River Danube. Ancient name and general description

Danube Second on the length of the river in Europe. The source of the river in Germany in the Black Forest Mountains.

It occurs through the territory of many states - Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and others. Doing Danube in the Black Sea.

River Danube takes his source on the territory Germany in the mountains Schwarzowda. The length of the river is 2960 km. Danube proceeds or is the border of ten states. Danube flows into the Black Sea, forming a huge delta in Romania and Ukraine.

As the man's handsome Danube begins on the slopes of the Schwartzwald mountain massif in Germany. Its originality is the place of merger of two mountain rivers Brigas and Brega near the German city of Donaushingen. From this place to the Black Sea coast, exactly 2783 kilometers, although in the literature more often found a figure of 2960 kilometers without indication accurate place source. However, the Danube is still the largest river Western Europe, And if you consider that it is connected by the shipping channel with the Rhine, across the River Main, then in the Danube you can directly cross the entire continent from the Black Sea to the Baltic. The mouth of the Danube is located between Romania and Ukraine and represents a huge delta area of \u200b\u200b5 and a half thousand square kilometers. It consists of three main garl and about 10 secondary.

Danube is an old river, after a long time, the Indo-European, then the Slavs. No wonder, because the Danube River is full of fish. Danube begins his way in Germany, proceeds in eight countries of Europe and flows into the Black Sea.

Danube Blows into the Black Sea.

River Danube Drives through the territory of Europe, originates in the Blackswald Mountains (Germany) and carries its waters to the east, crossing the territory of the 10 countries. On the picturesque shores of the Danube settle beautiful cities Europe - Budapest, Vienna, Belgrade, Bratislava.

Danube occupies second place in Europe among rivers in length (2960 km), yielding only the Volga. Also inferior to the Volga on the mouth area.

Danube is the longest river in Europe after the Volga. This famous river flows around the territory or borders of ten states.

The onset of the Danube begins in Germany, in the mountains of Schwarzvalda, and this river in the Church Sea. Delta Danube is the second largest after the Volga. The main part of the delta (somewhere 83%) is located in Romania and 17% in Ukraine.

1) The Danube River originates in the Mountains of Baden-Württemberg (Schwarzvald / Germany) powered by two Brecha (it is longer, see) and brigas; The place of their merger is considered for the beginning of the Danube



about Danube is a lot of legends and fairy tales, and no wonder, because after the source (near Immendingen) disappears through the Earth, and only after 12 km it breaks out from under the ground by Aaccha.

2) Danube Two-size delta after the Volga, most of it is located in Romania, less -in Ukraine, total area of \u200b\u200b4152 km, all this is protected biosphere reserve.

3) The Danube River flows into the Black Sea.

The Danube begins after connecting two mountain streams in the Black Massif Schwarzvald in the south-west of Germany. These are streams of Breg and Brigas. The first has a length of 48 kilometers, the second 43 kilometer. Nearby is small german cityok Donaushingen. It is curious that 30 kilometers after the merger of the Danube through cracks in limestone is hidden under Earth and only after 30 kilometers later it is shown on the surface.

The Danube after the Volga is the most significant distance of the European River and its waters through the Earth 10 countries and almost at the BCH of the flow of shipping. From the beginning of the origin to Vienna, it is a mountain river with a high flow rate of 3 meters per second. From Vienna, the river is already calmer and wider and wider before the passage in the mountains. Over the Iron Gate begins the Nizhnynaya Plain and the width of the river reaches 2 kilometers.

Delta with an area of \u200b\u200b4150 kilometers opens into the Chrnny Sea, a small part of E relates to Romania, the rest belongs to Ukraine. Three main garlas: Sulinsky, in which shipping, less significant Georgievskoe, Kyili and many small ducts are carried out.

Danube is the longest river in the European Union. It proceeds through the territory of the whole 10 states: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Moldova, Ukraine. Danube originates in Germany - in the Black Forest Mountains.

flows into the Black Sea



The Danube River flows into Black Sea, forming a delta, and starting its origin on the eastern slopes of the Black Forest.

Danube in the Black Sea is in 3 main garals (so called sleeves or ducts in the Delta of large rivers): Georgievsky (South), Sulinsky (middle), Kyiliy (South).

The length of the Dnieper River is 2850 kilometers, and the pool area is 817,000 square kilometers.

The Danube River is the largest river Central and South of Eastern Europe And belongs to the pool of the Black Sea. For the length and area of \u200b\u200bthe detention center, Danube is the second river in Europe after the Volga River. The total pool area of \u200b\u200bthe Danube River is 817 thousand km 2. In the north, the pool is bordered by the River Pools Weer, Laba (Elba), Odra (Oder) and Vistula, in the northeast - with the Dniester River Pool, in the south - with the pools of the Aegean rivers and Adriatic Seas, in the west and northwest - with the Rhine River Pool.

The Danube River is formed from the confluence of two mountain streams Brega and Brigas, which originate on the eastern slopes of the Black Forest, flow into the valley and merge around the city of Donaushingen (47 ° 56 'of the northern latitude and 8 ° 30' East longitude). The total length of the river from the merger site of these mountain streams is 2783.4 km, of which 2414 km (from Kelheim to Sulina) - shipping.

The distance along the Danube River from the port of Sulina to the port of Galatz is measured in miles, and from the port of Galats to the port of Ulm in kilometers. Mill's account begins at the port of Sulina and ends in the port of the Galatz, where the last 80-mile pillar is, then a 150-kilometer pillar is set up on the river, etc. The distance in a straight line between the venue of Breg and Brigas and the mouth is equal to 1630 km, which corresponds to the coefficient of torture equal to 1.7.

The total drop in the river from the Merger Place Brega and Brigas is 678 m; The average slope is 25 cm / km. Water consumption at Izmail Chatal on average is 6500 m 3 / s (about 205 km 3 per year).

From the place of merging to the village of Tuningen (2747 km), the Danube River flows in the south-east direction, and then changes this direction to the northeast, maintaining it to the city of Regensburg (2379 km), where it reaches the northern point of its current flow (49 ° 03 'northern latitude). The city of Regensburg River Danube deviates to the southeast, while maintaining the general direction to the village of Gönu (1791 km). From the village of Gönu, the Danube River flows to the east and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Wac (1679 km) turns sharply to the south. The southern direction of the Danube River maintains to the city of Vukovar (1333 km), from where it flows to the village of Palanka (1298 km) to South-East, and then to the place of failure of the Tissa River (1214.5 km) - east. From the mouth of the Tuss River to the village of Archair (771 km), the Danube River, making big bends, flows to the southeast, and then takes the eastern direction, which retains to the city of Svistov (554 km). The city of Svishtov River Danube reaches itself southern Points His current (43 ° 38 'northern latitude) and further, rejecting to the northeast, flows in this direction to the city of Chernavod (300 km). Below the city of Chernowoda R.Dunai flows in the northern direction, and at the place of signs of the Siesta River (155 km) smoothly turns into the east, while mainly preserving this direction to sign into the Black Sea.

In the lower flow of the Danube River, branched, forms an extensive swampy delta with an approximate area of \u200b\u200babout 5640 km 2. The length of the delta from the west to the east is 75 km, width from north to south 150 km.

Danube River delta takes southern part Extensive lowland leaving the Black Sea. To the west of the Danube River delta, there are northern spurs of the Dobrush's Hills, and the lower-Danube lowland is located behind them, dividing the eastern slopes of the Carpathians and the Balkans.

The top of the delta is at Cape Izmail Calta, where the main channel is initially divided into two girla: Kyili and Tulchinskoye. Tulchinsky girlo in Cape Georgievsky Chatal is divided into Georgievsky (right) and Sulinsky (left) girla. Thus, the Danube River flows into the Black Sea three main garlaces: Kyili (Northern), Sulinsky (Middle) and Georgievsky (southern); Of these, Kyili and St. George have their own secondary girla.

Kiliyan girloa from Cape Izmail Chatal before the village of Potina proceeds along a single bed first to the northeast, and then Izmail southeast. From the village of Potina to the city of Vilkovo, Kyili girlo branches twice to secondary sleeves, which are then connected again into one channel.

Sleeve Sulina Little Disguise and does not branch; It flows to the east and flows into the sea in the port of Sulin. The largest terrain on this sleeve is Malyuk, Gorgov, Krishan and Sulina.

Sleeve St. George forms large radiation and flows to the southeast in an unbreakable bed, and it branches out 5 sleeves, creating a side delta. The largest terrain on this sleeve: Mahmudia, Murigio, Dunowz and St. George.

Physico-geographical essay

The Danube River pool is crossed with two mountain chains separating it into three parts. The first mountain range begins from the High Tauern mountains, at the peak of Gros-Glockner with a height of 3798 m and includes mountains Low Tauern, Schneberg, Rax, Zemmering, Light and connects through small carpathians and white carpathians with Western Beskids. The Danube River is breaking through this mountain chain In the village of Devin, forming the so-called Devinian gate. The second mountain range begins in the Balkans and is connected to the southern Carpathians. Through this mountain range, the Danube River flows on the plot between Moldova and Turnu-Severin on the left bank and Vintace and the Kostola on the right shore, forming the passages, called the Iron Gate.

Thus, starting from the highland areas of the Eastern Schwarzowdal slopes and ending with lowlands in the Black Sea, the Danube River crosses various landscape areas with a pronounced variety of natural conditions.

According to a complex of physico-geographical and geological signs, the Danube River is accepted for the next three parts: the upper one - from the sources to the Gönu, the average - from the Goothy to exit from the iron gate; Nizhny - from the iron gate to the mouth.

Upper Danube(2783-1791 km) at a greater distance flows in the mountainous region formed on the left of the Swabian and Franconian Yura, Bavarian and the Czech forest, and on the right - the Swabian-Bavarian plateorest and the prevasses of the Eastern Alps.

According to the nature of the valley of the bed and the water regime, the Upper Danube is mountain in nature. The valley of the river here is mainly narrow and deep with steep picturesque slopes; Below the city Passau Valley represents the alternation of narrow sections with wide. Coast mostly cool; Within the pre-founder plateau, the channel is embedded into powerful alluvia deposits, which brought by multi-water alpine tributaries of the Danube River, most significant of which are Iller, Lech, Izar, Inn, Tragon, ENS.

The row on a greater mass of emulsive, places with steep hemacities, and in the expansion sites it has a branched and unstable character, reultering at the same time large quantity Shames and focate. In order to improve the conditions of swimming vessels, work was carried out on the construction of parallel dams and traverses, which overlap the secondary sleeves, reducing the fragmentation of the water flow, as well as the construction of the text-containing dam (bun). In addition, on some areas of the river, the Rocky protrusions, thresholds and rigs that created obstacles to shipping are eliminated by the creation of Bad Abbach hydraulic structures. 2401.72 km, Regensburg - 2381.32 km, Gaceling - 2354.30 km, Straubing - 2329.78 km, Cahlet - 2230.7 km, Johenstein - 2203.33 km, Asha - 2162.67 km, Ostensheim - Wilhering - 2146.91 / 2146.73 km, Abvinden-ASten - 2119,63 / 2119.45 km, Valze - Mitterkirchen - 2095,62 / 2094.50 km, IBS - Perzenbög - 2060.42 km, Minle - 2038,16 / 2037.96 km, Altenvert - 1980.40 / 1979.83 km, Greifenstein - 1949,23 / 1949.18 km, Fröydenau - 1921.05 km).

Gabachchio's hydraulic structure was built at 8.15 km of the derivational channel, which will be branched off from the main channel of the Danube by 1853 km and is 1811 km in the old direction. (The hydrocomplex axis corresponds to 1819.15 km of the Danube.).

The width varies in relatively small limits from 40 to 100 m at the Kelheim site - Johenstein and from 130 to 420 m at the Johenstein - Gönu section.

Depths vary unevenly, and in areas where, due to the expansion of the valley of the river and it, the riverbed is formed, they are subject to constant changes. The smallest depths on the uncomplicated areas are 2.00 m during the NWR, and in the sections where the sub-category is 2.7 - 2.8 m.

The flow rate varies unevenly and at the average water levels ranges from 3.0 to 10.0 km / h.

From the city of Kelheim, the regular movement of ships begins, and at present this city is practically considered an upper initial point of shipping on the Danube River.

Middle Danube(1791-931 km) mainly flows through a large middle-danube lowland and, with the exception of sections of the Visegrad and iron gate, is the nature of the plain river.

On the plain areas of the Danube River Valley (5 - 20 km) with floodplain terraces, rugged the labyrinth of secondary sleeves. Rods with low gentle shores and predominantly sandy bottom.

On the river breakthrough site through the Mountains of the valley, its narrow (0.6 - 2.5 km), the coast of the riverbed and the slopes of the valley are high, partially rocky. The bed here has a stony bottom, and the thresholds perform in places.

At a greater distance, the channel of the middle danube willowfully, but the length of the rectilinear sites and the radius of curvature of the radiation here is much more than on the Upper Danube. The channel has an unstable character, branched on a large number of secondary sleeves, and abounds with shames and rolling.

To improve the navigation conditions of swimming in the case, work was carried out on the construction of parallel dams and traverses and on the construction of the junctioning bun (dam). These works are made mainly before the village of Rogatin, and below, due to the increase in the size of the cross-profile of the river, partially performed work only on the overlapping of the inputs into separate sleeves, to strengthen the shores and to hide the steep emitting slots.

The width of the channel in regulated areas varies in a small limits, accounted for 300 - 420 m, and where the channel is not regulated, it changes in large limits, amounting to 400 - 2200 m. The smallest line of the channel in 210 m is noted in the gorge of the Kazan (Iron Gate) .

The depths on the middle danube site, due to the instability of the channel, fluctuate in large limits, and on the rigs are subject to constant changes. The minimum depths on the dugs at low water levels on average vary from 1.9 to 2.1 m.

At the docking areas, the minimum depth is 35 dm.

Due to the sharp changes in the river slope, the flow rate of the Middle Danube varies in large limits and is at average water levels 3.6 - 4.8 km / h on the Gönu plot - Belgrade, on the site Belgrade - Gateway Iron Gate - 0.4 - 3.0 km / h, Gateway Iron Gate - Turnu-Severin - 6.5 - 9.0 km / h.

Nizhny Danube (931-0 km) Almost all of its entire length flows along the southern part of the Nizhne-Danube lowland, which, hollowly rising to the periphery, goes to the foothills of the Carpathians. In the east, the Nizhne-Danube lowland goes to the Dobrudazhnaya elevation, which is often referred to as Nagorem Dobrudja or just Dobrudzha. To the south of the Danube extends the Bulgarian Plateau - an area with pronounced integrity and uniformity of the geographical landscape. The plateau slightly decreases to the Danube River, breaking up to it by the ledges. In the lower course of the River, the Nizhne-Danube lowland is narrowed from the north with suitable spurs of the Moldavian hill, and from the south - Dobugja. Next, lowlands expands and goes into a swampy delta, cutting a thick sleeveless network and lakes. Along these formations, wide coastal shaws are drawn, narrowing towards the sea and turning on its day into sandy shames.

According to the nature of the valley, the bed and the water regime of the Nizhny Danube is a typically pronounced plain river. The river valley is wide with the prevailing width to the city of Tourna-Migurele (597 km) 7 - 10 km, and below Delta - 8 - 20 km. The greatest width is 28 km (below the city of Khirschova (253 km), the smallest width is 3 - 4 km (near the cities of Svistov (555 km), Giurgju (493 km) and villages Orlovka (105.3 km). The right bank of the valley is high, The left is low. The riverbed is predominantly little-related, with smooth beams and significant along the length of rectilinear sites.

Throughout the course, the channel is repeatedly branched to a large number of secondary sleeves, forming many islands. The secondary sleeves are predominantly flowing, since they are not blocked by hydraulic structures. The most of its own development of the sleeves is achieved between the cities of Silistra (376 km) and Braille (170 km) and in the mouths of the Kyili and St. George Gyrl.

At Cape Izmail Chatal (79.63 km) is the top of the delta; Here the main channel Danube is branched to two girla: Kyili and Tulchinsky.

Kyilian girloa from the place of his branch up to 76 km (the number of kilometers in Key's Girl is coming from his mouthwork to Cape Izmail Chatal), prohibiting mainly among the lowland shores, has large radiation: at first it flows in the northeastern and southeastern directions, and Then the city of Vilkovo takes the Eastern direction. Before the village of Potina Gyrlo has one bed, and then the city of Kilia is branched on three sleeves: Kyili, middle and Tatar (Ivanisht), forming a rather complex water system, which is then rebounded into one direction.

On the plot between 38 km and the village of Crossing Kyili Gyrlo again branched the bag, draft, straight and straws, and below the city of Vilkovo flows into the Black Sea with several girls, the main of which are Ochakovskoye and Old-Istanbul.

Tulchinsky giro width from 200 m (42.5 miles) to 550 m (41 miles), winding, with steep hemacities, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Tulcha, stretches to Cape Georgievsky Chatal (62.97 km) and flows mainly among lowland shores, With the exception of the site between 39 - 38 miles, where the spurs of the Voulja Hills are approaching to him on the right, where the city of Tulcha is located (71.3 km).

Cape Georgievsky Chatal - 34 miles - Tulchinsky girlo branches to Sulinsky (left) and Georgievskoe (right) girlo. Sulinsky girlo with a length of 34 miles (63 km) has lowland shores, which are tightly lined with a stone. Its width changes in small limits and on average is 120 m. Most of the minor sleeves are blocked, and steep islands are hidden by slots.

In the mouth of the girla, the port of Sulina is located (0 km). To exit into the sea through the Sulinsky bar from the mouth of the Sulinsky girla to the sea, a canal, formed by two moles: Northern and South. The channel first has an eastern direction, and then smoothly bend to the southeast.

The main shipping fairway R.Dunai passes through Sulinsky Girla, which as a result of the hydrotechnical work was turned into almost a straight channel available for sea courts.

The width of the channel due to branching is extremely impermanent and fluctuates in significant limits. The average characteristic width of the channel by plots is:

The depths are fluctuations, falling on the pockets during the flood period to 15 dm.

The creation of a subjoiler on the Lower Danube between Prakhovo and Turnu-Severin was formed by a slice section with minimal depths of 35 dm.

Prior to the production of hydraulic work, water content in Kyili, Sulinsky and St. George Girls, respectively, was 62%, 8% and 30%.

In order to ensure the passage of sea courts from the sea in the Danube through Sulinskoye and Tulchinsky Girla, hydrotechnical works were carried out. At the top entrance to the Tulchinsky girlo, the stone dam was built with a stone dam with a length of 430 m. Sulinsky girlo was built with ten slots that reduce its length from 84.87 km to 62.97 km (a decrease of 21.9 km). It builds buns and coast to be strengthened by stone flooring. In addition, the mouth of the Sulinsky girla is built by the Northern and Southern Moles, which, due to the promotion of nanos towards the sea, are gradually increasing. The length of each mall is 7932 m (in 1983).

To maintain the depths of 24 feet on the location limiting areas, especially at the bar, hydrotechnical and excavatory work are carried out annually.

The activities carried out provide normal conditions for the entry of ships with a sediment of 24 feet from the sea to the city of Brail.

The flow rate ranges between 6.3 km / h at a high shipping level and 2 km / h (Braille - Sulina) - at a low shipping level.

Hydrometeorological essay

Climate. The Danube River pool is located in moderately warm belt. The originality of the relief of the pool leads to the formation of individual climatic zones, sharply different from each other from each other. For example, in mountainous areas, summer is much shorter and cooler than in the valleys. In the valleys of precipitation falls 4 - 5 times less than in mountainous areas. High air temperature and a small amount of precipitation lead to droughts in river valleys.

According to the characteristics of the climate, the Basin of the Danube River can be divided into three parts.

Pool of the Upper Danube It has a relatively harsh climate. Winter duration is usually three months (XII-II). average temperature January on plain from -0.8 ° to -3 ° C; In the mountains from -6 to -13 ° C. Frosts reach -20 ° C, and in some years, the temperature can be reduced to -30 ° C in the bottom of the night. Hot summer. The average temperature of July from 17 to 20 ° C, the maximum temperature reaches 36 - 38 ° C. In the mountains, the temperature decreases by 0.5 - 0.6 ° C for every 100 m height.

Middle Danube pool Differs on a dry continental climate. Summer lasts 4.5 - 5 months. The average temperature of July is from 20 to 23 ° C, the maximum reaches 39 ° C, which, together with a minor humidity and low precipitation, creates conditions for the occurrence of drought. Winter duration 1.5 - 2 months. The average January temperature on the plain from -0.3 to -2 ° C, the minimum -30 ° C; The mountains are average from -5 to -9 ° C, minimal -34 ° C.

Pool of Lower Danube It is characterized by an even more arid continental climate with a very hot summer and cold winter. The average temperature of January from -2 to -6 ° C. The minimum temperature reaches from -30 to -35 ° C. In the summer, the air temperature has a big daily course, reaching sometimes 15 - 20 ° C. The average monthly temperature of July is from 20 to 30 ° C, the maximum from 40 to 42 ° C.

Winds. In the Basin of the Danube River on the nature of the winds, the directions of mountain ranges and valleys have significant influence. The dominant winds in the cold season in the upper reaches of the Danube River are the winds of the Western and North-West quarters, in the middle part of the Danube River - East and Southeast, and at the bottom - North and East. In the warm season, the direction of the dominant winds is more constantly and mainly falls on the Western quarter. In addition, wind formation winds are observed in the Danube River basin with daily periodicity: mining winds, breeze, fenm, "neur" and "cat" reaching in certain areas of great strength. Usually in the pool, the Danube dominates winds at low speed (4 m / s) and shot. Number of winds at a speed of more than 10-15 m / s. is 1-5%. The strongest winds are observed in winter.

Fogs and visibility. Distribution of fogs in the Danube River Basin unevenly. The greatest number of days with fogs is observed in mountainous areas. In the Valley of the Danube River, they most often arise in the areas of the Hollow and Swamps. The most frequent fogs on the Lower Danube during the cold season. The average number of days with fog in the Lower Danube is 50 - 60 per year. On the Middle Duna, they are two times less. The fogs most often arise in spring and autumn in the morning and dissipated in the first half of the day.

Applying the Danube River Basin adversely affects, mainly fog, storm sediments, dust storms and blizzards. On average, the plain parts of the basin visibility is 10 km with some deterioration in the cold season.

Precipitation. Sediments on the territory are unevenly distributed. With an increase in height, the amount of precipitation increases. The average annual amount of precipitation on the plain is 500 - 600 mm, in the Carpathians - 1000 - 2000 mm, in the Alps - 1800 - 2500 mm and above. The number of days with precipitation varies from 70 in the valley to 220 in the mountains. The smallest amount of precipitation falls in the assistive part of the Danube. There were years when the precipitation did not fall out here during the summer. In the warm season in the pool, the rainfall is often observed in a larger intensity. The minimum of sediments falls on autumn and winter; With the exception of the Dinar Alps, where he is observed in the summer. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in summer (in the Dinar Alps in winter).

The area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment and hydrographic network. The dunes river pool has an asymmetric shape. 56% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment accounted for the share of left-bank tributaries and 44% - to the share of the right banks. In the upper reaches, the Danube increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment occurs due to small rivers and streams. Directly above the mouth of R.iller (2588 km) it reaches 5384 km 2, and directly below the mouth it reaches 7530 km 2. Directly above the mouth of the r. Inn (2225 km) It reaches 50570 km 2, directly below the mouth it reaches 76605 km 2, then at the city of Oorshova (955 km) reaches 576,000 km 2. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment is 817000 km 2.

The Danube River has a densely developed network of inflows by quantity over 120, of which 34 shipping.

Major tributaries Danube

	River	Place of sign in Danube		Countries in the territory which proceeds the river (from the source)	Length, km		Area pool thousand km 2	Average water consumption m 3 / s.	Annual stock
		Shore	River kilometer		common	including shipping part
1	Lech	right.	…	Austria, Germany	265	below	4,1	120	3,78
2	Isar	right.	2281,7	Germany	283	most of the river	9,0	185	5,83
3	Inn	right.	2225,2	Switzerland, Germany	525	below the mouth of R. Zalzhah	26,1	800	25,23
4	Ens.	right.	2111,8	Austria	349	in Lower Tension	6,1	210	6,62
5	Morava	a lion.	1880,3	Czech Republic, Slovakia,	329	below G.Godonin	38,9	120	3,78
6	Slave	right.	1794,0	Austria,	398	below G. Kermend	14,7	70	2,21
7	Vag.	a lion.	1765,8	Slovakia	402	below G.Seered	19,7	152	4,79
8	HRRON.	a lion.	1716,0	Slovakia	289	–	5,5	56	1,77
9	Ipel	a lion.	1708,2	Slovakia,	233	–	5,2	25	0,79
10	Drava	right.	1382,5	Italy, Slovenia, Croatia	720	610 km below G. Fillach	40,4	610	19,24
11	Tissa	a lion.	1214,5	Romania, Slovakia,	966	below, Ptisakarad	157,0	810	25,54
12	Sava	right.	1170,0	Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,	940	583 km below Sisak	95,7	1670	52,67
13	V.Mora-V.	right.	1104,5	Serbia	563	–	38,0	260	8,20
14	Timok	right.	845,7	Serbia, Bulgaria	189	–	4,7	40	1,26
15	ZhU.	a lion.	691,6	Romania	339	–	10,6	88	2,78
16	Ash	right.	637,0	Bulgaria	360	–	8,6	54	1,70
17	Olt	a lion.	600,6	Romania	615	below to Slatina	24,05	175	5,52
18	Yantra	right.	536,7	Bulgaria	285	–	7,9	40	1,26
19	Argesch	a lion.	432,0	Romania	350	–	12,55	63	2,18
20	Jalomitsa	a lion.	231,1	Romania	417	–	10,35	45,5	1,43
21	Syret.	a lion.	155,1	Ukraine,	726	below the mouth of R.Billlad.	45,0	230	7,26
22	Rod	a lion.	134,1	Ukraine,	967	85	27,5	105	3,31

River nutrition and level mode. Nutrition of the Danube River occurs due to the melting of alpine snow, liquid precipitation and groundwater. The river takes on the path of tributaries with different power conditions. The Upper Danube is powered mainly at the expense of the snowstation in the Alps, mostly in summer, and liquid precipitation. The influx of the Middle Danube brings water from the spring snowy in the Carpathians (Tissa) and liquid sediments in the summer. In the fall, during the arid period, and the middle of the Middle Danube is powered by underground waters.

Nizhny Danube Basically is a transit area carrying water from above. Partially, water is added here due to the melting of snow in the carpathians, and partly due to liquid precipitation. As well as on the Middle Danube, in the fall and winter, the replenishment of the river increases due to groundwater.

The above-mentioned Danube Features define the nature of the level mode.

Duncher Danube Characterized by sharp peopular fluctuations in water levels, maximum summer and minimal winter.

On average Danube Floods coming from above are molded and have a smoother character. Tissa and Sava somewhat change the mode of the Danube levels. New large floods are added caused mainly by shoes in Dinar Alps and resistant waves of spring flood at the expense of the snowdown in the carpathians.

For the Nizhny Danube Characteristic levels of levels due to the transformation of waves formed on the upper and middle Danube.

The highest annual water levels can be in any month of the year, however, on the upper and middle of the Danube, they are most often occurring in summer, and in the lower Danube - in the spring.

The lowest annual levels are observed in the period when the main nutrition of the river occurs due to groundwater, usually in autumn or in winter.

The amplitude of water level fluctuations varies along the length of the river in wide limits. In the constrained mountainous areas, it reaches 10 m. The same values \u200b\u200bare noted in the field of formation of ice congestion.

On the plain sites with a wide float, the amplitude is 3 - 5 m, decreasing to the mouth of the Danube to 1 - 1.5 m.

Air temperature. The temperature regime in the Danube basin is mainly due to the circulation of air flow and the features of the terrain, as a result of which the influence of geographical latitude is reduced to the role of a secondary factor.

Water temperature. The temperature of the water R.Dunai changes both in the time of year and in its length from top to bottom and in any living section is not constant. This is primarily due to the ambient air temperature, solar radiation, as well as with the temperature of water supplying the Danube.

Changes in the water temperature are followed by changes in air temperature, but due to the high heat capacity of water in the first half of the credarial period, the air temperature in the pool is higher than the water temperature of the Danube, in the second - below. The average annual water temperatures of the Danube River are always above the average annual air temperature of the pool, since in the winter time the water temperature of the river does not fall below zero, while the air has negative temperatures.

The maximum water temperature of the Danube River is observed in July - August and is equal to an average of 18 - 19 ° C in the portions of the Upper Danube and 24 -26 ° C on the Lower Danube.

The air temperature along the river length increases, in accordance with the increase in the water temperature of the Danube, however, changes in the water temperature along the river length are less significant than changes in air temperature.

Ice regime. Characteristic feature ice regime The Danube is the extreme instability of ice phases and the abundance of their offensive. There are years for years, when the Ice Hardware was not observed throughout the river or when ice phenomena were observed in one place, and there is no. The probability of the onset of ice phenomena varies from 70 to 90%.

Ice formation on the Danube can occur on the Upper and Middle Danube from the beginning of December to the end of February. Cleansing the River From Ice during the years with ice phenomena can occur from the end of December to mid-March in the Upper Danube and from the beginning of January to the end of March on the Middle and Lower Danube.

The ice station is observed every year. The smallest probability of its occurrence is noted for the upper Danube (5 - 30%). In this area, repeated freezing and openings for one winter are frequent. For the middle Danube, the probability of the ice station rises to 25 - 50%, and in the lower Danube it is 40 - 75%. Repeated freezing and openings are rare here.

Both spring and autumn ice rises are accompanied by ice booms on the shores, couriers and lugs, often leading to a sharp rise in the water level, flooding coastal areas and damage to dams and port facilities.

The duration of the raven period is on average equal to 345 days for the upper and middle Danube and 330 days - for the Lower Danube. The minimum duration of a raw period was observed for most of the Middle Danube in 1947 - 275 days.

. Water flux lengthcarrying their waters on the lands of Central and Eastern Europe, equal to 2872 km. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water basin is 817 thousand square meters. KM. The fall in water from the source to the mouth is equal to 678 meters. The river bed crosses or is the border of 10 states: Romania (29% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe pool), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10%), Germany (7%), Bulgaria (5, 9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%) and Moldova (1.6%). If you take all the tributaries flowing into the river, another 9 states are added, which accounts for 10.6%.

From source to mouth

Source

Water stream takes its beginning in the Black Massif Schwarzvald. It is located in the southwestern part of Germany. In these places there is a small German city of Donaushingen (population of 21 thousand people.). In the outskirts of the city at an altitude of 678 meters above sea level, 2 mountain streams merge: Breg and Brigas. It is they who are combined into a river, which gradually turns into one of the most important water arteries of Europe.

Top, middle and lower flow

The river is conventionally divided on the top, middle and lower flow. Top is considered from source to veins. This is the most real mountain river. It flows in a narrow valley between the Alps and the Czech array, which is characterized by steep slopes. The city of Ulma width of the water flow is 20-80 meters. Downstream the course expands and reaches 100-300 meters wide. The flow rate reaches 2.8 m / s. In many places, the channel is fenced and reflected by the dams.

The average current is considered from Vienna to the gorge, wearing the name of the Iron Gate. On this plot, the river is held on the Middlenaya Plain. The river valley is wide and varies from 5 to 20 km. The bed is rather winding and branched. The flow rate is 0.7-1.1 m / s. In places, the aqueous stream breaks through the ridges and forms the valleys. In such places, it narrows up to 150 meters, and the depth increases to 20 meters. In the gorge of Kazan, the maximum depth comes to 70 meters.

The lower course crosses the Lownedunai Plain. It is considered from the Gorge of the Iron Gate to the mouth. In this place, the Danube River is placed. The wide floodplain valley, the width of which comes to 10-20 km, branches on the ducts and sleeves. The width of the water flow comes to 2 km, the depth is 5-7 meters at a flow rate of 1 m / s.

Mouth

At the mouth of the river forms a delta, which in its area is only inferior to the Volga Square. Its area is 4150 square meters. KM. Of these, 3.5 thousand square meters. km are located on the territory of Romania, and the rest belongs to Ukraine. In its nature, the Delta is swampy and rolled with sleeves. There are 3 main sleeves or garla. This is Kyili, Georgievskoe and the main shipping - Sulinsky. The Delta length is 75 km, the width is 65 km. Each girlo creates his delta and flows into the Black Sea separately.

River Danube on the map

Sleeves and trusts

For the river are characteristic of the sleeves. Some of them depart from the main water flow by more than 10 km. Moshonian sleeve, dunner-century, small Danube, Bil and Shoroksharsky are considered the longest. As for the tributaries, there are 300 of them. Of these, 34 are navigable.

It should be noted that the water stream pool is asymmetric. It is 44% on its right-bank, and on the right bank - 56%. Most of Protock is B. mountain terrainAnd on a flat landscape there are very few of them. Troubles in the main mass of shipping. Of these, Iller, Izar, Morav, Drave, Tis, Prut, Syret and Harrow can be called.

Cities

On the shores of the mighty water flow there are many European cities. Four of them are capitals. This vein is the capital of Austria. Belgrade is the capital of Serbia. Bratislava is the capital of Slovakia and Budapest - the capital of Hungary. From German cities can be called Regensburg in Bavaria. He stands on the confluence of the influx of Rejoen and the Danube. In Bulgaria, this is the city of Ruse, it is considered to be the 5th largest in the country.

Danube in Hungary

Shipping

Shipping is carried out round year. In the cold winter ceases for a couple of months. According to the river, more than 100 million tons of transport cargo are transported over the year. In 1992, the Main Danube Canal was built in Bavaria. He joined the Danube River, and the water stream became part of the waterway from the Black Sea to the North. Lower course there are Romanian and Ukrainian shipping channels. For them, large vessels fall from the river to the Black Sea.

Nutrition river

Rain food, snow, glacial and soil. Flood and domestic modes are traced. The maximum water level is fixed in June, the minimum in the winter months is December, January, February. In the lower current, the maximum water level is observed during the flood period. This is April and May months. The smallest is fixed in the autumn months - September and October. Annual stock is 210 cubic meters. km. Water consumption is 6.4 thousand cubic meters. m / s.

The Danube River is an essential transport arterial of Europe. It has tremendous economic importance for most countries and gives water to a large number of cities. Without this water stream, life in the huge region just stopped.

Alexander Arsentev

Danube is the largest Western European River with established shipping. Barges and dry cargos walk along the river throughout the navigation, and boats travel companies Tours on the Danube in the summer months, from May to September. The river is very picturesque, a gift for lovers of unhurried cruises and travelers who try to visit the maximum number of countries. Danube for such a goal is quite suitable, there are ten European countries on his way.

States in the territory of which the Danube River flows, begin with Germany, there is sources. Mountains of the German Schwarzvald give the beginning great River. The birth of the Danube is surrounded by a mystery. After going about thirty kilometers, the river suddenly disappears. All the water, to the last drop, goes underground, boils there and dares, in order to break out the outward source in the form of a powerful source, which was given the name of the Aahi key in 12 kilometers. In 1876, this key arranged a check, it turned out that it was powered by entirely and completely water from the source of the Danube.

But the most interesting thing is that Aahsky key gives all the water River Radolfceller Aah, who takes it to Lake Boden, and from this lake takes its beginning being one of the largest water arteries of Germany. Nevertheless, the available water resources is quite enough and the Danube. After turning the German Regensburg, the river is gaining strength, gradually becomes full and leisurely flows further. Having passed Austria and Vienna Wpadin, the Danube River flows for some time on the border of Slovakia with Hungary. Rather becomes a natural border between the two countries on a sufficiently long section. Then, in the area of \u200b\u200bBudapest, it turns over the south cool.

Now the path of the wonderful European river lies south, along the way of the Danube divides the Hungarian capital - Budapest - in two cities, Buda and Pest. I must say that Buda and Pest together with the Danube form one of the most beautiful places on everything globe. The Hungarian capital is also the global capital of therapeutic and health care. The set brought Budapest to one of the first places in the medical recreation industry, and the blue Danube helped in this city.

After the Danube crosses the southern border of Hungary, he again becomes a natural border between the two countries, this time, Serbia and Croatia. However, soon the Danube River turns cool to the left, leaves the border and meets with beautiful ancient city Belgrade. There, Danube takes one of his main tributaries, replenishing the strength, flows on, towards Romania. And again, already again, the Danube River becomes a natural border between the two countries. At the entire length of contacting Romanian territory with Bulgaria, the border passes along the channel Danube.

And only a little, no reaching the banks of the Black Sea, the Danube River turns to the north to touch the most upheld southern point of Moldova and go through the Ukrainian land. It is divided into several sleeves, forming a classic triangle of a river delta, passes the last few kilometers and calmly pours their tired of the long journey of water into the hospitable Black Sea.

Danube (Greek. ̓Ίστρος - Istr; Lat. Danubius; Donau; Duna; Duna; Cesh. Dunaj; Serb., Bulge. Dunn; Rum. Dunărea), River in Europe, proceeds through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine; The second (after the Volga) in Europe in length and water supply. Presumably named by Celts who lived in her upper reaches (Celt. Danu; Danu is a rapid, stormy, fast). Length 2857 km, pool area 817 thousand km 2. The source of D. consider the place of the merger of small rivers Breg and Brigas on the Eastern Schlons of the Black Forest at an altitude of 676 m. Blows into the Black Sea, forming a delta. The average bias of the river 0.24. In D. there are more than 300 tributaries. In the river basin, there are a lot of mountain rivers (mainly in the Alps, Kimse, Atters and others), plain (eg, Neusidler-Ze, Balaton) and floodplain lakes. D. is divided into upper, medium and lower.

Upper Danube (from the source to the Devinian gate - the narrowings of the valley at the junction of the uniforms of the Eastern Alps with small carpats) - the typical mountain river, the river and the valley have narrowing and expansion. At the bottom of the site, the bed width from 110 to 300-400 m. Major tributaries: Iller, Lech, Izar, Inn, ENS (right), Altmül, Nab, Regen, Morava (left). The Middle Danube is limited by the Devinous gate and the iron gates located in the tesne of cataracts, between the southern Carpathians and the Western Springs of Stara Planna Mountains. At this site, the river crosses the middlenayan lowland. Below, Budapest sharply changes the direction of flow from the East to the South, near the city of Belgrade again turns to the east. The width of the channel increases to 800-1000 m. The Middle Danube takes a lot of full-water tributaries, the largest - Drava, Sava, Great-Morava (right), VAG, HRR, Ipel, Tis, Timish (left). Cataracts were tested earlier, there was a brown section of the bed of 117 km long, its most narrow (up to 150-300 m) and deep places - Kazan and Iron Gate. After the construction Jerdap reservoir This site is completely flooded.

The Nizhny Danube (from the iron gate to the mouth) flows through the Lower Nizhnya lowland. The width of the bed is from 700 to 1200 m. Major tributaries: Timok, lights, isten, vit, ax, Yantra (right), Liu, Olt, Argers, Jalomitsa, Syret, Prut (left). The Nizhny Danube ends with a large (4200 km 2) of a low-lying delta (80% of its area is located in Romania, 20% - Ukraine). For Delta D. characterized by numerous sleeves, ducts, lakes, smooth. The total area of \u200b\u200bintake lakes, fake lakes-limanov and lagoon lagun ok. 2000 km 2. At the top of the delta D. shares on the sleeves - Kyili (left, length 116 km) and Tulchinsky (right, 17 km), which, in turn, is divided into Sulinsky (76 km) and Georgievsky (after hidden 77 km) sleeves. Delta is distinguished by great biodiversity; here are sv. 5000 species of plants and animals. Cane overgrown in Delta D. - the most extensive (1560 km 2) and compact in the world. Only here, on delta lakes, there are "plauars" - floating carpets of alive and dead vegetation. In Delta D. - Danube Biosphere Reserves (Ukraine) and Danube Delta (Romania).

Mixed river nutrition (snow and rain). The long-lasting spring-summer flood and summer-autumn aircraft, as well as the winter and autumn flood, are clearly distinguished. As a result of climate warming, early snowdown and increasing the amount of precipitation, the flood in recent decades occurs in earlier deadlines, and its height has increased slightly. The construction of numerous reservoirs on D. and his tributaries almost did not affect the flow of water. Flooding during the flood and floods on the middle and lower Danube not only preserved, but also increased (extreme floods 2002 and flooding 2006, 2010). The size of seasonal fluctuations of water levels on the upper and middle Danube to 6-8 m, on the bottom Danube - up to 4 m. The delta is influenced by the influence of the surge fluctuations of the level up to ± 1-1.5 m. Mennogeneous water consumption at the top of the delta 6500 m 3 / s (the annual volume of upk 205 km 3); The most century-based influx - Sava (50.8 km 3 / year). Stoke of suspended nansions on average 36 million tons / year (before the construction of the Jerdap reservoir 50-65 million tons / year). The iceboarder on the Upper and Middle Danube is usually from mid-January to mid-February, on the Nizhny Danube - from the end of January to the beginning of February. In recent decades, the duration of the period with ice phenomena has decreased. D. water is polluted, the concentration of heavy metals, petroleum products, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, phenols and organic substances has increased. The main sources of pollution are the wastewater of industrial enterprises, household and agricultural wastewater.

Water resources D. are widely used by the Sudenha Countries. Navigation issues regulate Danube Commission (Budapest). D. Shipping from Regensburg (Germany). OSN. Cargo transportation are carried out on the Middle and Lower Danube. To improve the conditions of shipping and protection against flooding D., the total dams are regulated, dredging and rushed works are carried out in shallow parts of the river and in Delta. In 1984 in Romania between river Port Chernavode I. seaport The Constanta is open to the Danube Slot Channel - the Black Sea. In the early 1990s The Canal Danube is built - Main - Rhine, who connected the Black and North Sea. The large water potential of the river is used for energy purposes (large hydraulic rose "Jerdap-1" and "Jerdap-2" in Romania and Serbia, a cascade of hydroelectric station in Germany and Austria, GES "Gabčíkovo" in Slovakia). In Delta D. Developed agriculture, fishing and processing of fish; tourism. Largest cities and ports on D. (downstream): Regensburg (Germany), Linz, Vienna (Austria), Bratislava (Slovakia), Budapest (Hungary), Novi Garden, Belgrade (Serbia), Ruse (Bulgaria), Breile, Galatz , Sulina (Romania), Reni, Izmail (Ukraine).