How many times was the tsunami in the Maldives. Threat to Tsunami

(1299-1402)

The origin and concept of the term

Term " female Sultanat"Intrusted the Turkish historian Ahmet Refic Altynai In 1916, in his book with the title title, in which he considered the female Sultanate as the cause of the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

Leslie Pierce also considers the feminine Sultanate from this point of view, but indicates a number of prejudices. The reason for these prejudices was the negative idea that a woman could not stand at the head of the Islamic state. Pier writes that Sheikh-Ul-Islam Jafer Mustafa Sununlah Efendi In 1599 complained about the intervention of women in political affairs. Since then, after the end of the Board of Suleiman's magnificent (the period of stagnation and the next period of decline) is considered to be the negative consequence of the Board of Women. However, Leslie Pierce notes that after the end of the female Sultanate in 1656, the decay of the empire did not slow down at all, and even the opposite accelerated. Indeed, Leslie Pierce, Ilber Orthali and a number of other historians connect defeat in the Vienna battle in 1683, which occurred after the end of the Sultanate of women, with a decline of the Ottoman Empire. As for the most feminine Sultanate, he was more like a consequence than the cause of decline. The administration of the empire required a long stay in the capital: the era of the conquests of the canoni was close to completion in the second half of its board, since the borders of the Ottoman state reached the Sacred Roman Empire, the Russian kingdom and Persia equidistant from Istanbul. The army, released at the beginning of the summer camping, still remained at a distance impossible for capturing. Hikes have become disadvantageous in the financial plan.

Today is the term " female Sultanat"It is mainly used to designate a period in which women were much closer to power than any other period of Ottoman history. Anyway, Ottoman women had incommensurable power and were further from absolutism than European women of that time (for example, Ekaterina II or Elizabeth I).

History

In the Ottoman Empire, unlike other monarchies, women were not allowed to manage the country. In addition, the sultans were preferred to the official marriage. It was probably done in order to prevent unnecessary influence on the Sultan.

Termination of the Board of Women in the Ottoman Empire does not at all mean the termination of their impact on management. As earlier, the valid continued to engage in charity. In addition to the influence of politics, they were engaged in the construction of mosques, schools, hospitals; They also had large revenues that manage themselves. The bright example of this is the last two Valida: mantle of Sultan and Pertovnia Sultan. However, compared with the period of the Sultanate of women (especially with the period of the Board of Ködesend), their influence on the internal and foreign policy was very insignificant.

Representatives

Hurrem.

A woman who laid the foundations of the female Sultanate is considered to be Hurrem Sultan. For the first time in several centuries, Sultan married his concubine. In 1534, Hafs Sultan's Valida died. Even before that, in 1533, together with the son of Mustafa, who reached the age of majority, a long-standing rival Hurrem - Makhidevran went to Manis. In March 1536, the Great Vizier of Ibrahim Pasha, who had previously described on the support of Hafs, was executed by order of Sultan Suleiman, and his property was confiscated. The death of the Valid and the execution of the Great Vizier opened the Hurrend road to strengthen their own power.

Sultan Suleiman who spent most Time in hikes, information about the situation in the palace was received solely from Hurrem. Suleiman, who had previously relying on the correspondence with his mother, made Hurrem's political advisor. In addition, Hurrem Sultan received foreign ambassadors, responded to letters of foreign rulers, influential impends and artists. On her initiative, several mosques, a bath and madrasa were built in Istanbul.

One of the consequences of the influence of Hurrend on Sultan is considered the execution of Mustafa in 1553. Thus, Hurrem achieved power not only for himself, but also for his son Selima.

Nurban

Nurban was the first Valis-Sultan period of the Sultanate of Women. She began his elevation while her husband's life. Selim, in the most Ottoman empire, received a nickname "drunkard", because of his passion on the consumption of wine, but he was not the drunk in the literal sense. And yet the state affairs did Mehmed Sokollu, who fell under the influence of Nurban. The role of Nurban has increased when her son Murad III climbed the throne. He did little by state affairs, preferring haremuses. With it, a woman from the Sultan Garend began to play a large role in politics, in particular Nurban, and his concubine Safiye. They headed by the court groups of spill intrigue against each other, as well as against many of the highest dignitaries, often seeking their offset and execution. With Murad III, corruption has increased significantly, the norm is the norm of bribery and couch.

Safie

The effect of Safia sharply increased after the death of Nurban. Safi's authority was great, in the report for 1590 Venicean Giovanni Moro wrote: "She has power as a mother of Prince, sometimes she interferes in the internal affairs of the state, she is very respectable in this, his highness listens to her and considers it reasonable and wise" .

By the time of the reign of Murad, the fact that two more generations ago was a disturbance of traditions, became the organic part of the life of the yard. During this period, a new dynastic institute has developed, in which one of the decisive roles in the state played the mother of the eldest son of Sultan and the heir to the throne. Safiy played a role comparable to the role of the Korolev in European states, and was even considered by Europeans as a queen. In 1595, Murad IIi died, his place was taken by Safiya Mehmed III. Safia as Valida Sultan had a huge power and a huge influence on the Son.

After Safia, one after another was three Valida (Handan Sultan, Khalima Sultan and Makhfire Hadij Sultan), who did not play a big role in history, since they were in the post of regent a short term (each each).

Kösesese

Kömmem was not the first favorite of Sultan, as she was not her mother's mother's son. In 1604, Ahmed was born Son Osman. His mother was Greek Makhfire, who did not have great influence, even being a valid at Osman. Kossem had many children from Sultan, which allowed her to achieve such height at the court. Absolutely, her sons were Sultany Murad IV and Ibrahim I, as well as Shehzade Kasim, and daughters - Aishe, Fatma and Hanzade. Probably, her children were also Suleiman and Gevherhan. Koyssem issued his daughters for influential statesmen, who used her support and actually constituted her batch.

Koyssem was sent to the old palace. Next year, Mustafa was shifted, although he was not killed. The Sultan was the 14-year-old son of Ahmed Osman, in general, the successful rule of which was interrupted in 1622, when he was captured and killed as a result of the rebellion of Yanychar. The Sultan again became Mustafa, although he stated the reluctance to rule.

Next year, Murad turned out to be the next state coup on the throne. Since the suspicion of the organization of the coup and blood sheds of Sultan Palo on Ködesem, she had to make me justify before the judges. Being the mother of the new Padishah, Ködem raised to rank Valida and moved from the old palace to Topkapi Palace. Murad IV became the Sultan at the age of all eleven years, in connection with which until 1632, in fact, all power was in the hands of Ködesem and her party. Koyssem himself officially wore the title of regent.

After the death of Murad IV who had no children in 1640 he was inherited by the brothers - Ibrahim before this time. In the first years of his reign, power was again in the hands of Ködem. In the future, the relationship between mother and son spoiled. After the regular coup and murder of Ibrahim, the role of Ködem, the Song of Ibragima, from one of the wives, the son of Ibrahim, was planted on the throne on the throne. The first years of the reign of Mehmed was marked by endless intrigues against the background of confrontation Ködesem and Turkhan. In 1651, Ködem was killed, Turkhan often accuses to her death.

Turkhan

Turkhan is the last valid of the female Sultanate period. Ibrahim died when his older son was only 6.5 years old. With the Board, Mehmed Tourkhan was supposed to get title Valida. However, because of his youth and inexperience, Turkhan did not become a valid, and her place was taken by Ködesem. Together with the restoration of the title Valida Kösem received the title of regent with a young sultan. But Turkhan was too ambitious to lose such a high position without struggle. In 1651, Ködem was killed, Turkhan often accuses to her death. With the death of his rival, Turkhan became Valida. As regent, she led the huge Ottoman Empire to the adulthood of his son. It was on her initiative that the Great Vizier became Mehmed Kepelulul.

Turkhan was a big "builder" of the empire. Her first project began in 1658. Turkhan built two fortresses near the entrance to Dardanelles. This project set Turkhan to the same stage as Mehmed Conqueror and other Sultans, which built fortresses in the same area. However, Turkhan achieved the greatest recognition by completing a new mosque in Istanbul. Construction of this mosque began Safiya Sultan. After completing the construction in 1665, the complex, which was not only a mosque, but also a school, public baths, the market and cemetery, received the fame of the first imperial mosque built by a woman.

Causes of the end of the female Sultanate

After the overthrow of Mehmed IV, his brother Suleiman II climbed onto the throne. He and subsequent sultans turned out to be on the throne already in adulthood. Thus, the need for valid-regent disappeared by itself. In addition, by the time of the son of the Son on the throne, Valid was either dead, or were in old age, which did not allow them to interfere in the state affairs. The influence and significance of the valid weakened.

In addition, with the elevation, the maintenance of most cases was transferred to the Great Vizier and other dignitaries. The female Sultanat was replaced by the era of the Köcreul family.

Evaluation of influence

The grounds for dislike for the ruling women were not groundless. Former once slaves and female regacts raised to the status before the status were often not ready to lead political affairs. Their obligations included the appointment on important government positions, such as the position of the Great Vizier and Head of Yanychar. Relying on their approaches, the sultans often made mistakes. In the Sultanate flourished the courage. Women founded the choice of protege not on their abilities or devotion to the dynasty, but on ethnic loyalty. Another reason was the frequent change of the Great Visers. The duration of their stay at the post at the beginning of the XVII century was on average a little over a year. And as a result, political fragmentation and chaoticism arose in the management of the empire.

On the other hand, the female board had their own positive sides. It made it possible to preserve the existing monarchist order, based on belonging to one dynasty of all sultans. Personal disadvantages or incompetence of sultans (such as mental Mustafa I, cruel

Anastasia-Roksolana was a snack not only in operations, ballets, books, portraits, but even in television series. Therefore, many people heard about it.

Anastasia.Hourre

Anastasia Gavrilovna Lisovskaya, or Roksolana, or Hurrend (1506-1558) - first was a concubine, and then became the wife of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman magnificent. Why, no one ordered it by this name, no one knows, but in Arabic may mean "cheerful, bright", but about Roksolana - disputes serious, the name to Rusinam, Russians - the name of all the inhabitants of Eastern Europe.

And where she was born, no one knows exact location. Perhaps the city of Rogatin Ivano-Frankivsk region or the city of Checomers Khmelnitsky region. When she was a little she kidnapped the Crimean Tatars and sold to Turkish harem.

In the harem life was not easy. She could die or fight. She chose the struggle and is now known to the whole world. Everything in the harem was ready for everything, just to get a sultan tenderness. Everyone wanted to survive and put off the feet. The life of Roksolana-Nastya is well known to everyone, but about other slaves, which could also break out of the slavery of information.

Kezate Sultan

The most famous Valida Sultan Kezeme-Sultan (1589-1651), she was a favorite concubine of Sultan Ahmet's first. In the years, she was a girlfriend Anastasia, a priest's daughter with greek Islands Tinos.

She officially and was alone at the head of the Muslim Empire during debts of years. She would be a tough woman, but also with mercy in it also attended - she looked at all his slaves in 3 years.

She died with a violent death, was strangled by order of the future Sultan Valid the main eunuch of the harem.

Handan Sultan

Valida Sultan was Handan (Handan) Sultan, the wife of Sultan Mehmed III and the mother of Sultan Ahmed I (1576-1605). Previously, she was Elena, a daughter of a priest, also Greek.

She was abducted in a harem, and tried to get to power with all ways.

Nurban Sultan

Nurban Sultan (translated - "Princess of Light", 1525-1583) was his beloved wife Sultan Selima second (drunkard) and mother Sultan Murad Third. She was noble origin. But it did not stop the slave workers to kidnap her and deliver to the palace.

When her husband died, she sledged him to wait for her son to wait, when her son arrives and goes to the throne.

The corpse was so lay down 12 days.

Nurbanu was a relative of the most influential and rich people in Europe, for example, Senator and Poet Georgio Buffo (1694-1768). In addition, she was a relative of the Government of the Ottoman Empire - Safia Sultan, who was Venetian in origin.

At that time, many Greek islands belonged to Venice. They were relatives and "in the Turkish line", and "on Italian".

Nurbanu led correspondence with many ruling dynasties, led a pro-Venetian policy, for which it was raised by the Genoese. (There is also a legend that the Genoese agent pointed it). Lined the mosque Attik Valid in honor of Nurban near the capital.

Safia Sultan

Safiy Sultan was born in 1550. She was the wife of Murad Third and Mother Mehmed Third. In freedom and the virology, Sofia Buffo was named, was the daughter of the ruler of the Greek Island Corfu and the relative of the Venice Senator and the poet Giorgio Buffo.

She was also kidnapped and delivered to the harem. She led correspondence with European monarchs - even the Queen of Great Britain Elizabeth first, who even gave her a real European crew.

Excursions around the city of Safiye Sultan made in a presented crew, the subjects were shocked by such behavior.

She was the hence of the Turkish Sultans after her after her.

In her honor there is a mosque in Cairo. And the mosque of Turkhan Hatis, whom she herself began to build, finished another Valida Sultan Nadia from the little ukrainian city. She was kidnapped when she was 12 years old.

Sultanshi due to circumstances

The stories of such girls can not be called happy. But they did not died, they did not sit in imprisonment in the most distant rooms of the palace, they were not expelled. They themselves began to rule, it seemed impossible to everyone.

They achieved power with cruel ways, including the orders for killing. Turkey for them is the second homeland.

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The love of Sultan Abdul-Khamid I to the coercive Harem named Ruhshah was so great that he himself became a slave of this girl

Here is a letter of Sultan, begging ruhs about love and forgiveness (the originals of all his letters are kept in the library of the Topkapi Palace).

"My ruhshams!

Your Abdul Hamid appeals to you ...

The Lord, the creator of the whole living, has mercy and forgives, but you left your faithful slave, I whose sin is so insignificant.

I kneel, begging, sorry.

Let me see you this night; If you want, kill, I will not resist, but please hear my cry, or I will die.

I fall to your legs, no longer tolerate more. "

Also love worthy to be saved in the centuries - like the love of Sultan Suleiman and Rocksolanes

Bukhara Emir Seyid Abd Al-Ahad Bahadur-Khan (rules in 1885-1910), according to his Russian travelers who visited his Russian travelers, had only one wife, and he made it more for sight.

Were in history and other examples.

Muslim Rights

According to the laws of Sharia Women, Sultan could have four, but the number of slaves was not limited. But from the point of view of Muslim law, the status of Cadin-Efendi (Sultan's wife) was distinguished from the status of married women who had personal freedom. Gerard de Nerval, who traveled east in the 1840s, wrote: "A married woman in the Turkish Empire has the same rights as we have and can even ban our husband to have a second wife, making it an indispensable condition for the marriage contract [...] Do not even think that these beauties are ready to sing and dance, in order to entertain her Mr. - a honest woman, in their opinion, did not stick to such talents.

Turkanka could well initiate a divorce herself, for which she was only enough to submit a testimony to the court with her handle.

The most famous women of the Ottoman Empire

It is safe to say that Hurrem Sultan, who lived during the heyday of the Ottoman Empire, in the era of the famous Sultan Suleiman's magnificent, heads the list of the most famous women of the Ottoman dynasty. Historians continue this list in this order: after the famous Cherrem, or Roksolana, she is La Sultana Rossa goes Nurban - the wife of the son of Hurrem, Sultan Selima I; Then the favorite package of Ottoman Sultanov - Safiya, Makhpeker, Hatice Turkhan, Ememetullah Gulnush, Salikha, Michrisha, Michrisha, who received the title of Mother Sultan (Queen-Mother) were followed. But Hurrem Sultan became referred to as a queen-mother while her husband's lifetime, to the adoption of their son on the throne. And in this another consistent violation of traditions that followed first - when Sultan Suleiman made Hurrem his official spouse. And violate the age-old traditions is allowed only to the elect.

Ottoman monarchs from Osman I to Mehmed V

Ottoman Empire. Briefly about the main thing

The Ottoman Empire was formed in 1299, when Osman I Gazi, who was in history as the first Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, announced the independence of his small country from Seljukov and took the title of Sultan (although some historians believe that for the first time such title began to wear only his grandson. Murad I).

Soon he managed to conquer the entire western part of Malaya Asia.

Osman I was born in 1258 in the Byzantine province of Viphini. He died his death in the city of Bursa in 1326.

After that, the authorities went to his son, known under the name Orhahan I Gazi. Under it, a small Turkic tribe finally turned into a strong state with a strong army.

Four capitals Osmananov

In the entire long history of its existence, the Ottoman Empire replaced four capitals:

Segel (the first capital of Osmanov), 1299-1329;

Bursa (the former Byzantine Fortress of Bruus), 1329-1365;

Edirne ( former city Adrianopol), 1365-1453;

Constantinople (now the city of Istanbul), 1453-1922.

Sometimes the first capital of Ottomans is called the city of Bursa, which is considered erroneous.

Ottoman Turks, descendants of Kaya

Historians tell: in 1219, the Mongolian Hordes of Genghis Khan hit on Central Asia, and then, saving their lives, defeating Skarb and homework, all who lived in the territory of the Kara-Kidney state rushed to the southwest. Among them were a small Turkic tribe of Kaiy. A year later, it came to the border of the Konian Sultanate, who occupied the center and east of Malaya Asia by that time. Seljuki, who inhabited these lands, like Kaiy, was Turks and believed in Allah, so their Sultan considered the reasonable to highlight the refugees a small border fret of Bailik in the city of Bursa, 25 km from the coast Marble sea. No one could imagine that this small plot of land will be a bridgehead with which the Earth will be conquered from Poland to Tunisia. So the Ottoman (Ottoman, Turkish) empire arises, populated by Ottoman Turks - as the descendants of Kaya.

The further the power of Turkish sultans in the next 400 years, the luxuriously their courtyard became the luxurious, which glaels gold and silver from all over the Mediterranean. They were modes of modes and a model for imitating in the eyes of the rulers of the entire Islamic world.

The battle of Nikopol of 1396 is considered to be the last major cross campaign of the Middle Ages, which was not able to stop the offensive in Europe, Ommans Turk

Seven periods of existence of the empire

Historians share the existence of the Ottoman Empire into seven major periods:

The formation of the Ottoman Empire (1299-1402) is the period of the reign of the first four Sultans of the Empire: Osman, Orhans, Murad and Bayazid.

Ottoman transmission (1402-1413) - the eleven-year period, which began in 1402 after the defeat of Ottomans in the Angora battle and tragedy of Sultan Bayazida I and his wife in captivity of Tamerlane. During this period, Bayazid's sons were a struggle for power, from which the winner only in 1413 came out of the younger son Mehmed I Chelebi.

The rise of the Ottoman Empire (1413-1453) is the period of the Board of Sultan Mehmed I, as well as his son Murad II and the grandson of Mehmed II, ended with the capture of Constantinople and the destruction of the Byzantine Empire of Mehmed II, who received the nickname "Fatih" (conqueror).

The growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1683) is the period of the main expansion of the borders of the Ottoman Empire. Continued at the Board of Mehmed II, Suleiman I and his son Selim II, and ended with the defeat of Ottomans in the Vienna Battle during the reign of Mehmed IV (Son Ibrahim I Crazy).

Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire (1683-1827) - a period that lasted 144 years, which began after the victory of Christians in the Vienna battle forever put an end to the conquering aspirations of the Ottoman Empire on European lands.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire (1828-1908) is a period characterized by the loss of a large number of territories of the Ottoman state.

The decomposition of the Ottoman Empire (1908-1922) - the period of the recent two Sultans of Osmanov's state, the Mehmed V and Mehmed VI brothers, which began after changing the form of state government to the constitutional monarchy, and continued until the existence of the Ottoman Empire continued (the period covers the participation of Ottomans in the first World War).

The main and most serious cause of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire historians is a defeat in the First World War, caused by the surpassing human and economic resources of the Entente countries.

The day of termination of the existence of the Ottoman Empire is called on November 1, 1922, when the Great National Assembly of Turkey adopted a law on the division of the Sultanate and Khaliphate (then the Sultanate was abolished). November 17 Mehmed VI Vakhidddin, the last Ottoman monarch, the 36th in a row, left Istanbul at the British warship, Malaya battleship.

On July 24, 1923, the Lausanian Agreement was signed, according to which Turkey's independence was recognized. On October 29, 1923, Turkey was proclaimed by the Republic, and its first president was elected Mustafa Kemal, subsequently known as Ataturk.

Last Representative of the Turkish Sultan Ottoman Dynasty

Ertogrul Osman - Grandson of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II

"The last representative of the Ottoman Dynasty Ertogrul Osman died.

Osman spent most of her life in New York. Ertogrull Osman, who would be the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the event that Turkey did not become the republic in the 1920s, died in Istanbul aged 97 years.

He was the last of the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II remained in the living grandchildren, and his official title, if he became the ruler, would be his imperial Highness Prince Shah-Zade Ertogrull Osman Efendi.

He was born in Istanbul in 1912, but most of his life modestly lived in New York.

The 12-year-old Ertogrull Osman studied in Vienna, when he learned that his family was sent from the country of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founding the modern Turkish republic on the wreckage of the old empire.

In the end, Osman settled in New York, where she lived for over 60 years in an apartment above the restaurant.

Osman would have become a sultan if Ataturk was not founded by the Turkish Republic. Osman always claimed that he had no political ambitions. He returned to Turkey in the early 1990s at the invitation of the Turkish government.

During his visit to his homeland, he went to Dolmobakhche Palace at the Bosphorus Strait, which was the main residence of Turkish Sultans and in which he played a child.

As the BBC Observer, Roger Hardy, says, Ertogrull Osman was very modest and not to attract attention, he joined the group of tourists to get into the palace.

Ertogrula Osman's wife has a relative of the last king of Afghanistan. "

Tag as a personal sign of the ruler

Tag (TRA) is a personal sign of the ruler (Sultan, Khalifa, Khan), which contains his name and title. From the time of Ulubey Orhan I, putting out the writing of the palm, immersed in the ink, entered the custom of surrounding Sultan's signature by the image of his title and the title of his father, merging all the words in a special calligraphic style - it turns out a remote similarity with the palm. The tag is drawn up in the form of an ornamentally decorated Arabic vessel (text may not be on arabic, but also on Persian, Turkic, etc.).

The tag is placed on all state documents, sometimes on coins and gates of mosques.

For fake Tugs in the Ottoman Empire, the death penalty was relying.

In the rest of the Vladyka: persecuted, but with taste

About the rest of the Lord of the Ottoman Empire Traveler Theophile Guide wrote: "The Sultan's chambers are decorated in the style of Louis XIV, slightly modified to the eastern way: the desire to recreate the magnificence of Versailles. Doors, window bindings, platbands are made of mahogany, cedar or massive rosewood with fried threads and expensive iron flops, covered with golden crumbs. From the windows there is a wonderful panorama - no monarch of the world has equal to her palace. "

Tuner Suleiman Magnificent

So not only the European monarchs were fond of the style of their neighbors (let's say, oriental style, when the Baoras arranged as pseudo-desiral alkali or organized oriental balls), but the Ottoman Sultans admired the style of their European neighbors.

"Lions Islam" - Yanychars

Yanychars (Tour. Yeniçeri (Yenicheri) - a new warrior) - Regular infantry of the Ottoman Empire in 1365-1826. Yanychars, together with sipahs and Aknzhi (Connection), constituted the basis of troops in the Ottoman Empire. There were part of the Kapukula regiments (the Personal Guard of Sultan, held from slaves and prisoners). Yanychar troops also performed police and punitive functions in the state.

Yanycharn infantry was created by Sultan Murad I in 1365 from the Christian boys of 12-16 years. Mostly in the army, Armenians, Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Greeks, Georgians, Serbs, subsequently raised in Islamic traditions were enrolled. Children scored in Rushelia were given to upbringing in the Turkish families of Anatolia and vice versa.

Set of children in Janchars ( devmirme "The tax of blood) was one of the contestants of the Christian population of the Empire, since he allowed the authorities to create a counterweight of the feudal Turkic army (sipahum).

Yanychars were considered slaves of Sultan, lived in monasteries-barracks, they were originally forbidden to marry (until 1566) and to engage in the economy. The property of the deceased or deceased Yanachar became the property of the regiment. In addition to military art, Janchars studied calligraphy, right, theology, literature and languages. The wounded or old Yanychars received a pension. Many of them made a civil career.

In 1683, Janacares are also beginning to be completed from Muslims.

It is known that Poland copied the Turkish army system. In the army of the Commonwealth of the Turkish sample from volunteers, their own Yanychars were formed. The king Augustus II created his personal Jancharian Guard.

The weapons and the form of Christian Yanychar completely copied Turkish samples, including the military drums were a Turkish sample, and the color was different.

Yanychars of the Ottoman Empire had a number of privileges, from the XVI century. They got the right to marry, engage in trade and crafts in the free time. Yanychars received a salary from Sultanov, gifts, and their commanders were put forward to the highest military and administrative positions of the Empire. The garrisons of Yanychar were not only in Istanbul, but in all major cities Turkish empire. From the XVI century Their service becomes hereditary, and they turn into a closed military cast. Being the Sultan Guardian Yanychars became a political force and often intervened in political intrigues, overthrowing unnecessary and removed to the throne of the sultans they needed.

Yanychars lived in special quarters, often restrained, organized the riots and fires, overthrew and even killed Sultanov. Their influence has acquired such a dangerous scale that in 1826 Sultan Mahmoud II defeated and completely destroyed Yanychar.

Yanychars Ottoman Empire

Yanychars were known as courageous warriors who rushed to the enemy without sorry for their lives. It was their attack that often solved the fate of the battle. Not in vain, they were figuratively called "Lions Islam".

Did the Cossacks use an abnormative vocabulary in a letter to Turkish Sultan?

Letter from the Zaporozhette Turkish Sultan - an offensive answer of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, written by the Ottoman Sultan (probably Mehmed IV) in response to his ultimatum: stop attacking the brilliant port and surrender. There is a legend that, before sending troops to the Zaporizhia Sch, Sultan sent the Cossacks demand to submit to him as the Lord of the whole world and the governor of God on Earth. The Cossacks allegedly answered this letter to their letter, not embarrassed in expressions, denying all the valor of Sultan and cruelly mocking the fatherlessness of the "invincible knight."

According to the legend, the letter is written in the XVII century, when the tradition of such letters was developed in the environment of the Zaporozhye Cossacks and Ukraine. The original letter was not preserved, however, several options for the text of this letter are known, one of which is abounding with material words.

Historical sources lead such text of the letter of Turkish Sultan to the Cossacks.

"Offer Mehmed IV:

I, Sultan and Lord of the brilliant port, the son of Ibrahim I, the brother of the Sun and the Moon, the grandson and the governor of God on Earth, the Lord of the Macedonian Macedonian, Babylonian, Jerusalem, Great and Small Egypt, the king above the kings, the ruler over the Lords, the incomparable Knight, nobody The winning warrior, the ruler of the Tree of Life, the relentant keeper of the coffin of Jesus Christ, the guardian of God himself, the hope and comforter of Muslims, the designer and the great defender of Christians, commanding you, Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, to surrender to me voluntarily and without any resistance and I do not force your attacks to worry.

Sultan Turkish Mehmed IV. "

The most famous version of the Answer of the Zaporozhtsev Magomet IV translated into Russian is as follows:

"Zaporizhzhya Cossacks - Turkish Sultan!

You, Sultan, Damn Turkish, and Cursed Briard Brother and Comrade, Lucifer himself secretary. What kind of knight you are, when naked assholes do not kill. Damn raises, and your army devours. You will not be, Sukin You are son, the sons of Christian under them, we are not afraid of your troops, we will fight with you, the land and water, the rush ... Your mother.

Babylonian you cook, Macedonian chariot, Jerusalem brewer, Alexandrian Kozolupe, Big and Small Egypt Sveynbow, Armenian Voruga, Tatar Sagaidak, Kamenetsky Palach, Total Light and reference of the fool, aspid grandson and our x ... Hook. Pork you are a muzzle, a mare asshole, a meat dog, a naked forehead, your mother ....

So, the Cossacks answered you, plug. You will not even pig in Christians graze. With this end, because numbers do not know and calendar do not have, month in the sky, year in the book, and the day is like that you have, what you have a kiss in the ass!

Signed: Kosheva Ataman Ivan Sirko with all camp Zaporizhia. "

The letter is abounding with an abnormative vocabulary, leads the popular Wikipedia encyclopedia.

Cossacks write a letter to Turkish Sultan. Artist Ilya Repin

The atmosphere and mood among the Cossacks that compose the text of the answer is described in the famous picture of Ilya Repin "Cossacks" (more often called: "Cossacks write a letter to Turkish Sultan").

Interestingly, in Krasnodar at the intersection of Gorky and Red Streets in 2008, the monument "Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan" (Sculptor Valery Pchelen).

Roksolana - Queen of the East. All secrets and puzzles

Information about the origin of roxolane, or Hur-Rem, - as her beloved Sultan Suleiman is magnificent, contradictory. Because documentary sources and written evidence telling about the life of Hurrem to its appearance in the harem are absent.

We know about the origin of this great woman from the legends, literary writings and reports of diplomats at the court of Sultan Suleiman. At the same time, almost all literary sources mention its Slavic (Rusinsky) origin.

"Roksolana, she is Hurrems (according to the historical and literary tradition, name at birth - Anastasia or Alexander Gavrilovna Lisovskaya; the exact year of birth is unknown, died on April 18, 1558) - concubine, and then the wife of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman's magnificent, mother Sultan Selima II" - Vikipedia reports.

The first details of O. early years The life of Roksolana-Hurrem to hit the harem appears in the literature in the XIX century, while this amazing woman lived in the XVI century.

Captive Artist Jan Baptist Gyuismans

Consequently, to believe in such "historical" sources that have arisen in centuries, it is possible only by virtue of their imagination.

Abduction of Tatars

According to some authors, the Poksolan's Presents became the Ukrainian Girl Nastya Lisovskaya, which was born in 1505 in the family of the priest Gavrille Lisovsky in Rhathine - a small town in Western Ukraine. In the XVI Art. This town was part of the Commonwealth, which at that time suffered from the devastating raids of the Crimean Tatars. In the summer of 1520, on the night of an attack on the settlement, the young daughter of the priest fell to the eyes of Tatar invaders. Moreover, some authors, let's say, N. Lazzor, the girl kidnap the wedding day. Whereas others - she has not yet reached the age of the bride, but was a teenager. In the series "Magnificent Century" also show the bridegroom Roksolan - Artist Luka.

After the abduction, the girl fell on the slave market of Istanbul, where it was sold, and then donated to the Garem of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman. Suleiman then was the heated prince and held a state post in Manisa. Historians do not exclude that the girl was presented to the 25-year-old Suleiman as a gift on the occasion of the end of the throne (after death on September 22, 1520 His father Selima I). Once in a harem, Roksolana received the name of Hurrem, which in translated from Persian means "cheerful, laughing, giving joy."

Hownamed name: Roksolana

According to the Polish literary tradition, the present name of the heroine was Alexander, she was the daughter of the priest Gavrille Lisovsky from Rogatina (Ivano-Frankivsk region). In the Ukrainian literature of the XIX century, it is referred to by Anastasia from Rogatina. This version is colorfully set in the novel of Pavlo Zagrebelny "Roksolan". Then, according to another writer, Mikhail Orlovsky, set forth in the historical story "Roksolana or Anastasia Lisovskaya", the girl was from the Chemissell (Khmelnitsky region). In those long-standing times, when there could be a future Hurrem Sultan, both cities were located on the territory of the Kingdom of Polish.

In Europe, Hurrem became known as Roksolana. Moreover, this name was literally invented by Oleg Giselin de Busbek, the Hamburg ambassador in the Ottoman Empire and the writer of Latin-speaking "Turkish notes". In his literary work, he, based on the fact that Hurrem took place from the territory of residence of the tribe of Roxolanov or Alanov, called her rokcolan.

Sultan Suleiman and Hurrem Wedding

From the story of the author "Turkish letters" of the Austrian Ambassador Busbek, we learned many details from Roksolana's life. We can say that thanks to him, we learned about the very existence, for the name of the woman could easily be lost in the centuries.

In one of the letters, Busbek reports the following: "Sultan loved to Hurrems so much that in violation of all the palace and dynastic rules, marriage was married to the Turkish tradition and prepared dowry."

One of the portraits of Roksolana-Hurrem

It happened is a significant event in all respects in 1530. The Englishman George Young described this as a miracle: "This week an event has happened here, which the whole story of the local sultans does not know. The Great Lord Suleiman as the Empress took a slave from Russia named Roksolana, which was noted by the greeting festival. The marriage ceremony took place in the palace, which was dedicated to the feast of the scope of the unprecedented. The streets of the city at night are flooded with light and people have fun everywhere. Houses are hunted by garlands of flowers, the swings are installed everywhere, and the people are swinging for hours. On the old hippodrome, large tribunes with places and a gold-plated grill for the empress and its courtiers were built. Roxolant with approximate ladies observed from there for the tournament, in which Christian and Muslim knights participated; Before the Tribouquer passed the speeches of the musicians, they spent wild animals, including wiper giraffes with such long necks that they got to the sky ... There are many different things about this wedding, but no one can explain that it can all mean. "

It is necessary to indicate that in some sources it is said that this wedding took place only after the death of Valid Sultan, Mother of Sultan Suleiman's magnificent. And Valida Sultan Hafs Hatun died in 1534.

In 1555, Istanbul visited Hans to Turchesham, he wrote the following in his way notes: "Suleiman more than other concubines loved this girl with Russian roots, from an unknown family. Hurrem was able to receive a document on freedom and become his legitimate wife in the palace. In addition to Sultan Suleiman Gorgeous, no in the history of Padishah, who would have listened to the opinion of his wife. Whatever she wanted, he immediately performed. "

Roksolana-Hurrend was the only woman in a sultan harem having the official title - Sultan Haseki, and Sultan Suleiman shared his power with her. She forced Sultan to forget about the harem. All Europe wanted to know the details about a woman who at one of the receptions in the palace in a dress from Golden Parchs rose to the Sultan on the throne with an open face!

Children Hurrem born in love

Hurrem gave birth to Sultan 6 children.

Sons:

Mehmed (1521-1543)

Abdullah (1523-1526)

Daughter:

Of all the sons of Suleiman, the magnificent Father-Sultan survived only Selim. The rest died earlier during the struggle for the throne (except Mehmed, who died in 1543 from smallpox).

Hurrem and Suleiman wrote each other letters full of passionate confessions in love

Selim became the heir to the throne. After the death of the mother in 1558, the other son of Suleiman and Roksolana - Bayazid - raised the rebellion (1559) he was defeated by the troops of his father in the battle at Kone in May 1559 and tried to hide in Sefavid Iran, but Shah Tahmasp I issued him to his father For 400 thousand gold, and Bayazid was executed (1561). Five sons of Bayazid were also killed (younger of them were only three years old).

Letter to Hurrend His Lord

A letter to Hurrem Sultan Suleiman was written when he was hiking at Hungary. But there were many such touching letters between them.

"My soul's soul, my lord! Hello, who raises the morning breeze; Prayer to the one who gives sweetness in love with lover; praise to someone who fulfills the fever's voice; respect to someone who burns, exactly words of passion; Unlimited devotion to the one who is Osihasyan with the most grades, as the faces and heads of the ascended; to the one who is a hyacinth in the form of a tulip, squeezed by the aroma of loyalty; Glory to the one who keeps the banner of victory before the army; To those whose cry: "Allah! Allah!" - heard in heaven; His Majesty my Padyshah. May God help him! - We are transferring the Divo of the highest lord and conversations of eternity. Enlightened conscience, which adorns my consciousness and dwells the light of my happiness and my sad eyes; to the one who knows my innermost secrets; The rest of my sorry heart and the pacification of my chest wounded; To the one who is the Sultan on the throne of my heart and in the light of the eyes of my happiness, "the eternal slave worships him, devoted, from one hundred thousand burns in the soul. If you, my lord, my highest paradise tree, at least for a moment, learn to think about it or ask about this orphanage, know that everything except her is under the tent of the mercy of the meal. For that day, when an incorrect heaven with comprehensive pain I needed violence and in my soul, despite these poor tears, there were numerous split swords, in that day, when I had the eternal fragrance of paradise flowers, my world turned into non-existence , My health is in the ailment, and my life is in perfection. From my continuous sighs, sobbing and painful screams, not subsidizing in the afternoon, no night, the human souls were filled with fire. Maybe, the Creator is humble and, responding to my longing, will return you to me again, the treasure of my life to save me from the current alienation and oblivion. May it come true, my husband! The day I turned on the night, about the thanks to the moon! My lord, the light of my eyes, there is no night that would not be hushed up from my hot breaths, there is no evening, when they did not reach the heavens of my loud sobs and my longing on your sunny face. The day I turned into the night, about the longing moon! "

Fashionable Roksolana on the canvases of artists

Roksolana, she, as Hurrem Sultan, in many areas of the palace life was the discoverer. For example, this woman became the legislator of the new Palace Fashion, forcing the tailors to sew for themselves and close clothes of the free cut and unusual cape. She adored all sorts of exquisite decorations, some of whom were personally made by Sultan Suleiman, while the other part of the jewelry was purchases or gifts of ambassadors.

We can judge the draws of the pictures of famous artists who have tried to restore her portrait and recreate along the pictures of the famous artists. For example, in the picture of Jacopo Tintoretto (1518 or 1519-1594), painter of the Venice School of the Late Renaissance, Hurrem is depicted in a long sleeve dress, with a postponed collar and cape.

Portrait of a Topkapi Palace Museum

The life and elevation of roxolans so excited creative contemporaries, that even the great painter Titian (1490-1576), whose student, by the way, was Tintoretto, wrote a portrait of a famous sultach. Picture of Titian, written in the 1550s, is called La Sultana Rossa., that is, Russian Sultansh. Now, this masterpiece of Titian is stored in the Museum of Art and Circus Art Brothers Ringling in Sarasota (USA, Florida); The museum contains unique works of painting and sculpture of the Middle Ages of Western Europe.

Another artist who lived at the time and had attracted to Turkey was a major German artist from Flebburg Melchior Loris. He arrived in Istanbul as part of the Austrian Busbek Embassy to Sultan Suleiman Kanuni, and stayed in the capital of the Ottoman Empire four and a half years. The artist made a lot of portraits and household sketches, but, in all likelihood, his portrait of Roksolana could not be made from nature. Melchior Loris portrayed the Slavic heroine a little full, with a rose in his hand, with a cape on the head, decorated with precious stones and with hair laid in a spit.

About the unprecedented outfits of the Ottoman Queen, not only picturesque canvas, but also books. Bright descriptions of the wardrobe Spouses Suleiman are magnificent can be found in the famous book of P. Zagrebelny "Roksolan".

It is known that Suleiman composed a small poem, which is directly related to the wardrobe beloved. In the presentation of a loved dress, his beloved looks like this:

I repeated many times:
Sure my favorite dress.
Make a top of the sun, put a month,
From white clouds, tap the fluff, the threads are missing
from sea blue
Sew button of buttons from stars, and make a loop out of me!

Enlightened government

Hurrem Sultan managed to show his mind not only in love spells, but also in dealing with equal to himself. She patronized artists, rewritten with the rulers of Poland, Venice, Persia. It is known that she kept a correspondence with the Queen and the sister of Persian Shaha. And for the Persian Prince Elkas Mirza, shelled in the Ottoman Empire from the enemies, she launched a silk shirt and a vest with her own hands, thereby demonstrating the generous maternal love, which was supposed to cause gratitude, and confidence of the Prince.

Hurrem Haseki Sultan even took foreign messengers, corresponded with influential veversions of that time.

Historical information is preserved that a number of contemporaries Cherrem, in particular SEHNAME-I AL-I OSMAN, SEHNAME-I HUMAYUN and TALIKI-ZADE EL-FENARI presented a very flattering portrait of Suliman's spouse, as women read "for her numerous charitable donations, for Her patronage of students and respect for scholars, connoisseurs of religion, as well as for the acquisition of rare and excellent things it. "

Contemporaries believed that Hurrem was beaten by Suleiman

She implemented large-scale charitable projects. Hurrem received the right to build religious and charitable buildings in Istanbul and in other major cities of the Ottoman Empire. She created a charity foundation of his name (tour. Külliye Hasseki Hurrem). On donations from this fund in Istanbul, the Aksarai region or the female market was built, later the name of Haseki (tour. Avret Pazari), among the buildings of which came the mosque, Madrasa, Imaret, primary School, hospitals and fountain. It was the first complex built in Istanbul architect Sinan in his new post of chief architect ruling home, as well as the third largest building in the capital, after the complexes of Mehmet II (tour. Fatih Camii) and Suleimania (tour. Süleymanie).

Women's Sultanate - Definition Accepted in History historical period Ottoman Empire from 1541 to 1687 (according to another datding, from 1550 to 1656). Almost 150 (or just over 100 years), during which the glitstic ports are large on the state policy, and at the end - even decisive, the influence provided women. Mothers, wives and concubine Turkish Padishakhov.

The term "female Sultanat" was introduced into the history of the Ottoman Empire Turkish historian Ahmet Refic Altynai in 1916 in his book with the same name, in which he considered the participation of weak gender in managing Turkey as the cause of the decline of Osmananov. Although most of his colleagues and then, and later did not agree with such an assessment, explaining the increased influence of women on the policy of the Islamic Empire of the XVI-XVII centuries. consequence, not the reason for its weakening.

It should be noted that every Sultansh, which is in the "Women's Sultanate", was able to truly take power into his hands only after the death of his lord, as a Valid-Sultan (something like a "queen-mother" in European monarchies) The sons who became the Sultans (with one exception - Hurrem-Sultan never became Valida, because she had died before her spouse, Sultan Suleiman). Moreover, in most cases, this measure was forced - due to the youngsters of the ruling Sultan or because of his mental retardation. And yet - all these women, for a single exception, were born and formed as individuals in the context of European Christian civilization (two Ukrainians, two Venetian, Greek), which provided the weak floor, even in those harsh patriarchal times much more freedom and independence than Islamic tradition .

Hurrem-Sultan (Roksolana) Alexander (Anastasia) Gavrilovna Lisovskaya (1505/1506-1558) , concubine from 1520 g, from 1534 - the legal spouse of Sultan Suleiman I magnificent, Ukrainka, daughter of the Orthodox priest from Western Ukraine. Never was Valida Sultan;

Afiph Nurbanu-Sultan - Cecilia (Olivia) Vener-Buffo (OK.1525-1583), I got into the harem to the son of Hurrem-Sultan, Shehzade (Heir to the throne) Selim, approximately in 1537. Legal spouse Sultan Selim II from 1570-1571. In terms of its origin - Venetian, illegitimate descendant of two noble surnames (her parents were not married). Valida Sultan since 1574;

Meliki Safiy-Sultan - Sofia Buffo (OK.1550-1619). Venetianka, relative of his mother-in-law, Nurban. In the harem to the grandson of Hurrem, Shehzade Murada, came in 1563 - her nephew presented her daughter Roksolana, Mikhrimam-Sultan. Valida Sultan since 1595;

Khalima Sultan - the name given at birth, is not known (OK.1571-after 1623). Right from modern Abkhazia, most likely, Cherkhenka by origin. The circumstances under which she fell into a harem to the future Sultan Mehmed III, unknown. It is known only that it happened before His Edema for the Throne, Sanisa-Beme Manisa. Twice (a total of two and a half years old) was Valida Sultan with his mentally infallible son Mustafa I. Due to the incompleteness of Mustafa Khalima-Sultan for the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire, not only Valida Sultan, but also the regent of the Islamic Empire.

Makhpeker Kösesese-Sultan - (OK.1590-1651) - The most influential woman in the history of the Ottoman Empire, three times Valida Sultan. Presumably the Greek named Anastasia, the daughter of the Orthodox priest. Suite Sultan Ahmed i since 1603. Valida Sultan (and the regent of the state) with the Son Murade IV from 1623 to 1631; With the second son of Ibrahim I from 1640 to 1648; under the grandson Mehmeda IV from 1648 to his death in 1651;

Turkhan Hatijj-Sultan (OK.1628-1683) - Ukrainian by Nadezhda, Right from Ukrainian Slobozhanchina, presumably from the city of Trostyanets of the modern Sumy region of Ukraine. The superposition of Sultan Ibrahim I from 1641. Valida Sultan and the regent of the state from 1651 with his small son Mehmeda IV. Voluntarily abandoned the title of Regent on September 15, 1565 in favor of the new Great Vizier appointed by her, Mehmed-Pasha. This date is considered to be the end of the "Women's Sultanate", although the Turkhan itself has lived for another 18 years, and her son-Sultan, on behalf of which she had a rule, died in 28 years, before that he lost power in 1687, just four years after his death Mother. Some Turkish historians by the end of the "Women's Sultanate" are considered to be the 1687th, thus extending his term for 31 years. Since all these powerful sultans, no matter how smart, enterprising and wise, they did not mean anything without their own, often not just stupid, but mentally retarded sons whose names they ruled. An independent board of a woman in the Ottoman Empire for the Islamic world was absolutely excluded.

Another point. In those harsh times of the late Middle Ages, with a huge child mortality (out of 10 newborns, 5 died in the first days and months of life) and the frequent death of the guide, the girl was considered ready for marriage (and, accordingly, to married relationships) immediately after the first menstruation. A B. southern countries (Unlike Northern), this is quite often and is now found in girls in 10-11, even at 9 years old. It is clear that anything about any pedophilion then no one knew anything and did not hear - life was too short and Surov, the woman should have time to give birth as many children as possible, in order, in turn, of them as much as possible survived. In addition, in those times it was believed that than younger the fever, the more chance of experiencing the birth of a child. So all the superfits of Turkish Sultanov first fell into their bed at 11-12, a maximum of 13-14 years. What is confirmed by the date of birth of their children. For example, Sultan Suleiman I, Selima I, his grandmother Gulbharhar-Hatun (Grechanka Maria) gave birth to incomplete 12 years. At the same age, his son Bayazida II (grandfather Sultan Suleiman) had given birth (grandfather Sultan Suleiman), Sultan Mehmed II Fatiha, Sitti Mücrimhe Hatun.

The foundation of the "Women's Sultanate" in the Empire of Ottomans is considered to be Roksolana (Hurrem-Sultan) - the Ukrainian slave-concubine, and later - the favorite legitimate wife of Sultan Suleiman I.

What is not quite right for several reasons.

The success of Hurrem was largely due and prepared by its mother-in-law, mother Sultan Suleiman, Aisha Hafsi-Sultan - an outstanding woman of his time, which her son loved and respected to the very death. Perhaps, for the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire, not only as a mother, but, first of all, as a person.

Aishe Hafsa Sultan (December 5, 1479 - 19 March 1534)
Crimean Hunbick (Tsarevna), the daughter of the Crimean Khan Mengyley I Gurya (1445-1515) from the rulers of the rulers of the Crimea Geraev (Gireev). Her father was forced to accept the Ottoman Protectorate in 1578, a year before the birth of hafts.

In Hamhzade, Shehzade Selim Hafs-Hatun was somewhere in the spring and summer of 1493, about 13 years. Selim was then Sanjak Beeh (Governor, Managing the Ottoman Province) Trambling (now - the administrative center in the northeast of Turkey, on the coast of the Black Sea, not far from the border with Georgia) - the former capital recently captured (in 1461) Ottomans of the Trapezund Empire - The heiress of Byzantium, so that Crimean Hunbik, to become a concubine of one of the heirs of the Lord of the Ottoman Empire, had to just cross the Black Sea on the ship of his father.

The future Sultan Suleiman was born in a runway next year on November 6, 1494, and at the same time his twin sister, hafis (hafis) Himan Sultan (1494-1538) was born with him. The birth of twins and twins is usually a hereditary family feature. In this regard, it is worth remembering that after thirty years, in 1530, the younger sister of Suleiman and at the same time the daughter of His Mother Aishe Hafs, Hatija Sultan, also gave birth to twins - Boy Osman and Girl Hurifzhihan.

Two daughters of the son of Roksolana, Shehzade Selima, from his concubine Nurban - Esmekhan-Sultan and Gevkerhan Sultan, were twins or twins - there is even the assumption that they are elder sister, Shah-Sultan, a year older than them, was actually born in one day with girls - that is, they were triples. Already after the death of Sultan Osman II, the grandfather of Suleiman I, he had twins, Shekhzade Mustafa and Zeynep-Sultan. And the native brother Sultan Osman on his father, Ahmed I, also there was a couple of twins from Kösesend-Sultan - Shekhzade Kasim and Atica-Sultan.

The twin sister Sultan Suleiman lived a quiet and imperceptible life. At the age of 20, she was married to Damada Mustafu Pasha, who later, from 1522 to 1523, was the Governor of Egypt. Children from Hafiza-Sultan never had, and therefore, Ovdov at 29 years old, she returned to Istanbul to his mother, Aishe Hafse-Valida-Sultan, to Topkapi Palace. She no longer got married, and here finished her days - July 10, 1538, at the age of incomplete 44 years.

The first years of his life Suleiman spent his father in Sanjaka, in the tribe, and after the rite of circumcision in 7 years his grandfather, Sultan Bayazid II took the grandson to his yard to Constantinople. There Shehzade studied military case, legal right, philosophy, history and fencing. In addition, Suleiman taught foreign languages \u200b\u200b- Serbian, Arabic and Persian, who later owned perfectly. At the same time, he mastered the craft of a jeweler, which became his passion for life.

Grand-Sultan treated the future husband of roxolants very well (much better than to his father), which proves the following circumstance.

On the Ottoman tradition, all reached a certain age (usually at age 14, but the exceptions to the rules in both parties happened quite often) the Crown Princes (Shekhzade) were appointed by governors (Sanjak-Bayami) provinces (Sanjakov) in Anatolia (Asian part of modern Turkey); It was part of their preparation for further board. In the Ottoman Empire, there were no clear rules inheritance of the throne, all men are carriers of the sacred blood of Ottomans, had the right to power. According to custom, the throne received that Shehzade, who will be the first to reach Istanbul immediately after the death of Padyshach of the brilliant port. Therefore, according to the remoteness from the capital of one or another Sandzhaka of each son or the grandson of Turkish Sultan, it was possible to judge his preferences - it is clear that the one whom the father saw his heir, became Sanjak-Being the province closest to the capital. And in this regard, the father of Suleiman, Selima, everything was not just bad, but hopelessly - his Sanjak Tambone, compared with the amasi of the pet Father, her older brother, Shekhzade Ahmet, and Antalya of the second brother-competitor, Shehzade Korkuta, was in such deaf EB @ Nyakhi, of which he was not to get to Istanbul, there was not a single chance (the distance from Tambzone to Istanbul is straight - 902 km. In those days, even on the best horses and in good weather, one way to get ten days). For comparison: the distance from Achmeta Achmeta to Istanbul is 482 km, and exactly the same distance, only in the southern station from Istanbul, to Antalya Korkuta.

And here, like a thunder with a clear sky - his only son Suleiman, who reached 14 years (in 1508), receives the first appointment from his grandfather, and in a small Sanjak Bolu, located almost near Istanbul (223 km. By straight). However, the favorite of the Sultanian race, the eldest son of Bayazid II, Uncle Suleiman, Ahmet (who by that time there were four of his handsome sons), quickly corrected this annoying circumstance for him, sending a nephew by the governor "to hell on the horns" - to the Crimean Caff ( Feodosia), on the other side of the Black Sea, to the homeland of his mother, Aisha Hafsi-Sultan. Thereby making a fatal error for yourself.

After some time after Suleiman was sent to Sanjakbey in the Crimea, his father Selim asked for himself from Sanjak's father in Rumelia (European part of the empire), closer to Istanbul. Although he was refused to be denied these lands, as they were usually not given Shehzade, later, obviously in the mockery (apparently, without the eldest brother of Ahmet, and there was nothing) Selim received in the Office of Semendire Province (in modern Serbia) - a deaf hole north -Waspad edge of the empire. Here Selim showed clear disobedience at first, refusing to go to his new Sanjak, and then raised the uprising against his father, moving to Istanbul the collected nasty army. Sultan Bayazid at the head of the big army with ease broke his son in August 1511. The victim defeated Selim fled to the Crimea - to his son Suleiman and the test, Crimean Hanu Mengyley I Gire, who had a son-in-law with all kinds of help and support. Catch somehow a fugitive in the Crimea, where he is under the protection of the father's selected troops of one of his sultan, Sultan Bayazid had no opportunity. Yes, and Sanjak Bay Suleiman could imitate search for the rebel in front of his grandfather.

Meanwhile, the eldest son of the Ottoman ruler, Ahmet, who his father instructed the suppression of the rebellion of Shakhkula in Anatolia, receiving large military forces at his disposal, while Bayazid II disassembled with Selim, declared himself to Sultan Anatolia, and began to fight against one of his nephews (the father of which was already dead). He captured the city of Konew and, although Sultan Bayazid demanded from him to return to his Sanjak, Ahmet insisted in managing this city. He even took an attempt to seize the capital, but unsuccessfully, since Janchars refused to help him, resolutely supporting the Crimean fugitive Selima.

Ultimately, having lost the support of Yanychar, and in connection with some complicated religious motifs, Bayazid II ran away from the throne on April 25, 1512 in favor of the Father Suleiman.

Becoming Sultan, Selim I first ordered to execute all his relatives-men who have the right to Tron Osmananov. A month later, he ordered to poison his father. Hate elder brother Selima, Ahmet, continued to control part of Anatolia in the first few months of his rule. In the end, the troops of Selima and Ahmet met in the battle of Yenishechir about Bursa on April 24, 1513 - on the anniversary of renunciation from the throne of their father, Sultan Bayazid. Ahmett's army was divided, he himself was captured and soon was executed.

The second brother-rival Selima, Shehzade Corcut, did not take any participation in these straits, quite satisfied with his position Sanjak-Bay Manisa. He without hesitations recognized the power of Selim when he became Sultan. However, an incredulous Selim I decided to test his loyalty, sent him fake letters from the face of some state husbands of the empire, in which Corkuta called on to take part in the uprising against Selim. Having learned about the positive reply of the brother, Selim ordered him to execute, which was fulfilled.

All the time, while Selim II decided, of course, the most important questions for him are not just the throne, but elementary survival, of course, he was not to Suleiman. Guide to the upbringing of his son completely took over the mother Shehzade, Aisha Hafs-Sultan - a smart woman, brave and independent. The fact that the Crimean hashi in their homeland always enjoyed much more freedom than Turkish sultans at home, led to the fact that Aishe Hafs, many contemporaries considered the violature of traditional Ottoman obscures. It is she, and at all her daunt of Roksolana, first violated the unshakable rule of the main harem of Turkey "one concubine is one Shekhzade". Eunuchs were not allowed for a halvet (literally "full privacy of a man and a woman in a closed space without any interference") to the Sultan of women who already gave him the Son (if only the lord himself did not cause some of them to him). Such a principle must be recognized, made almost equal chances of the TRON of Ottomans of all Shehzade after the death of their common father. And did not give any opportunity to some one Oodalisk to significantly strengthen its position in the harem (and this could be done, exclusively burning boys). So - it was the Aishe Hifs-Sultan who gave birth to Selim I nine children (Roksolana and then she lost to her, giving birth to "total" six), of which four sons and five daughters. In addition to the five full (from common parents), Suleiman had another five single sisters from different concubines to his father. The younger brothers Suleiman - Orhan, Musa and Corkut died in early childhood. Before the adult, only the eldest son of Crimean Hunbika lived from all the sons of Sultan Selima, which, of course, later, very much easier for him to the throne.

Significance for Selima I His coat of Aisha Hafsi-Sultan, his mother's only Shehzade, after, suffering defeat from his father Sultan Bayazid II, he fled to her father in the Crimea, it is impossible to overestimate. Hafsa Sultan became a binding and unifying link between the three most close to men - the son of Suleiman, Sanjak Beam Crimea (who, of course, was subordinate to the Ottoman troops on the peninsula), father, Crimean Khan Mengyley I Giere, in whose subordination was a considerable local army (raids of the Crimean Tatars on Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland held all Eastern Europe), and husband (for the lack of another definition), the heir to the Ottoman Empire Selim.

It is unlikely that it appreciated Sultan Selim - a person is very cruel and rude even by the standards of his time, but on the young Suleiman, who at the age of 17 was in the very epicenter of the dynastic crisis of a huge state, this circumstance was definitely made an indelible impression. And, obviously, it was this that made him see in a woman who was not considered a person in those days and for man.

After Selima I was at the throne in April 1512, he sent Suleiman to the governor to the "Swedro-Wine" Saruhan Saruhan with the capital in Manisa. Distance from Manisa to Istanbul in a straight line - 297 km. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Ottoman Sultans sent Sanjak-missions to her sons who wanted to leave power over the bright port after their death. Aishe Hafsa Sultan went to Surukhan, and in 1520, after the death of Sultan Selim I, accompanied him to Istanbul, where he became Sultan Suleiman I. From 1520 to his death in 1534 he managed the main garem of the empire. She became the first mother of the ruling Turkish Padishah, who was carrying the title of Valida Sultan.

For eight years, during which her son ruled Saruhan in Manisa, Aishe Hifs-Sultan did a lot for the prosperity of this edge. At your expense, she built mosque, schools and hospitals in Manisa. Until this day, a building was preserved to be founded by the charitable center to help mentally ill.

The death day of Mother Sultan Suleiman - March 19, 1534 - still celebrated in Turkey as a day of memory of one of the most revered women in the country.

If at the very beginning of the Sultanate Selim I in the bright port, only two carriers of the sacred blood of Ottomans on the men's line remained - he himself and his only son Suleiman (he himself destroyed himself), then Suliman after his father's death arrived in Istanbul from Manisa with three (by Other data - five) with their sons from three concubines (in all of him in the harem there was then seventeen), the older of which was 7-8 years old, including 5-year-olds then Mustafa. And in Istanbul, he was waiting for the throne of the greatest powers of the time - the Islamic Empire of Ottomans, which he even more expanded and strengthened military campaigns during his board. And roxolane.

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Like any maritime state Maldives are susceptible to tsunami risk. The territory of the republic almost 96% consists of water spaces, and therefore two dozen archipelago atolls are constantly surrounded by water. By and large, the rustling of the water element on the islands was not afraid to the tragic event of 2004. Then 76 died from tsunami local residentsThree tourists from Britain and about three dozen people received various injuries. It is worth noting that from 822 Russian tourists at that time, none suffered during the incident.

After this incident, the Maldives quickly restored the usual rhythm of life. Due to the fact that each island with the hotel is the actual autonomous settlement, the republic managed to avoid many problems. For example, each island has its own communication network, its water supply system and sewage, its own power plants and other systems.

Despite the fact that immediately after the tsunami, many hotels closed to the reconstruction and began to receive refuses from the booked tours, soon the tourist frequencies again became the same. Of course, 90 large hotels, only two dozen have gained significant damage due to which their reconstruction is relatively dragging.

Comparatively with neighboring states, the Maldives suffered the least. In many respects, due to its own environmental policy, and in something due to the sandy soil, through which the water quickly leaked and did not create unnecessary problems. The Maldives of the Maldives are the only in the district who protects and cares about their natural defenders from the tsunami. Archipelago and every island in particular, she sows the natural circle of coral reefs, which take on the main blow of the wave. In this regard, the resorts are strictly forbidden to disturb and take corals and shells from water, and the laws of the republic prohibit the export of non-certified products of this kind.

Recently, especially dangerous tsunami Maldives are not disturbingAnd vacationers can fully enjoy the bright sun and hot beaches without worrying about their own security. In addition, Maldives are truly paradise Earth in the Indian Ocean. There is no place for more surprising and beautiful than this, moreover, unlike other resorts, the service on the islands is really high-quality, and services are complex, but unobtrusive. The only thing you need to pay special attention to, drawing up a tour, this is right to choose the hotel.

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