The first person has made a round-the-world journey. Atlantic and Conspiracy

Around thetest swimming and travel, expeditions around the Earth, during which all the meridians or parallels are intersecting. Round-the-world swims took place (in different sequences) through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceanthey were committed initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to great geographical discoveries. First in history circumnavigation Done by the Spanish Expedition in 1519-22, headed by F. Magellan in search of a direct Western way from Europe to West India (where the Spaniards were sent for spices) under the command of six replacing captains (the last - H. S. Elkano). As a result of this most important in history geographic discoveries The swimming was revealed by a giant water area called by the Pacific Ocean, the unity of the World Ocean was proved, questioned the hypothesis about the predominance of sushi over the waters, confirmed the theory of the Earth's softenness, an irrefutable data appeared to determine its true dimensions, there was a thought about the need to introduce a line change line. Despite the death of Magellan in this swimming, it should be considered to be the first round-the-world seawater. The second world swimming was carried out by English Pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third - English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); They penetrated Magellan Strait in the Pacific Ocean for robbery of the Spanish-American port cities and the capture of Spanish courts. Drake became the first captain who fully committed around the world. The fourth world swimming (again through Magellan Strait) was carried out by the Netherlands Expedition O. Van North (1598-1601). Netherlands Expedition Ya. Levere - V. Schauten (1615-17), equipped with competing merchants-compatriots to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands Ost-India Company, paved a new way around the Outdoor Cape Horn, but the company's agents seized their ship at Muskki Islands, and the surviving Sailors (including Schauten) graduated from round-the-world swimming already as arrestants on her ships. Of the three round-mounted swimming pools of the English navigator U. Dampir, the most significant - the first one that he fulfilled on different ships with big breaks in 1679-91, gathering materials that allowed him to be one of the founders of oceanography.

In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle was aggravated for the seizure of new land, the United Kingdom and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French circulation expedition under the post of L. A. De Bougainville (1766-69), which opened in Oceania a number of islands; Among the participants of this expedition was J. Bar - the first woman who made around the world. These swimming have proven, although it is not fully, that in the Pacific Ocean, between the parallels of 50 ° of the northern latitude and 60 ° of southern latitude, east of Asian archipelago, New Guinea and Australia there are no large sushi massifs except New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis in a world swimming of 1766-68 for the first time with the use of a new method for notes for longitudes quite accurately determined the position of Tahiti Island, several islands and atolls in Western and central parts Pacific. The largest geographical results achieved the English navigator J. Cook in three rounds of swimming.

In the 19th century, hundreds of world swimming pools with trade, commercial and purely scientific purposes were held, discoveries in the southern hemisphere. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; During the first round-the-world swimming, performed at the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" gateways, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lysyansky (1803-06), interpassate countercases in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are revealed, the causes of the sea glow are explained. The following dozens of other Russian round-the-world swimming parts were associated with a relatively cheap marine way St. Petersburg with Far East And Russian possessions in North America strengthened Russian positions in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and opened a lot of islands; O. E. Kotsebu during its second world navigation (1815-18) for the first time expressed the right assumption of origin coral Islands. Expedition F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazareva (1819-21) at the "East" and "Mirny" boats on January 5 and 6, 1820, almost close to the coast of mythical to this southern land - Antarctica (now the shore Princesses Marta and Coast Princess Astrid), revealed an arcuate underwater ridge with a length of 4,800 km, caused 29 islands to map.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing courts The basic openings of new lands were completed and completed, three round-world swimming were completed, there were a great contribution to the study of the Relief of the World Ocean. British expedition of the 1872-76 years on Corway "Challenger" (captains of J.S. Naherson and who changed it in 1874 F. Tomson) in the Atlantic Ocean found a number of Kotlovin, Puerto Rico, underwater ridges around Antarctica; In the Pacific Ocean, the first definitions of the depths in a number of underwater kitlovin were performed, underwater raising and hills, Mariana godnes were revealed. The German Expedition of 1874-76 on the Military Corwet "Gazelle" (commander of the city of Shleynitz) continued the discovery of the elements of the bottom of the bottom and the premiers of the depths in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Russian expedition 1886-89 on Korvette "Vityaz" (commander S. O. Makarov) first revealed the main laws of the total circulation of surface water of the northern hemisphere and found the existence of a "cold intermediate layer", retaining the remains of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.

In the 20th century, large discoveries were made during round-the-world swimming pools in the main Antarctic expeditions, which established in general terms of Antarctica contours, including the British expedition on the Discovery-N ship under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 In the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, he discovered a raising Chatham, traced for almost 2,000 km the South Pacific Ridge and conducted the oceanographic shooting of the Antarctic Waters.

At the end of the 19th - early 20th century, round-tile swims with training and sports and tourist purposes began, including single. The first single round-the-world swimming was carried out by the American traveler J. Slachukum (1895-98), the second is his compatriot Pidgen (1921-1925), the third - french traveler A. Zherbo (1923-29). In 1960, the first round-road swimming on the Triton submarine (USA) was held under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, the squad of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of the counter-admiral A. I. Sorokina made the first round-the-world swimming without ascending to the surface position. In 1968-69, the first single non-stop world diving carried out on sailing Yacht. "Sukhaili" English Captain R. Noks-Johnston. The first of the women was the solitary round-the-world swimming in 1976-78 the Polish traveler K. Khojnovskaya-Liskievich on the yacht "Mazurek". UK first introduced round-the-world lone races and made them regular (since 1982). Russian navigator and traveler F. F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 single round-the-world swimming: 1st (1990-91) - on the Yacht "Karaan", 2nd (1993-94) - on the "Formosa" yacht, 3rd (1998-99) - on the yacht "Modern Humanitarian University", participating in the international sailing race "around the world", 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht "Scarlet Sails". The first round-the-world swimming in the Russian training sailboat "Kruzenshtern" in 1995-1996 was dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.

The first round trip from the West to the East was carried out by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, having encouraged the land on ships and on foot. The second in 1785-1788 - performed a French traveler J. B. Leespes, the only surviving participant of the J. Laperus expedition. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of Roman J. Verne "around the world for 80 days" (1872), round-world travels for record time were distributed. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Blya rebuilt the land for 72 days, at the end of the 19th - early 20th century, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, round-the-world swimming and travel no longer appeared something exotic, latitudinal was added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fains and Ch. Burton (United Kingdom) made a world-world trip to Greenwich Meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (on ships, cars, motorities, motor boats And walking). Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov carried out the first round trip on the history of the bike. The first round trip in the history of the aeronautics belongs to the German Airclabl "Count Zeppelin" under the command of the Ecker: In 1929 in 21 days, he overcame with three intermediate landings about 31.4 thousand km. In 1949, the American bomber in-50 (commander - Captain J. Gallahher) made the first non-over-the-world flight (with refueling in the air). The first space flight in the history of mankind around the Earth in 1961 was performed by Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the spacecraft "Vostok". In 1986, the British crew produced the first airport flight on the vehicle around the world by plane without refueling (D. Rolin and J. Yiger). Supbo Kate and Devid Grant (United Kingdom) with three children made a world tour in the van, harnessed a couple of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (United Kingdom) in 1990, crossed oceans, countries in Europe, Asia and North America And in 1997 returned to their homeland. Equestrian around the world in 1992-98 committed russian travelers P. F. Plenin and N. K. Davidovsky. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) drove around the world on passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. On the hot-air balloon Alone firstwashed the land in 2002 S. Fossette (USA), he also made the first in the history of aviation single round-world creament Flight By plane without refueling.

LIT.: IVASHINETSTSE N. A. Russian Around the World Travel from 1803 to 1849. St. Petersburg., 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian navigators. [Sat. Art.] M., 1953; Tubes N. N. Domestic navigators - researchers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbank A. alone through the ocean: one hundred years of single navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Famins R. Around the Light in Meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. Great hour of the oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Stones J. One under the sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. Travel Magellan. M., 2009.

June 26th, 2015

It was a time when the ships were built from wood,
And people who managed, were stapled from steel

Ask anyone, and he will tell you that the first person who made a world tour was the Portuguese navigator and researcher Ferdinand Magellan, who died on the island of Mactan (Philippines) during the armed skirmish with the natives (1521). The same is written in history textbooks. In fact, this is a myth. After all, it turns out that one excludes another. Magellan managed to pass only half of the way.

Primus Circumdedisti Me (you first went around me) - Latin inscription on the arms of Huang Sebastian Elkano topped with a terrestrial globe. Indeed, Elkano was the first person who committed around the world swimming.

Let's still learn more about how it happened ...

In the San Telmo Museum of the city of San Sebastian there is a picture of Salaveria "Return" Victoria ". Eighteen of the exhausted people in the White Savans, with candles in their hands, stalking, go on a ladder from the ship on the embankment of Seville. These are sailors from the only ship that returned to Spain from all over flotilla Magellan. Ahead is their captain, Juan Sebastian Elkano.

Much in the biography of Elkano is still not clarified. Oddly enough, a man who has renounced earth, did not attract the attention of artists and historians of their time. There is even his reliable portrait, and only letters of king, petitions and testament have been preserved from the written documents.

Juan Sebastian Elkano was born in 1486 in Getari - a small port town in the Basque Country, not far from San Sebastian. He earlyly tied his own destiny with the sea, making the "career" at the expensive person to be an enterprising man - at first, replacing the work of the fisherman to the share of smuggler, and later by posting in a military fleet to avoid punishment for his too free attitude towards laws and trade duties. Elkano managed to participate in the Italian wars and the Spaniards Military Campaign in Algeria 1509. Basque mastered the sea case in practice into bendingly his smuggling, but, it is in a military fleet that elkeano receives "the right" education in the field of navigation and astronomy.

In 1510, Elkano, the owner and captain of the ship, participated in the siege of Tripoli. But the Spanish Treasury refused to pay the elkano due to the crew with the crew. Leaving military service, never seriously a low earnings and need to observe the discipline, elkeano decides new life in Seville. The Basque seems that a brilliant future is waiting ahead, - in the new for him, no one knows about him not quite impeccable past, the marin on the law was redeemed in battles with the enemies of Spain, he has official papers, allowing him to work as a captain on a trading ship ... But trading enterprises, whose participant becomes Elkano, are all as one unprofitable.

In 1517, at the expense of debts, he sold the vessel under his command, Genoese bankers - and this trading operation determined all his fate. The fact is that the owner of the soldered ship was not Elkano himself, but the Spanish Crown, and the Baska expected again arise difficulties with the law, this time threatening to him the death penalty. In the time he was considered a grave crime. Knowing that no excuses will take into account the court, Elkano fled to Seville, where it was easy to get lost, and then hide on any ship: in those days the captains were less interested in the biographies of their people. In addition, there were many countrymen Elkano in Seville, and one of them, Ibaroll, was well familiar with Magellan. He helped Elkano to recruit on Flotilla Magellan. Passing the exams and having received as a sign of a good assessment of the beans (unreliemen received from the examination committee of the pea), Elkano became kingchim on the third largest ship of the Flotilla - "Concepcion".

Ships of Flotilla Magellan.

On September 20, 1519, Flotilla Magellan came out of the mouth of Guadalquivir and headed for the shores of Brazil. In April 1520, when the ships are located on the wintering in the frosty and deserted San Julian Bay, the captains were displeased to Magellan raised the rebellion. Elkano was drawn into him, without daring to disobey his commander - Captain "Concepcion" Cesada.

Magellan vigorously and cruelly fed the rebellion: Kesade and one more from the head of the conspiracy cut off his head, the corpses quartered and the worried remains stumbled upon the sixtes. Captain Cartagena and one priest, also insurgent insurgent, Magellan ordered to land on the deserted bank of the bay, where they later died. The rest of the forty rebelochers, including Elkano, Magellan spared.

1. The first in history around the world swimming

On November 28, 1520, the remaining three ships came out of the Strait and in March 1521 after an unparalleled difficult transition through the Pacific Ocean approached the islands, later than the name of Mariana. In the same month, Magellan opened the Philippine Islands, and on April 27, 1521 he died in a skirmish with local residents On the island of Matan. Elkano, affected by Qing, did not participate in this skirmish. After the death of Magellan captains of the flotilla, Duarte Barboz and Juan Serrano were elected. At the head of a small squad, they went ashore to Raje Cebu and were captured. Fate again - once again - spared Elkano. The head of flotilla became Carvalyo. But only 115 people remained on three ships; Among them are many patients. Therefore, "Concepcion" burned in the Strait between the Islands Cebu and Bochol; And his team passed to the other two vessels - "Victoria" and "Trinidad". Both vessels wandered for a long time between the islands, until finally, on November 8, 1521, did not give an anchor at the Island of Tidor, one of the "Islands of the Spices" - Moluk Islands. Then it was generally decided to continue swimming on the same ship - "Victoria", the captain of which the Elkano became captain, and the Trinidad was left on Molokki. And Elkano managed to spend its covered ship with an accelerated team through the Indian Ocean and along the shores of Africa. A third of the teams died, about a third was detained by Portuguese, but still "Victoria" on September 8, 1522 entered the mouth of Guadalquivir.

It was unparalleled, unheard of in the history of navigation transition. Contemporaries wrote that Elkano surpassed the king of Solomon, Argonauts and a cunning odyssey. The first in history around the world was completed! The king complained to the navigator annual retirement in 500 golden ducats and erected Elkano to the knights. The coat of arms assigned to Elkano (since then Del Kano), perpetuated his swimming. Two cinnamon sticks were depicted on the coales, framed by nutmeg and cloves, a golden castle, crowned with a helmet. Over the helmet - the globe with the Latin inscription: "You've got the first to the first." Finally, a special decree King announced Elkano forgiveness for the sale of a ship by a foreigner. But if you reward and forgive the brave captain, it was quite simple, then allow all the controversial issues related to the fate of the Molukky Islands turned out to be more complicated. For a long time, the Spanish-Portuguese Congress began, but it was not able to "divide" between the two powerful powers of the island, located on the side of the "earth apple". And the Spanish government decided not to delay the sending of the second expedition to Molokki.

2. Goodbye La Coruna

La Coruna was considered the most secure port in Spain, in which "could accommodate all the fleets of the world." The value of the city has even more increased, when it was temporarily translated from Seville Chamber of Indium Affairs. This chamber has developed the plans of a new expedition to Molokkami to finally approve the Spanish domination on these islands. Elkano arrived in La Coruna full of rainbow hopes - he had already seen himself by Admiral Armada - and engaged in the equipment of flotilla. However, Karl I appointed the commander of non-Elkano, but a certain Hofre de Lais, a member of many marine battles, but completely unfamiliar with navigation. The pride of Elkano was deeply vulnerable. In addition to the Royal Office, the "highest refusal" came to the petition of Elkano on the payment of the granted annual pension in 500 golden ducats: the king ordered to pay this amount only after returning from the expedition. So Elkano experienced the traditional ungratefulness of the Spanish crown to the famous navigators.

Before the sailing, Elkano visited his native heter, where he glanced by the sailor, it was easily possible to recruit a lot of volunteers to his ships: with a man who went around the Earth Apple, would not disappear at the devil in the mouth - the port of Bratia reasoned. At the beginning of the summer, 1525, Elkano brought his four vessels to La Coruna and was appointed feeding and deputy commander of flotilla. Total flotilla numbered seven ships and 450 people team. Portuguese in this expedition was not. The last night before the departure of the flotilla in La Coruna was very lively and solemnly. At midnight on the grief of Hercules, on the site of the ruins of the Roman lighthouse, they lit a huge bonfire. The city rushed with sailors. The cries of citizens who hurt the sailors of the leather bottles, sobbing women and the hymns of pilgrims mixed with the sounds of the funny dance "La Minear". Flootilla sailors remembered this night for a long time. They went to another hemisphere, and now lived life, full of dangers and deprivation. The last time Elkano walked under the narrow arch of Puerto de San Miguel and went down to sixteen pink steps to the shore. These steps, already completely erased, preserved to the present day.

Death Magellan.

3. misfortunes of the main feed

Mighty, well-armed flotilla Laisa came out at sea on July 24, 1525. According to the Royal Instructions, and in general, the Laica had fifty-three, the flotilla was supposed to follow the path of Magellan, but avoid his mistakes. But neither Elkano is the chief adviser to the king, nor the king himself predicted that it would be the last expedition sent through Magellan Strait. It was the expeditions of Lais that was destined to prove that this is not the most profitable way. And all subsequent expeditions to Asia went from the Pacific ports of New Spain (Mexico).

July 26, the courts rented Cape Finisterre. August 18, the court fell into heavy storm. At the Admiral ship broke the grotto, but the sent Elkano two carpenters, risking her life, still got there on a small boat. As long as the mast was repaired, the flagship ship was faced with the Parral ship, breaking him the Bizan Mast. Swimming took place very hard. Not enough fresh water, provisions. Who knows how the fate of the expedition would have formed if on October 20, the Annobon Island in the Gulf of Guinea did not see on the horizon. The island was deserted - only a few skeletons lay under the tree, on which a strange inscription was carved: "Unhappy Juan Ruis is resting, killed because he deserved it." Superval sailors saw a formidable omen in this. Ships hurriedly flowed with water, stuffed by provisions. The captains and fleet officers for this occasion were convened for a festive dinner to Admiral, who almost ended tragically.

The table was filed a huge, unknown fish. According to Urditiona - Pizza Elkano and the chronicler of the expedition, "Some sailors," who gave meat of this fish, whose teeth were like a big dog, so the belly was treated that they thought they would not survive. " Soon all the flotilla left the shore of the non-microgenic Annobon. From here, Laiz decided to sail to the shores of Brazil. And from this point on "Sancti Espiritus", Elkano vessel, began a strip of misfortunes. Not having time to put Sails, "Sancti-Espiritus" almost ran into an admiral ship, and then at all some time behind the flotilla. An admiral ship disappeared on the latitude of 31º after a strong storm. The command of the remaining courts accepted Elkano. Then San Gabriel separated from the flotilla. The remaining five vessels for three days the admiral vessel was wanted. The search was unsuccessful, and Elkano ordered to go on, to Magellan's strait.

January 12, the vessels were at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, and since neither the admiral vessel nor San Gabriel came here, Elkano convened the Council. Knowing the experience of the previous navigation, that here is a wonderful parking, he suggested expecting both vessels, as it was provided for by the instructions. However, the officers who want to quickly enter the strait, advised to leave the river on the mouth of only Pinass "Santiago", granted a bank under the cross on the island a message that the vessels headed in Magellan Strait. On the morning of January 14, the flotilla starred from anchor. But the fact that Elkano accepted for the strait turned out to be the mouth of the Gallegos River, five to six miles from the strait. Urdnet, who, despite his admiration for Elkano. Preserved the ability to relate to its solutions critically, it writes that such an ELKANO error was very struck. On the same day, they approached the present entry into the strait and became anchored at the Cape of the eleven thousand of saints of virgins.

Accurate copy of the ship "Victoria"

At night, the flotilla collapsed scary storm. The raging waves poured the ship to the middle of the mast, and it barely held on four anchors. Elkaano realized that everything was lost. His only thought was now saving the team. He ordered to plant a stranded ship. Panic began to "Sancti Espiritus". Several soldiers and sailors in horror rushed into the water; All drowned, except for one who managed to get to the shore. Then the rest crossed the rest. I managed to save part of the provision. However, at night, the storm was played out with the previous force and finally broke the "Sancti Espiritus". For Elkano - Captain, the first round-the-world navigator and the main feed expedition - wreck, especially in its fault, was a big blow. Never Elkano was not in such a difficult position. When the storm finally stood, the captains of other vessels sent a boat for Elkaano, offering him to conduct them in Magellan's strait, since he had been here before. Elkano agreed, but took with him only urdnet. He left the rest of the sailors on the shore ...

But failures did not leave the exhausted flotilla. From the very beginning one of the ships almost appeared on the stones, and only the determination of Elkano saved the ship. After a while, Elkano sent to Urdanna with a group of sailors for the sailors left on the bank. Soon the Urditionary group dried up the provisions. At night, there were strong cold, and people had to be buried on the throat in the sand, which also warmed little. On the fourth day, Urdnet and his companions approached the dying on the shore from hunger and cold sailors, and on the same day at the mouth of the strait, the ship Lajes, San Gabriel and Pinasa "Santiago" entered the spir. January 20 they joined the rest of the ships of the flotilla.

Juan Sebastian Elkano

On February 5, a strong storm broke out again. The ship Elkano covered in the strait, and the "San Lemes" was dropped by a storm further south, up to 54 ° 50 'southern latitude, that is, it came to the very tip of the fiery ground. South at that time did not come in any ship. A little more, and the expedition would be able to open the way around Cape Horn. After the storm, it turned out that the admiral ship sits on the meli, and Lais with the team left the vessel. Elkano immediately divided the admiral group of the best sailors. On the same day, Anunsiad was deserted. Captain of the ship de Vera decided to independently get to Molokk past the cape Good Hope. "Anunciada" disappeared. A few days later, deserted and "San Gabriel". The remaining vessels returned to the mouth of the Santa Cruz River, where the sailors were repaired by the repairs of the admiral ship's storms. In another conditions, it would have to leave him at all, but now that the flotilla lost the three largest ship, it was already impossible to afford. Elkano, which, on returning to Spain, criticized Magellan for the fact that he was delayed at the mouth of this river for seven weeks, now it was forced to spend five weeks here. At the end of March, some kind of capable ships again headed for Magellan's strait. As part of the expedition, only an admiral ship, two caravels and Pinasse, were now.

April 5, the courts entered Magellan Strait. Between the Islands of Santa Maria and Santa Magdalena, the admiral ship has suffered another misfortune. A boiler boiler caught fire, a fire arose on the ship.

Panic began, many sailors rushed to the boat, not paying attention to Laja, who shown them with curses. Fire still managed to put out. Flotilla walves further through the strait, on the shores of which at high mountain vertices, "Such high, which seemed to be stretched to the sky", lay perpetual bluish snow. At night, on both shores of the strait burned fires of the Patagonians. Elkano has already been familiar with these lights on the first swimming. On April 25, the courts were starred from an anchor from Parking San Jorge, where they replenished the reserves of water and firewood, and went back to hard swimming.

And where the waves of both oceans are encountered with a deafening roar, on the flotilla, Loisy again hit the storm. Ships were anchored in San Juan de Portalina Bay. On the shore of the bay, mountains touched a height of several thousand feet. It was terribly cold, and "no clothing could warm us," Krdneta writes. Elkano all the time was on the flagship vessel: Lais, without having an appropriate experience, fully relied on Elkano. The transition through the strait continued for forty eight days - ten days more than Magellan. On May 31, a strong northeast wind blew. All the sky was tightened with clouds. On the night of June 1, a storm broke out, the most terrible of the former so far, who stood all the vessels. Although the weather then improved, they were no longer destined to meet. Elkano with most Sancti-Espiritus team was now on the Admiral ship, where there was one hundred and twenty people. Two pumps did not have time to pump water, feared that the vessel could be sank at any moment. IN common Ocean He was great, but not quiet.

4. Feeding dying by Admiral

The vessel was one thing, there was no sail or island on an immense horizon. "Every day, - writes Urdnet, - we waited for the end. Due to the fact that people were moving toward us wrecked Ship, we are forced to cut the bats. We worked a lot and few fir. We had to go through great difficulties, and some of us were killed. " On July 30, Laja died. According to one of the participants in the expedition, the cause of his death was the decline of the Spirit; He was so worried about the loss of other vessels, which "became weaker and died." Lais did not forget to mention in the will of his main feed: "I ask the Elkano to be returned by four whites of white wine that I should. Sugari and other provisions, which lies on my ship "Santa Maria de la Victoria", let them give my nephew Alvaro de Lais, who should divide it with Elkano. " It is said that by this time only rats remained on the ship. On the vessel, many sicks were sick. Where Elkano gave a glance, everywhere he saw the swollen pale faces and heard the moans of the sailors.

From the time they came out of the strait, thirty people died from Qingi. "They all died," Urdnet writes, "due to the fact that they did not have the gums and they could not eat anything. I saw a person who was so swollen gums that he broke the pieces of meat thick with a finger. " The sailors had one hope - Elkano. They, in spite of everything, believed in his happy star, although he was so sick that four days before the death of Laiquis himself made a testament. In honor of ELKano's accession to the post of Admiral - the position he was unsuccessful to achieve two years ago - a cannon Salute was given. But ELCano's strength dried up. The day came when the admiral could no longer stand out from the bed. The cabin gathered his close and faithful Urdnet. With the twinkling light of the candle, it was visible as they were yelling and how much stood. Urdneta becomes knees and with one hand concerns the body of his dying owner. The priest carefully follows him. Finally he raises his hand, and all those present slowly fall on their knees. ELCOO ONLICES OUT ...

"Monday, August 6th. Died valiant señor Juan Sebastian de Elkano. So noted Urdnet in his diary the death of the great navigator.

Four people raise wrapped in Savan and tied to the board the body of Juan Sebastian. By the sign of the new admiral, they throw him into the sea. A splash ran out, drowning the prayers of the priest.

Monument in honor of Elkano in Getari

Epilogue

Heaved by worms, the lonely ship exterpated by storms and storms continued its path. The team, according to Urndette, "was scary exhausted and exhausted. It did not pass the day so that any of us was died.

Therefore, we decided that the best for us is to go to Molokkami. " Thus, they abandoned the bold plan of Elkano, which was gathering to carry out the dream of Columbus - to achieve eastern coast Asia, following the shortest way from the West. "I am sure that if Elkaano did not die, we would not have achieved so soon with the Ladron (Mariansky) islands, because its early intention was searching for Chipanu (Japan)," writes Urdnet. He clearly considered the ELKANO plan too risky. But the man who first rebuilt the "earth apple" did not know what fear is. But he also did not know that after three years Karl I will give up for 350 thousand golden ducats their "rights" on Molokki Portugal. From the entire Expedition, Lajes survived only two vessels: "San Gabriel", after two-year-old swims that are coming to Spain, and Pinass "Santiago" under the Hevara team, who passed along the Pacific Shore of South America to Mexico. Although Guevara saw only once the coast of South America, his swimming proved that the coast was nowhere to the West and South America It has a triangle shape. It was the most important geographical discovery of the Laian Expedition.

Getari, in the homeland Elkano, at the entrance to the church stands stone plateA short inscription on which he says: "... an adestrating captain Juan Sebastian del Kano, a native and a resident of the noble and faithful city of Getari, the first heated globe on the ship" Victoria ". In memory of the hero, he put this stove in 1661 Don Pedro de Obva and Asa, Cavalier of the Order of Kalatrava. Pray for the rest of the soul of the one who first traveled around the world. " And on the globe in the San Telmo Museum marked the place where Elkano died, - 157º Western longitude and 9º northern latitude.

In the history textbooks, Juan Sebastian Elkano was undeservedly found himself in the shadows of the fame of Fernan Magellan, but he was remembered in his homeland and worship. Name Elkano wears training sailboat. As part of the Spanish Naval Forces. In the steering cutting of the ship, you can see the coat of arms Elkano, and the sailboat itself managed to carry out a dozen round-the-world expeditions.

The original article is on the site Inforos Link to an article with which this copy is made -

In the first quarter of the XVI century. The Europeans learned about the raised part of the uncharted part of the coast of South America and the existence of a narrow strait, later called Magellan. Brave navigators first crossed proved that the land is round, and the world ocean is a single whole. He headed this expedition to Fernan Magellan, whose biography was studied by many researchers, but the information that historians have disputes are aroused and are of great interest for several centuries.

The place and accurate date of birth of the famous Portuguese and Spanish navigator are the subject of discussion. Historians call two settlementsin which he could be born: port and sabroza. Fernan Magellan was born in 1840 in a poor, but noble noble family. As a piece, he entered the queen of the Queen Leonora Avisian. Perhaps the Queen of Portugal helped the admission of young men in a nautical school. The fleet service of the future pioneer began with participation in the Eastern Expedition (1505) as an overwhelmed warrior.

There are information about expeditions, equipped with the aim of studying the Indian Ocean, in which young Magellan went. Fernan served B. different places. Low growth, but physically strong and confident, he showed himself a brave warrior in and was awarded the title of captain. In 1513, it was briefly returned to Portugal, and next year she went to Morocco, where he was wounded in his leg, after which she lame the rest of his life. Immediately after the end of the fighting, he was accused of secret sale of the opposing side of production. The outrageous Fernan Magellan compelled in Portugal to justify, however, caused this act anger of King Manuel I, and after his resignation, he was denied an increase in pension. In response to a request to allocate a ship to search for new sea routes, the Portuguese king also answered with refusal.

Fernan Magellan moved to Spain, where he was able to convince him after a long bargaining for the need and profitability of the expedition of a more agreed Spanish king. The main thing was not a - source of spices - "gold" of the XVI century. To the islands, the navigator was planning to get short by America. His calculations, having maps of the shores of the South American continent and the reports of the navigators who visited those regions, he did not build out. Flotilla out of five ships marked by cannons, other weapons, as well as various goods for trade, went in swimming on September 20, 1519.

Incredible tests fell out 256 people participating in the world regatta under the leadership of Magellan. On September 6, 1522 Only one worn ship called "Victoria" with an exhausted crew at 18 people moored to the Spanish shore. On board the vessel was no longer a person, thanks to persistence, the strength and courage of which the world's first in the world was committed.

The navigator and pioneer Fernan Magellan personally did not complete his glorifying it on the whole world, because she intervened in the interne-free distribution of the Aboriginal and died on April 27, 1521 in the shock at the island of Mactan.

At the beginning of the XVI century, not all people were confident that the earth is round. That is, many of it believed, but there were no direct evidence. There was no doubt left after the first world swimming under the leadership of Fernan Magellan was crowned.

Magellan was a Portuguese. By 1519, he had already managed to clearly serve the Portuguese crown: he traveled a lot and fought.

In those days, travelers often fought.

You come to new lands, and there are other people. These other people sometimes turned out to be hospitable, and sometimes no. And they had for the grounds, the newcomers tried to capture their lands, convicted at the expense of the natives.

So, Fernan Magellan returned to Portugal after perennial travels in India and Indian Ocean.. He was 32 years old, the king prescribed a pension, but the pension is small. Magellan revealed a couple of years to Morocco and resigned. He asks the king to increase his pension, but receives a refusal. Who knows, appoint him then the king of the increase - Magellan would live in his Portugal and raise children, and we would never know his name, nor the surname.

Meanwhile, Magellan matured the expedition plan, which was destined to glorify it. Magellan asks Portuguese king to entrust him with maritime service and send to swimming. The king refused. Magellan went to Spain and persuaded the Spanish king.

On September 20, 1519, the Spanish Sea Expedition began under the beginning of Fernan Magellan. Around the World Swimming was not superbid, the plans were to open the Western way to India. In total, the expedition consisted of five ships on which there were about three hundred people into the sea. Among them was Magellan's slave named Enrique. He was born on Sumatra, and he was destined to become the first person who had committed around the world.

Around the world led by Magellan

So, the flotilla headed by Magellan went to the West. They had to cross Atlantic Ocean, Walk out South America, open Magellan Strait and go out in the Pacific Ocean. Everything was succeeded, but Magellan was not easy. Three of the five ships commanded Spanish nobles.

They did not trust the Portuguese. Difference it was born not from scratch, the Spaniards have long come to the Portuguese to develop new lands and receiving from this profits. Magellan had to fight the rebels for his primacy. He won, but the Spanish captains did not become his friends.

People of that time did not have accurate ideas about the size of the Earth. Magellan assumed that the Pacific Ocean is much smaller in size than he really turned out to be.

Sailors had to overcome at least 17 thousand kilometers before they reached sushi. But they were lucky with the weather, they called this ocean "quiet", not a single storm on the way. On March 17, 1521, travelers landed on the island of Homon. The Pacific Ocean remained behind.

Members of the Magellan expedition became the first Europeans landed on Philippine Islands. They continued their path among the islands, on one of which Enrique (Slave Magellan, born on Sumatra) met people who spoke in his native language. As they write in the history textbooks: "The circle is closed", the man first reinforced the globe.

April 27, on the island of Macan in battles with the local population, Fernan Magellan died. He was 41 years old. The first round-the-world journey continued without it.
Savabians had to get drunk Cape of Good Hope and Along western coast Africa return home.

On September 6, 1522, Victoria was reached by Spain, the only surviving ship out of five flooded. It was 18 survivors. Another 18 people later returned home from Portuguese captivity. The rest died: many from Qinggi, others during turbines and battles with natives.

Returning home were the first people who committed the army, lost day. Their calendar has fallen behind the calendar of their compatriots for the whole day. Then Jules Verne described this phenomenon in the novel "around the world for 80 days." And today this difference in time is not a problem due to the introduction of local time other than the world.

The expedition under the leadership of Magellan was successful not only in the cognitive, but also in a commercial plan. The value of the cargo from the ship "Victoria" paid off all the costs of the journey, and brought significant profits to those who gave money to the implementation of the enterprise. Magellan was not destined to meet secured old age in his homeland, but, judging by his actions, he did not dream about it.

And the names of the 18th, who returned to Spain after the first round-the-world travel, can be found in Wikipedia: Captain, Sailors, Lotsmana, Jung, Artilleryman, Assistant Yung.

It is interesting. History makes people, people with fate and biography.

Geographical knowledge of Earth has rapidly developed. There were assumptions that, having encouraged South America, you can go to the South Sea (so before it was called) and it goes to the shores of Asia and. The first who undertook this was Fernan Magellan (1470-1531). He suggested that the King of Spain was unheard of accommodated plan - to reach asia shores, bypassing America from the south.

On September 20, 1519, flotilla in the composition of the five ships went hiking. She crossed the Atlantic Ocean and moved along the shores of South America in search of a passage to the South Sea. After many wanders, the brands were finally lucky. The strait, called subsequently Magellan, was found, and the flotilla entered the South Sea. According to one of the participants of the expedition, Magellan called the endless water expanses by the Pacific Ocean, "because we never experienced the slightest storms." This name is a paradox, as the calm in the Pacific Ocean is rare.

For more than three months, this transition continued on the boundless ocean. The crew suffered from thirst, diseases. In the spring of 1521, Magellan reached the islands in the east coast of Asia, later called the Philippine. The entry made by his hand in the ship magazine says that by going around the earth, the ship returned to old world. It was the last written message made by Magellan himself.

In April 1521, a fearless navigator died in one of the battles in the midst of an inter-bar war. From all ships back in, having reached Africa, only one - "Victoria" ("Victory") returned. He entered his native harbor on September 6, 1522. The first round trip continued for three years. It finally proved the fact that the earth is spherical.

Martina Behaimima Globe

Cartography has been improved with the development of geographical knowledge of Earth. In 1492, the German geographer and an outstanding specialist in navigation Martin Behaimim (1459-1507) and the artist Georg Glokendon (the year of birth is unknown - died in 1553) made the first globe depicting the globe. Its diameter is 54 cm. The authors called their creation "Ground Apple". On him, Behajim posted a map of the world of an ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy. This little similarity of our planet began to call later. Of course, images on it were far from truth: the creators of the "earth apple" did not know about the existence of a new world (Columbus in 1492 only went to swim). However, later, when people appreciated their advantages, globes became very popular. They could be seen in the rest of the monarchs, in the cabinets of ministers, scientists. Pocket globes in special cases were intended for travel. Cabinets made for medium globins are often supplied with a mechanism that led them into motion rotating around the axis. There were even globa height into human growth, and not only colorful images of the earth's surface, but also information about different countries. However, cards have always had its advantages and therefore still remain indispensable attributes of any traveler, researcher and scientist.

In 1569, Gerard Mercator (1512-1594) created the first world map based on the latest cartographic and geographical knowledge of Europeans about land and outstanding discoveries of that time. Neelaes were inflicted, with the exception and Australia (they were open and investigated later), as well as their oceans. Many geographical objects Named in honor of their discovered navigators and researchers. Amerigo Vespucci's name left for descendants in the names of two continents: North and South America, in honor of Fernana Magellan named the strait, separating the mainland South America and the island Fire Earth. Thanks to the expeditions of the era of great geographical discoveries on the world map appeared New World (America), Pacific Ocean, Island Fire Earth, Magellan Strait, large islands In the Caribbean Sea: Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba. The whole generations of geographers and cartographers, researchers and travelers had to clarify the exact contours of all the continents and oceans, the islands and peninsulas of the bays and straits, other geographic objects for several centuries.