M. Primakov. In the most shortest possible time, the materials of the analytical note were considered at all levels and instructions on further action. Ministry of Defense of Russia together with interested departments prepared and coordinated projects necessary documents And in August 1999, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the priority measures of state support of the federal system of intelligence and control airspace of the Russian Federation" was issued.

By decree, state customers and a head performer of work on improving the Unified Radar System of the FSR and PCP were determined. The Government of the Russian Federation was instructed to ensure the development and approve in 1999 by the Federal Target Program (FDP) of the Improvement of FSW and PCP for 2000-2010, providing for the financing of this program at the expense of the federal budget.

For several years, the FTP project was considered, corrected, clarified, reduced, complemented, but did not endorse the government. In 2001, the main control department of the President of the Russian Federation became interested in how decisions were implemented on the creation of FSW and HCP, and conducted an audit of the state of affairs.

The verification showed that the government and a number of ministries (the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the FAS Russia, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the Ministry of Finance of Russia) did not take adequate measures to fulfill the adopted regulatory legal acts. The state of affairs on the creation of the FSER and the CCP was recognized as unsatisfactory and not relevant to the requirements of national security. It was recommended to take urgent measures to correct the situation. However, even such a tough assessment has not changed the situation for the better.

At the same time, life did not stand in place. Forces and enterprises for the use of airspace and air traffic control, it was necessary to give some kind of tool to equip the dual-purpose information elements by the double-purpose radar radar complexes (troll).

Specialists of interested structures of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia prepared a draft decision on the equity financing of the equipment of the Dual-purpose Radar Radilar Radar Positions (TRLP DN), which the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force was submitted for approval by the Heads of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

PRV-13 was also used as part of automated radio engineering units of the ACS 5N55M objects ("Mezha-M"), 5H53-H ("Nizina-N), 5N53-y (" Nizin-y ") of the system" Ra-2 (3) " , 86Ж6 ("Field"), 5n60 ("Basis") of the "Lo-4" system. PRV-13 was conjured with air-1m ACU objects, air-1p (with equipment for removing and transmission of ASPD data and instrument guidance equipment "Cascade M"), with ACS of ASURK-1MA, Asurk-1P and cabin to -9 VRS C-200
Photo: Leonid Yakutin

The decision was approved in November 2003. Starting from 2004, it was planned to finance the equipment of the TRLP DN on the principles of equity participation within the framework of the state defense order and the subprogramme "Unified Air Traffic Organization System" FTP "Modernization of the Transport System of Russia (2002-2010)" .

The equipment for the equipment of the TRLP DN was determined by the Lira-T DN, produced by JSC Lianozovsk Electromechanical Plant. In accordance with this decision, taking into account the lack of FDP on FSW and HCP, work was carried out for several years. The main technical solutions for the equipment of TRLK DN "Lira-T" were tested during government tests on TRLP DN Great Luke. For the period 2004-2006 More than a dozen TRLP DN were equipped: in 2004 - Olon, Markovo, Keperwem, Pevek, M. Schmidt; In 2005 - Okhotsk, Okha, Nakhodka, Arhara; In 2006 - m. Stone, Polar, Dalnerechensk, Ulan-Ude.

The work done made it possible to have by the end of 2006, 45 dual-purpose information elements (33 percent of the approved lists). This result was made to a large extent due to the active position of the CMW, which in different years was headed by the operating commander-in-chief air defense troops, and since 1998 - Air Force.

The main load on organizational and technical support for the creation of the FSER and the CCP fell on the CMVK apparatus, the functions of which was carried out by the management of the RTV. In 2003, the center of this very important work was the Specially Created 136th Coordination and Regulatory Department (CNO) of the FSR and the Air Force.

The management of the department was instructed by A. E. Kislukh, who since 1994 was the responsible secretary of the CMW and led the functional direction of work on the creation of elements of the federal system in the management of the Chief Command of the Air Defense Forces, and later the Air Force.

The formation of CNO, of course, was taken by a number of problems of coordination of works of various departments, but the main task for conducting technical means did not solve the department. As a result of this and a number of other reasons, it was not possible to solve the main task of technical re-equipment with dual-use means and the transition to EA RLS by 2005. The lack of targeted financing of work on research, development and serial dual-use technical supplies to improve FSR and PCP.

Only in January 2006, the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation was approved by the concept of the FDP "Improving the federal system of intelligence and control airspace of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010", and then in June of the same year, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 345 "On Federal Task Force "Improving the federal exploration and control and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (2007-2010)."

Three-coordinate Radar Station of the Martial Regime (Singimetime Radine Range) ST-68UM
Photo: Leonid Yakutin

Large work on the preparation of draft documents held managers and specialists of the Main Command of the Air Force: A. V. Boyarintsev, A. I. Aleshin, G. I. Nimir, A. V. Pankov, S. V. Grinc, Specialists of the Management and Technological Policy and civilian products (PTP PGN) OJSC Concern of Almaz-Antey Concern: P. Bendersky, A. I. Ponomarenko, E. G. Yakovlev, V. V. Khramov, O. O. Gapotchenko, leaders and Specialists of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation: A. V. Schramchenko, D. V. Savitsky, E. A. Vortovsky, N. N. Titarenko, N. I. Trub, A. Lomakin, as well as heads and specialists of the FSUE "State Corporation on the ATM ": V. R. Gulchenko, V. M. Libov, K. K. Kaplock, V. V. Zakharov, K. V. Elistratov.

The concept of the development of the FSER and the CACs of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015 and the further future determined the main directions of the organizational, military-technical and economic policy on the development of FSR and the CCP in the interests of solving the tasks of the ICRA, the organization of air traffic and the suppression of terrorist acts and other unlawful actions in airspace of the Russian Federation.

The concept reflects the agreed positions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, as well as other interested federal executive bodies in the main areas of development and the use of FSR and PCP in peacetime.

Ideologically recognized as a new stage in the development of FSW and PCP. In its development, FSW and KVP must pass five main stages:

• Stage I - 1994-2005;
• Stage II - 2006-2010;
• III Stage - short-term perspective (2011-2015);
• IV Stage - Medium-term perspective (2016-2020);
• V Stage is a long-term perspective (after 2020).

At the stage of the stage From the moment of the establishment of FSER and PCP, the basis for the construction of a federal system in accordance with the regulatory legal documents operating for that period was the principle of agreed application of radar funds of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia in the joint-based areas. The implementation of this principle was achieved by centralized (united) planning the use of radar means in zones (regions) of air defense.

At the same time, the exchange of information on the air situation between the RTPs of the Double Denuction (RTP DN) of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the District EU Centers of the ATM, as well as between the dual-purpose radar positions (RLP) of the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Radio Department of the Air Force and the Navy, was carried out mainly in a non-automatic manner.

The source of financing of work related to the creation and application of dual-use departments and positions was the funds received by the Ministry of Transport of Russia at the expense of aeronautical fees, as well as funds allocated by the Ministry of Defense of Russia for the construction and maintenance of the Russian Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The lack of a mechanism for targeted funding for the creation of the FSER and KVC did not allow to organize the use of information on the air situation from the EU RLP of the ATM located in areas where the duty officer of the Ministry of Defense Ministry of Defense of Russia does not create a radar field. This factor, as well as the lack of information and technical interaction (conjugation) of automated EU Organ systems and air defense systems, did not lead to a significant increase in the effectiveness of the functioning of the FSR and PCP.

At the stage stage The creation and development of FSW and HCP after long-term efforts were finally achieved guaranteed state support for measures to deploy FSR and PCP within the framework of the FDP "Improving the FSR and the CCP of the Russian Federation (2007-2010)".

Three main activities were planned:

1. Comprehensive work on the improvement of FSER and HCP, including:

• development of project documentation of information interaction of the EU EU Centers and Air Defense Contracts;
• development of documentation for the reconstruction of EU ATM centers;
• development of project documentation for the reconstruction of trail radar positions of dual-purpose EU ATM.

2. Reconstruction of the Radar Radilar Positions of the Dual Purpose of the EU ATM.

3. Reconstruction of the EU Centers of the AVTD in terms of the Equipment of SIT with air defense authorities.

The main task of the FTP is the creation of the Material base of the FSR and the CCP in the Central, North-West and Eastern regions of the Russian Federation by equipping the EU EC EFC system of information and technical interaction (SIT) with air defense authorities, as well as the modernization of the RLP of the Ministry of Transport of Russia to fulfill them Double destination functions.

The overall coordination of the activities of the FSR and PCP at the second stage of its development was assigned to the Interdepartmental Commission on the use and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation, formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, 2006

Significant help in the work was to enter the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On measures to improve the management of the federal system of intelligence and control the airspace of the Russian Federation".

Decree legally consolidated organizational and technical changes in the field of FSW and PCP, which actually occurred after the emergence of a new coordination body in the person of the Interdepartmental Commission on the use and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation (IVD IVK and PCP), and also established that the only supplier (head performer) When placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, the provision of services for state needs in the interests of the country's defense and the state of the state in the field of use, exploration and control of the airspace of the Russian Federation is OJSC Concern Almaz-Antey Concern.

During the implementation of the FDP, much attention was paid to the issue of creating SIT, to achieve the effectiveness of which a typical structural scheme of the SIT CENTRs of the EU ATM with the Office and CP air defense authorities were developed. The scheme provides for the implementation of two methods for issuing information about the air situation from dual-purpose information elements: centralized and decentralized.

To organize the direct interaction of the EU Center of the ATM with the air defense authorities from the combat calculation of the CAP-based air conditioning, the dispatcher on interaction is assigned. The workplace of the dispatcher on interaction with the air defense authorities is established in the EU Center of the ATM and includes technical means to display radar and planning-dispatch information and means for communicating with officials of the EU Center of the ATM and CP air defense.

This decision was checking time (1999-2005). The so-called elbow interaction of officers of the controls of the CP air defense authorities with dispatchers was carried out directly at the EU Centers of the ATM in the air defense zones. The proposed technical solutions within the framework of the FDP significantly increase the possibilities of interaction.

The technical solution of the problem of information and technical interaction is based on a system of software and hardware (KPTS), which allows the reception of radar and planning-dispatch information from automated air traffic control systems (AU ATC) of the EU Centers, as well as receiving, processing and combining radar Information from the TRLP DN, which is part of the EU Center for the EU, for the subsequent transfer to the complexes of automation means of the CAP air defense.

The technical means of SITs also include remote sets of subscriber equipment (VKAO), complexes of communication tools and transmission of air situation data (CSDPD). The methodological apparatus of the design and evaluation of indicators and indicators of the FTP, which was used in the design of FTP activities, was developed in the 2nd Central Mode of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Gosnia "Aeronautics" and the NTC Promtehaero.

To fulfill the complex of work provided for by the FTP, in OJSC Concern of Almaz-Antey Concern, co-operatives were created, which included more than 10 enterprises and organizations. Large work on the main activities of the activities carried out the management of PTP PGN, MNIPA, VNIIR, Nita, NPO, NGO "Lianozovo Electromechanical Plant", NTC Promtehaero, Lottes TM, Radiophysics, Gosnia "Aeronautics", 24th Nayu and the 2nd Century of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

In order to reconstruct the TRLP DN on the basis of the requirements of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia, the NGO Lianozov Electromechanical Plant OJSC was specifically designed and successfully passed the state tests of the TROLD "Sopka-2".

TRLK DN "Sopka-2" is designed to equip the radar positions of the dual-purpose destination of the Ministry of Transport of Russia and providing radar information PU of the Russian Federation attracted in peacetime to combat air defense duty to solve the problems of detection, measuring the three coordinates, assessing the parameters of movement, the definitions of state affiliation air objects, as well as obtaining additional (Flight) information and reception of the alarm signals ("Disaster") from aircraft located in the area of \u200b\u200bits action, and issuing generalized information about the air situation on the means of mapping or the ATC Invoice ATC and KP (PU) of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Made during the II stage of work on the deployment of SIT in the Nine Centers of the EU ATM (Moscow, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Magadan, Yakutsk, Rostov, St. Petersburg, Murmansk) and the modernization of 46 RLP DN made it possible to create in Central, East and North -Caspad regions of the country fragments of the Unified Radar System of FSW and PCP, built on the principle of information and technical interaction of departmental radar systems of the Ministry of Defense of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia.

At the same time, the exchange of information on the air situation between the EU EU centers equipped with SITA, and the CP brigades of the ICRA is carried out in an automated mode, and in most modernized positions, the TRLK DNs have been deployed that have the EU state identification equipment for the GRU and measuring the height of the flight observed. The work performed at the second stage of improving the FSER and the ODC made it possible to increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe controlled Ministry of Defense of Russia of the airspace (at an altitude of 1000 meters) by more than 1.7 million square meters. km, reduce the resource for the resource of the radio electronic technology of the Ministry of Defense of Russia by almost 1.4 million hours and ensure the required level of air traffic safety by reducing the risk of disasters from 13x10 -7 to 4x10 -7.

The end follows.

Alexander Kislukh

To resolve this problem can be available, cost-effective and sanitary facilities. Plants are built on the principles of semi-active radar (fell) using the concomitant reference of transmitters communication and broadcasting networks. Today, almost all known radar developers work on the problem.

The task of creating and maintaining a continuous round-the-clock duty field of overhead control field at extremely small heights (PMW) is complex and cost. The reasons for this lies in the need to compact the orders of radar stations (RLS), the creation of an extensive network of communication, the saturation of the surface space by the sources of radio emission and passive reasons, the complexity of the ornithological and meteorological situation, the thick population, the high intensity of the use and contradictory of regulatory acts relating to the region.

In addition, the boundaries of the responsibility of various ministries and departments in the implementation of the control of the surface space are separated. All this makes it much difficult to organize the organization of radar monitoring of airspace on the PMW.

Why do you need a solid field of monitoring of the surface airspace

For what purposes it is necessary to create a continuous field of monitoring of the surface airspace on the PMW in peacetime? Who will be the main consumer received information?

Experience in this direction with various departments suggests that no one is against the creation of such a field, but each interested department is needed (due to various reasons), a functional node is needed (due to various reasons).

The Ministry of Defense needs to control the airspace on the PMW around the defendant objects or at certain directions. Border service - over the state border, and not higher than 10 meters from the ground. Unified air traffic organization system - over the airfields. Ministry of Internal Affairs - only the aircraft preparing for the takeoff or landing outside the allowed flight areas. FSB - space around modest objects.

Ministry of Emergency Situations - Areas of Technogenic or Natural Catastrophe. FSO - areas of stay of protected persons.

Such a provision indicates the absence of a single approach to solving problems and threats that expect us in the surface union.

In 2010, the problem of controlling the use of airspace on the PMW was transferred from the state's responsibility field in the responsibility of the aircraft operators themselves (Sun).

In accordance with the current federal rules for the use of airspace, for flights in the airspace class G (small aviation), a notification procedure for the use of airspace was established. From this time, the flights in this class of airspace can be performed without receiving a dispatch permit.

If we consider this problem through the prism of the emergence of unmanned aerial vehicles, and in the near future and passenger "flying motorcycles", then there is a whole range of tasks related to ensuring the safety of the use of airspace at extremely small heights over settlements, industrially dangerous areas.

Who will control the movement in the low-speed airspace?

The developments of such available minor means of movement are engaged in companies in many countries of the world. For example, russian company "Aviaton" plans by 2020 to create its own passenger quadrocopter for flights (attention!) Outside airfields. That is, where it is not forbidden.

The reaction to this problem was already manifested in the form of adoption by the State Duma of the Law "On Amendments to the Air Code of the Russian Federation in terms of the use of unmanned aircraft." In accordance with this law of registration, all unmanned aircrafts (Bla) weighing more than 250 g

In order to register the UAV, it is necessary to apply to Rosaviatsiya in an arbitrary form indicating these drone and its owner. However, judging by the fact that there are cases with the registration of a piloted light and superfluous aviation, it seems that problems will be the same with unmanned aviation. Now for the registration of light (superhigh) piloted and unmanned aircraft correspond to two different organizations, and controlling the rules of their use in the class G air space over the entire territory of the country are not able to organize no one. This situation contributes to an uncontrolled increase in cases of violations of the rules for the use of a certain airspace and, as a result, increasing the threat of man-made disasters and terrorist attacks.

On the other hand, creating and maintaining a wide field of monitoring on the PMW in the peacetime, traditional means of low-voltage radar prevent restrictions sanitary requirements To the electromagnetic load on the population and compatibility of the RES. The existing legislation strictly regulates the radiation regimes of the RES, especially in the populated areas. This is strictly considered when designing new RES.

So, what's in the dry residue? The need for monitoring the surface air space on the PMW objectively persists and will only increase.

However, the possibility of its incarnation is limited to the high cost of creating and maintaining the field on the PMW, inconsistency of the legal framework, the absence of a commonly interested in the large-scale round-the-clock field of the responsible authority, as well as restrictions imposed by supervisory organizations.

It is urgent to start developing preventive measures of an organizational, legal and technical nature aimed at creating a system of continuous monitoring of the PMW airspace.

The maximum height of the border of the air space of class G varies up to 300 meters in Rostov region and up to 4.5 thousand meters in the districts of Eastern Siberia. In recent years, in the civil aviation of Russia there is an intensive increase in the number of registered funds and operators of general appointment (AON). As of 2015, over 7 thousand aircraft registered in the State Register of Civil Aircrafts of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that in the whole in Russia, no more than 20-30% of the total number of aircraft (Sun) of legal entities, public associations and private owners of aircraft using aircraft are registered. The remaining 70-80% fly without a testimony of the operator either at all without registering aircraft.

According to NP "GLONASS", in Russia, annually selling small unmanned aviation systems (bass) increase by 5-10%, and by 2025 they will be purchased in the Russian Federation 2.5 million. It is expected that the Russian market in terms of consumer and commercial small The civic bass can be about 3-5% of the global.

Monitoring: economical, affordable, environmentally friendly

If it is impossible to approach the means of creating continuous monitoring of the PMW in peacetime, then this problem can be resolved can be available, cost-effective and sanitary facilities. These funds are being built on the principles of semi-active radar (fell) using the concomitant reference of the transmitters of communication networks and broadcasting.

Today, almost all known radar developers work on the problem. The SNS Research Research Group has published a report "Market of passive radar for military and civil aviation: 2013-2023" (Military & Civil Aviation Passive Radar Market: 20132023) and expects that by 2023 the volume of investment in both sectors in the development of technologies of such radars has been achieved 10 billion US dollars, and annual growth in the period 2013-2023. will be almost 36%.

The simplest variant of the semi-active multi-position radar is a two-position (biastatic) radar, in which the reference transmitter and the radar receiver are separated by a distance exceeding the limit measurement error. Bistatic radar consists of a transmitter of the concomitant reference and a radar receiver, separated by the distance of the base.

As a concomitant reference, radiation of transmitters of connected and broadcast stations of both ground and cosmic basing can be used. The reference transmitter forms an omnidirectional low-voltage electromagnetic field while in which targets

With a certain efficient scattering surface (EPR), electromagnetic energy reflect, including in the direction of the radar receiver. The receiver's antenna system receives a direct signal source signal and an echo-signal delayed relative to it.

In the presence of an antenna of directional reception, the angular coordinates of the target and the total range relative to the radar receiver are measured.

The basis of the existence of the PAL is extensive coating zones of broadcasting signals and communication. Thus, the zones of various cellular operators almost completely overlap, mutually complementing each other. In addition to the hill lighting zones, the country's territory is covered with overlapping fields of emissions of the TV broadcasting transmitters, VHF of FM and FM stations broadcasting satellite TV and so on.

To create a multi-position network of radar monitoring on the PMW, an explosion network is required. Such capabilities have selected protected APN - batch information transmission channels based on M2M Telematics technology. Typical characteristics of the bandwidth of such channels during peak load is no worse than 20 kb / s, but according to the experience of application is almost always much higher.

NPP Kant JSC leads to a study of the possibility of detecting goals in the field of highlighted cellular networks. During the research, it was found that the most widely coverage of the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out by the communication signal of the GSM 900 standard. This standard of communication provides not only sufficient highlighting field energy, but also a wireless GPRS data technology with a speed of up to 170 kb / sec between the elements of the multi-position radar divided by regional distances.

The work carried out in the framework of the NIOD has shown that the typical country territorial-frequency planning of the cellular communication network provides the possibility of constructing a small-scale multi-position active-passive system for detecting and maintaining ground and air (up to 500 meters) of targets with an effective reflective surface of less than 1 kV. m.

The high height of the base stations suspension on the antenna towers (from 70 to 100 meters) and the network configuration of cellular systems make it possible to solve the problem of detecting the default targets performed according to the low-speed Stack technology, methods of separated location.

As part of R & D to detect air, terrestrial and surface targets, a detector of a passive receiving module (PPM) of a semi-active radar station is developed and tested in the field of cellular network networks.

As a result of the field testing of the PPM layout within the Cellular borders of the GSM 900 standard with a distance between the base stations of 4-5 km and the radiation capacity of 30-40 W, the possibility of detecting on the calculated range of flights of the Yak-52 type aircraft, the DJI Phantom Tom - Quadroctor type moving automotive and river transport as well as people.

During the test, the spatial-energy characteristics of the detection and capabilities of the GSM signal to resolve targets were evaluated. The possibility of transmitting batch information for detection and remote mapping information from the test area of \u200b\u200bthe test observation indicator is demonstrated.

Thus, to create a solid round-the-clock multi-frequency overlapping field of location in the surface space on the PMW, it is necessary to construct a multi-position active-passive location system with a combination of information flows obtained using the sources of referenceing a different range of waves: from meter (analog TV, VHF FM and FM Broadcast) to short decimeter (LTE, Wi-Fi). This requires the efforts of all organizations working in this direction. The necessary infrastructure and occupying experimental data for this are available. It can be safely argued that the acquired information base, technology and the principle of the hidden fell will find their decent place and in wartime.

Figure: "Bistatic RLS scheme". For example, a valid zone of coating southern boundaries is given. federal District Signal of cellular operator Beeline

To evaluate the scale of the placement of the reference transmitters, take for example the average Tver region. There are 84 thousand square meters in it. km with a population of 1 million 471 thousand people operate 43 broadcast transmitters broadcasting audio programs VHIM and FM radiation power stations from 0.1 to 4 kW; 92 Analog transmitters of radiation power transmission from 0.1 to 20 kW; 40 digital transmitters of television stations with a capacity from 0.25 to 5 kW; 1500 transmitting radio communications communication objects of various accessories (mainly basic cellular stations) radiation capacity from MW units in the urban area of \u200b\u200bup to several hundred W country zone. The height of the suspension of the reference transmitters varies from 50 to 270 meters.

The inventions relate to the radar region and can be used when controlling the space irradiated by external sources of radio emission. The technical result of the claimed technical solutions is to reduce the operation time of the radar in the active mode by increasing the time of its work in passive mode. The essence of the invention is that the control of the airspace irradiated by external radiation sources is carried out by viewing the space by the active channel of the radar station only those directions of the review zone, in which the ratio of the reflected energy object of the external radio electronic agent to noise is higher than the threshold value, for this pre-adopt reflected The object of the external radio electronic means, the waiting time of exposure to which the direction of the least inspected and does not exceed the permissible value. 2N. and 5 zp F-ls, 2 yl.

The inventions relate to the radar region and can be used when controlling the space irradiated by external sources of radio emission.

A known method of active radar objects, which consists in radiation of sounding signals, receiving reflected signals, measuring the delay time of signals and the angular coordinates of objects, calculating the range to objects (theoretical bases of radar, ed. Ya.D. Shirman, M., "Sov. Radio ", 1970, p. 9-11).

Known radar station (RLS), implementing a known method containing an antenna, antenna switch, transmitter, receiver, indicator device, synchronizer, while the antenna signal input / output is connected to an antenna switch, the input of which is connected to the transmitter output, and the output - with the entrance The receiver, the receiver output, in turn, is connected to the indicator device input, two synchronizer outputs are connected to the transmitter input and the second input of the indicator device, respectively, the coordinate output of the antenna is connected to the third input of the indicator device (theoretical bases of radar, ed. Ya.D. Shirman, M., "Sov. Radio", 1970, p.221).

The disadvantage of the known method and its implementing device is that the radar signal radiation is carried out in each direction of the controlled zone. This method makes RLS extremely vulnerable to anti-radar means, since, with continuous operation of the radar, the likelihood of detecting its signals, determining the direction of radar and damage to anticulate agents. In addition, the possibility of energy concentration in any areas of the controlled zone to ensure the detection of poor targets or to detect targets under the action of active interference is very limited. It can be carried out only by reducing the energy emitted to other areas of the zone.

It is known that sources that are not part of the radar can be used as sources of radiation. Such radiation sources are called "external" (Gladkov V.E., Knyazev I.N. Detection of air targets in the electromagnetic field of external radiation sources. "Radio engineering", IP.69, p.70-77). External sources of radio emission can be the radar of neighboring states and other radio-electronic means (RES).

The closest way to control the space irradiated by external radiation sources includes an overview of space using radar, additional reception reflected by the external RES energy object, determining the zone boundaries, in which the ratio of the reflected RES energy to noise q is greater than the threshold value Q pores, and energy radiation only Those areas of the zone in which the reflected energy of the RES (RF patent №2215303, September 28, 2001) was detected.

The device closest to the claimed is a radar station (FIG. 1) containing passive and active channels, the coordinate calculation unit, and the passive channel includes a series connected receiving antenna and receiver, the active channel includes a series connected antenna, antenna switch, receiver and The range calculation device, as well as the synchronizer and transmitter, the output of which is connected to the input of the antenna switch, and the first and second output of the synchronizer are connected respectively with the input of the transmitter and the second input of the range of range computation (RF Patent No. 226701, March 13, 2001).

The essence of the known method is as follows.

For the RES used, the ratio of the relation of the reflected energy object is calculated (i.e., the signal-to-noise ratio) at the reception point by the formula (Blyakhman A.B., Runova I.A. Bistatic effective area of \u200b\u200bscattering and detecting objects for radar lumen. "Radio engineering and electronics", 2001. Volume 46, №4, formula (1) on p.425):

where q \u003d p c / p should be the signal / noise ratio;

P T - the average power of the transmitting device;

G T, G R - reinforcement coefficients of the transmitting antenna of the RES and the receiving antenna of the radar, respectively;

λ - wavelength;

η - generalized losses;

σ (α b, α g) - the EPR of the object for the two-position system as a function from vertical and horizontal angles of diffraction α b and α g, respectively; At an angle of diffraction, the angle is understood between the direction of irradiation and the line connecting the object and the observation point;

F t (β, θ), f r (β, θ) - the pattern diagram of the transmitting antenna of the RES and the receiving antenna of the radar, respectively;

PC - average noise power in the receiving device;

R T, R R is the distance, respectively, from the RES and the receiving device to the object.

Calculate the angular boundaries of the vertical zone and horizontal, in which the values \u200b\u200bof the signal / noise ratio q no less threshold. The value of the threshold Q of pores is selected based on the required reliability of detection of the reflected object of the RES energy.

Within the limits of the boundaries calculated in this way, the zone is examined in passive mode (in the range of frequencies of the selected RES). Active mode is not used. If in some direction inspected part of the zone, the measured RES energy has a level of at least threshold, then this direction is inspected in active mode. In this case, the probing signal is emitted, the object detection and the measurement of its coordinates is detected. After that, the inspection continues in passive mode.

Thus, the number of areas of the zone inspected in the active mode is reduced. Due to this, in some areas of the zone, the concentration of radiated radar energy can be increased, which increases the reliability of the detection of the object.

The lack of well-known technical solutions is as follows.

As is known, external radiation sources, such as radar, located on the territory of neighboring states, are characterized for an external observer by randomness of radiation in time. Therefore, the use of such sources irradiating the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone by a sufficient level of power, as a rule, requires a long expectation time.

It can be shown that when used as an external 1st source of external radar, including located on the territory of the adjacent state, the waiting time of the exposure T I of the inspected direction will be determined by the expression:

where Δα i, Δβ i - the angular size of the combination of parts of the bottom i-th external Radar, the radiation level of which provides q≥q pore;

ΔA i; ΔB i - corner size of the external radar review zone;

T I is the period of view of the space of the I-th external radar.

For the case when performing the Q≥q condition is provided only by the main beam of the bottom of the I-th external radar (which takes place in the prototype), i.e. Δα i Δβ i \u003d δα i 0 Δβ i0, where δα i0 Δβ i0 is the angular dimensions of the main beam of the bottom of the Itho-Outer radar, taking into account the angular dimensions of the external radar review zone (ΔA i, ΔB i) are significant, fairly:

and t i → t i.

It follows that since for modern review radars, the review period is t i \u003d 5 ÷ 15 s and is rigidly limited, then their use as an external radar with a single-channel viewing method is almost excluded, since an overview of space consisting of tens of thousands of directions, during costs At the inspection of each direction 5 ÷ 15 with unacceptable.

In addition, modern radars work in a wide frequency range, have a large number of signals, whose parameters are also known, but require a larger number of channels for reception.

Contemporary radar presented the requirements for the review of the space sequentially in time without an additional stopping of the beam, i.e. "On the aisle." Due to the fact that the times of the zone irradiation with the main beam of external radar and the moments of radiation reception by the radar station in the same directions rarely coincide, the achieved time of the radar work in passive mode as a whole in the area of \u200b\u200bthe review turns out to be small. Accordingly, the time of its work is in active mode. In the closest technical solutions, when using external radar radiation sources, the overwhelming part of the RLS time operates to radiation in almost the entire review zone, which, as noted, increases its vulnerability in relation to the anti-radiopolding agents of the enemy and limits the possibility of energy concentration. This is a disadvantage of the closest technical solutions.

Thus, the decisive task (technical result) of the claimed technical solutions is to reduce the operation time of the radar in the active mode due to an increase in its time in passive mode.

The task is solved by the fact that in the method of controlling the airspace irradiated by external sources of radiation, which consists in the viewing of the space with a radar station (radar), in the additional reception of the reflected energy object of the external radio electronic agent (RES), in determining the boundaries of the zone, within which the ratio of reflected The RES energy object to noise is greater than the threshold value, and in the radiation radiation signal only in those areas of the zone, in which the reflected RES energy was detected, according to the invention, the energy of that external RES, the time of the exposure time which the direction of the smallest and does not exceed the permissible value.

The task is also solved by the fact that:

As external RES, ground RLS is chosen, including radar of neighboring states, determine their parameters and coordinates;

To view the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, those external radars are chosen for which, with other things being equal, the ratio of the largest, where D Makci is the maximum range actions i-th external radar, d fact - the distance from the i-th external radar to the viewed area of \u200b\u200bthe zone;

To view the section of the zone, those external radars are chosen for which, with other things being equal, the angles of diffraction are the smallest;

To view the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, the external RLS with a wide bottom in the angular plane is selected;

Based on the memorized angular coordinates β i, ε i, and the range of dials for i \u003d 1, ..., N of external radars calculate the values \u200b\u200band angles of diffraction and constitute the map of the correspondence of the area of \u200b\u200bthe controlled zone by the parameters of external radar stations to be used when controlling these sections .

The task is also solved by the fact that in a radar station containing a passive channel, which includes a series connected receiving antenna and a receiver, and an active channel, which includes a series connected antenna, an antenna switch, receiver and a range of range calculation, and a synchronizer and transmitter, which is connected With an antenna switch input, with the first and second synchronizer outputs, respectively, with the transmitter input and the second input of the range of range, according to the invention, the second receiver input is entered, the synchronizer input and the channel control unit containing the memory and connected to its output of the calculator, which is connected With the second receiver input, and the second input is connected to the third synchronizer output, as well as the second calculator, the input and output of which are connected accordingly with the output of the receiver and the synchronizer input.

The essence of the claimed technical solutions is as follows.

To solve the task, information on the parameters of the external RES, irradiating the RLS review zone, which comes from electronic intelligence means is remembered and updated regularly, i.e. The RES card is compiled and maintained. Such information contains data on the location of the RES, the time intervals of the operation of the RES to radiation, the wavelengths of the radiated signals, the radiation power and its change depending on the corners under which the analyzed areas of the review area are irradiated.

Available prior information about all (n) RES, irradiating zone, before inspection in the passive mode of each direction of the RLS review zone, is analyzed and a selection of external RES is made, which is best suitable for use in the current stead of the RLS operation.

The external RES is selected (K-E from i \u003d 1, ..., N), having:

The smallest waiting time of the irradiation of the analyzed area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, not exceeding the allowable T Ext, which is determined based on the permissible time of increasing the review period:

The greatest value of the maximum range of RES to the RES distance to the viewed area viewed:

The smallest diffraction angles:

The most wide ray (Δθi) in the angular plane:

In this case, the criterion (3) is the most important and therefore - mandatory. To perform it, the moment of inspection of the RLC direction in passive mode is required to close as possible by the time of the irradiation of this direction by external RES, i.e. Reduce the expectation time of exposure to external RES of the distributed radar direction. To reduce this waiting time to the greatest extent in the claimed invention, a phased antenna array (headlights) is used. The headlights makes it possible to change the position of the beam in the electronic scanning sector in an arbitrary order. This headlight capacity allows at each moment of time from a variety of directions in the electronic scanning sector to choose for inspection in passive mode, the direction, the time of waiting for the exposure to any external RES is the smallest. The use of an arbitrary order of selection of the direction for inspection in passive mode instead of a sequential transition from direction to the direction makes it possible to significantly reduce the waiting time of the direction of direction. Obviously, the best effect is achieved when using two-dimensional headlights.

The receiving position, which is a passive radar with headlights, has a frequency to receive equipment for receiving and processing external RES signals, in particular external active radar, including those located on the territory of neighboring states. According to the results of the choice of external RES, the equipment of the receiving channel is set.

After selecting the RES, the signal receives a passive channel. If, at the same time, a reflected external RES signal is detected during the permissible waiting time, i.e. Terms are fulfilled:

this means that the object is present in this direction. To detect an object and measure its coordinates, a signal is emitted into this direction by the active channel.

If, during the permissible time of waiting, the passive channel, the level of the received RES radiation did not exceed the threshold value, i.e. (7) Not executed, this means that there is no object in this direction. The sensing signal in this direction is not emitted. The ray of the passive channel antenna moves into the following, not examined earlier, the direction of the controlled zone, and the process is repeated.

For the case of use as an external RES of active radar, including those located on the territory of neighboring states, the criterion for selecting external radar is the total angular size of the main beam and lateral petals, in which the level of the received radiation has a signal / noise ratio Q of at least Q pores. In such a radar, the radar, the remoteness of which from the viewed area of \u200b\u200bthe zone (D fact) differing, is significantly less than the maximum radar distance (D Max).

So, for example, if the attitude , the energy of the external radar that falls on the inspected area of \u200b\u200bthe zone will be sufficient to detect an object not only in the region of the main petal, but also side (the level of which in this case is -13 dB with a uniform amplitude distribution of the field of the antenna, and when Further increase in the specified relationship - in the background of the background, i.e. wherein and t i → 0.

The specified criterion will be satisfied and for used as external airfield and route radars, the density of which is usually sufficiently high and therefore the probability of implementation of the condition is . In addition, modern airfield radars have extensive patterns in the angular plane, which provides irradiation with them at the same time large segment of the zone.

Favorable conditions for external radars are achieved and then when the outer radar irradiates the analyzed area of \u200b\u200bthe zone with small diffraction angles. So, with the magnitude of the diffraction angles, no more than ± 10 ° EPR object increases in tens and hundreds of times (Blyakhman A.B., Runova I.A. Bistatic efficient area of \u200b\u200bscattering and detecting objects for radiolocation to lumen. "Radio engineering and electronics", 2001, Vol. 46, №4, p.424-432), which leads to a decrease in the waiting time of TI irradiation, since the detection of the object becomes possible when it is irradiated with its side petals and the bottom of the RLS bottom.

The choice of external radar is made on the basis of a priori, regularly updated data on the parameters and the location of the radar. These data allow you to draw a digital map of the compliance of areas of the controlled space by radar stations to be used as external when controlling these sections. This card makes it possible to provide automatic restructuring of the parameters of the receiving channel to view the area sections in passive mode.

Thus, it is achieved a decrease in the waiting time of irradiation by external RES of the inspected direction in the review zone and is ensured by the solution of the task - an increase in the operation time of the radar in passive mode.

The inventions are illustrated by the following drawings.

Figure 1 - block diagram of the closest radar;

Figure 2 is a block diagram of the proposed radar.

The claimed radar station (FIG. 2) contains a passive channel 1, an active channel 2 and channel control unit 3, and the passive channel 1 includes a series connected receiving antenna 4 and receiver 5, the active channel 2 includes a successively connected antenna 6, an antenna switch 7, Receiver 8 and range 9, as well as a synchronizer 10 and transmitter 11, the output of which is connected to the input of the antenna switch 7, and the first and second output of the synchronizer 10 are connected to the transmitter input 11 and the second input of the range of range 9, channel control unit 3 Includes PSA 12 and connected to its output Calcutter 13, the output of which is connected to the second input of the receiver 5, and the second input is connected to the third output of the synchronizer 10, as well as the calculator 14, the input and output of which are connected accordingly with the output of the receiver 5 and the synchronizer input 10 .

The inventive radar station can be performed using the following functional elements.

Reception antenna 4 and antenna 6 - headlights with electronic scanning on azimuth and angle of place and with a circular mechanical rotation in azimuth (Radar reference book, ed. M. Skolnik, T.2, M., "Owl Radio", 1977, p.132-138).

Receivers 5 and 8 - superheterodyne type (reference book on radar technology. M., 1967, p.343-344).

An antenna switch 7 is a balanced antenna switch based on the circulator (A.M. Sadak and others. Directory on radar technology. Edited by V.V. Druzhinin. Military Publishing House, 1967, p.166-168).

The range of range 9 is a digital calculator that implements the range of range to an object by lagging the reflected signal (theoretical bases of radar. / Ed. Ya.D. Shirman, M., "Sov. Radio", 1970, p.221).

Synchronizer 10 - radar devices (theory and principles of construction). Ed. V.V. Grigorina-Ryabova, p.602-603.

Transmitter 11 is a multi-stage pulse transmitter on the clusterone (A.M. Sadak and others. Directory on the basics of radar technology. Edited by Vladimir Springs. Military Publishing House, 1967, p.277-278).

Memory 12 is a storage device (integral chips. Directory ed. T.V. Tarabrina, - M.: Radio and Communication, 1984).

Computer 13 is a digital calculator that implements the choice of RES in accordance with the criteria (3) - (6).

Computer 14 is a digital calculator that implements the control of the active channel in accordance with the criteria (7).

The inventive radar works as follows.

Data on the location of the RES, the time intervals of the operation of the RES to radiation, the wavelengths of the radiated RES signals, the radiation power and its change, depending on the corners, under which the areas of the review zone are irradiated, come from electronic intelligence areas and recorded in memory 12, where stored and regularly Updated.

During the operation of the radar, the direction of the review zone is analyzed to determine the need for the radiation of the audit signal of the active channel to measure the coordinates of the object. For each direction of the review zone, the RES is determined, which is best suited for use. The choice of RES is carried out in the calculator 13 by checking the criteria (3) - (6) for all external RES, the parameters of which are recorded in memory 12.

After the RES is selected, the receiver 5 is set up for receiving the signals of this RES. To do this, from the output of the calculator 13 to the receiver 5, the parameters of the signals of the selected RES are fed. After that, using the receiving antenna 4 and receiver 5, the signal of the selected RES is received.

If the reflected external RES signal is detected during the reference direction, satisfying conditions (7), then to detect an object and measure its coordinates from the output of the calculator 14 to the synchronizer 10 input, the control signal is supplied for which the transmitter 11 is formed by a high-frequency sensing signal. From the output of the transmitter 11, the high-frequency signal by means of an antenna switch is supplied to the antenna 6 and is emitted. The signal reflected from the object is received by the antenna 6 and via an antenna switch 7 is fed to receiver 8, where it is converted to an intermediate frequency, filtered, is amplified and fed to the range of range 9. In the range of range 9 in terms of the delay of the reflected signal, the range of the reflected signal is calculated to the object R 0. Azimuth and angle of the object of the object (ε 0 and β 0, respectively) are determined by the position of the antenna ray 6.

If during the permissible timeout time passive channel 1, the level of received radiation RES did not exceed the threshold value, i.e. Conditions (7) were not executed, then the signal of the active channel 2 in this direction is not emitted. The beam of the receiving antenna 4 of the passive channel 1 moves into the following, not examined, the direction of the controlled zone, and the process is repeated.

1. The method of controlling the airspace irradiated by external sources of radiation, which consists in overview of the space with a radar station (radar) in passive mode, in the reception reflected by the energy object of an external radio electronic agent (RES), in determining the boundaries of the zone, within which the ratio of the reflected Energy Object RES The noise is larger than the threshold value, and in the radiation radiation signal in active mode only in the direction of the zone in which the reflected RES energy detected, characterized in that the energy of the external RES is made, the exposure time which the direction of the lowest and does not exceed the permissible direction, Defined, based on the permissible time to increase the RLC Review period, while the information used on the time intervals of the RES operation to radiation from electronic intelligence means is remembered and is regularly updated for each direction of the RLS Review Zone.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that terrestrial radars are chosen as external RES, including radar of controversial states, while their parameters are determined on the basis of a priori information from electronic intelligence tools.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, to view the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, those external radars are chosen for viewing the area for which, with other things being equal, the ratio is the largest, where D Maxi is the maximum range of the I-th external radar, d fact - the distance from I- th external radar to the viewed area of \u200b\u200bthe zone.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, to view the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, those external radars are chosen for viewing, for which, with other things being equal conditions, the angles of diffraction are the smallest.

5. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, to view the area of \u200b\u200bthe zone, the external RLS with a wide bottom in the angular plane is selected.

6. The method according to claim 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, characterized in that on the basis of memorized and updated information from electronic intelligence services on the location of the RES, the time intervals of the operation of the RES to radiation, wavelengths of the radiated signals, radiation power and Its changes, depending on the angles, under which the analyzed areas of the review zone are irradiated, constitute a map of the correspondence of the areas of the controlled zone with the parameters of external radar stations to be used in the control of these areas.

7. A radar station containing a passive channel, which includes a series connected receiving antenna and a receiver, and an active channel, which includes a series connected antenna, an antenna switch, receiver and a range of range calculation, as well as a synchronizer and transmitter, which is connected to the antenna switch input, and The first and second output of the synchronizer are connected respectively with the input of the transmitter and the second input of the range calculation device, characterized in that the channel control unit containing the memory and connected to its output with its output, which implements the choice of radar means (RES), and the calculator is entered implementing the activation of the active channel, and the output of the calculator that implements the choice of the RES is connected to the second input of the passive channel receiver, and the second input of the calculator that implements the RES selection is connected to the third output of the active channel synchronizer, the input of the calculator implementing the control The active channel is connected to the output of the passive channel receiver, and the output is connected to the input of the active channel synchronizer.

The invention relates to geodetic measurements using satellite radio navigation systems, mainly when working in the conditions of a strong influence of reflected signals, in particular during the works in the placed area, as well as in urban cramped conditions

A method of controlling airspace irradiated by external radiation sources and a radar station for its implementation