The ruins of the hippodrome and the Grand Palace in Constantinople. Grand Palace of Byzantine Emperors

[Greek. τὸ μέγα παλάτιον], the main residence of the vistent. Emperors with IV in the XII century, in cf. century One of the world's largest focus in the world is Christ. Cultures and art. Was in the east. Parts of the city, near the Cathedral of St. Sofia and the Hippodrome; He was a complex complex of parade and residential buildings, courtyards, porticors and temples, which together formed a special palace area to-field. In the present time is almost completely destroyed; Best dr. Buildings preserved Palace Women. B. d. Is known for archaeological data, according to mentions in the medieval. historical sources, as well as according to the descriptions of eyewitnesses of the CP era. centuries and new time.

The earliest buildings of B. d. Were laid and built in the 20-30s. IV century imp. Konstantin I is great at the same time with the beginning of the construction of a new capital of the Roman Empire on the Bosphorus. For B. d. An extensive coastal area south of the ancient Byzantium and the Cathedral of St. Sophia was chosen. At that time there was several. Country villas, and the area area was approximately equal to the old town. B. d. Took the quarter, adjacent to the center and limited from the North-West Square of Auguston, the terms of Zevxippa and the Hippodrome, from the northeast - the old wall of Byzantium (later expanded and part of the territory ancient City). From the south and east, the main ensemble of B. d. It was surrounded by coastal parks with small buildings, among the second over time there were 2 more palace complexes: in vucoleon (βουκολέων) and mangans (μάγγανα). Most of the parade basil and the temples of the palace district were, as well as the Cathedral of St. Sofia, are focused on the southeast.

The most important elements of the B. d complex have already arisen in the IV century, under Konstantin the Great and its successors. The main entrance to the Palace District - the Gate Hulk. For Hulka in the IV century. The 1st IMT was built. Palace - Magnavra (μαγναῦρα παλάτιον - Greater Palace). In the northeast, Senate was located (synclite), from the south-west adjoined the premises of the imp. Guardians: Chambers Schol and Eccubs. In zap. Parts of the complex, in the south-east of the term zevxippa, around the large yard of Dolphiak (Tribunal), a group of residential buildings for members of the IMP were formed. Family and palace ranks. The most early well-known palace church was devoted to Christ (ὁὁύύιςς) and was under the ward of candidates, southeast of the Dolphiak (Patria Cp. T. 1. P. 144-145).

Development B. d. In the V-VI centuries. It was usually associated with the construction of new buildings and complexes in the south-west of this initial nucleus; Over time, the South-Zap acquired more importance. Part of the complex. In the south-west of Dolphiak, a number of parade premises arose: consistory, Auguston, onopodion and triklin acute. The Palace of Daphne was located behind them - the central part of the South-Zap. The complex, which was connected to the Kafisma - Imp. Little hippodrome. Behind the Palace of Daphne, in the south-west of him, residential chambers were originally also located. Families, and even further most of the territory of the coastal slope occupied the cycanistyrion (τζκκανιστήριον) - a polo playground, built with imp. Feodosia II in the 1st floor. V c. In the same era, the development of B. d. In South-Zap. The direction has reached its limit: near the shore of the marble m. The parade harbor was built and the Palace of Wuletone (the Palace of Byhko-Lion, "named the decoration of it from the IX century, were built. Sister Feodosia II Pulcheria in the 20s. V c. Built at the Palace of Daphne C. sv. Archduake. Stephen with the faces in the name of St. Trinity and SVA. Virgin in Daphne (Theoph. Chron. P. 86-87). To gray IX century The church was considered the main palace temple.

B. d. He strongly suffered in 532. With a large fire during the uprising "Nick!" in k-field. After that, extensive restoration work was conducted; Along with the Cathedral of St. Sophia, Hulk, Chambers of Palace Guard, were rebuilt on the pl. Tribunals and partly the Magnavra Palace itself (Procopius. De Aedificiis. I 10, 12-15). In con. 60s. Vi in. with imp. Justin II near the Palace of Daphne was erected a new throne room - Christiklin (χρυσοτρίκλινος), intended for daily and festive techniques, negotiations with ambassadors and others. Official. ceremonies. He was inscribed in a complex system of courtyards, transitions and premises a separate building, octagonal in terms of and crowned with a dome (Leo Grammaticus. 1842. P. 132, 137-138), in many respects similar to Capellaft. Karl the Great in Aachen, beginning. IX century On Dec. 574 in Christiklin was proclaimed by the emperor, the nephew of Justina II Tiberius, who became His co-program, and later and the full lord of the empire. In Christiklin to Kon. Vi in. There were new residential buildings for imp. Family and palace employees, and since that time the most intense life B. d. Takes here.

In "Chronographs" of Feofan (Theoph. Chron. P. 274) contains a message about the construction of the IMP. Mauritius of a round portication near Magnavra, where he installed his stella. According to Georgy Kedrina (Kedren. T. 1. P. 709), imp. Foka in Nach. VII century Armored a weapon warehouse attached to Magnavre. Significant additions to the ensemble of the Palace of Daphne and Chrysotriclin were made on the Board imp. Justinian I, in Con. VII century At the palace, a small c is built. The Mother of God Metropolitan, as well as the Yard Lavsak and skies (τὰ σκῦλα - literally, apparently, the premises for mining were attached to Chrysotriclin. In addition, a new hall for an officer was built. Ceremonies - Triklin Justiniana (Theoph. Chron. P. 367).

The iconoboric era (VIII - the 1st floor. IX century) is considered to be the time of almost complete cessation of construction activities in B. d.; At least too little is known about the construction of that period. All R. VIII century Not far from Chrysotriklin Imp. Konstantin V built C. The Mother of God, in the Swarm in 768, was concluded by the marriage imp. Lion IV and Irina (Theoph. Chron. P. 444). The major rebound program in the palace did the imp. Ferofil (829-842). Instead of Christiklin, as the main throne hall, he used the tricon - a building with 3 apsides to the East, South and North. In addition, several more were erected. Parade halls in different parts of the Palace (Theoph. Contin. P. 139FF).

A new period of considerable update B. D. is associated with the restoration of iconing and the beginning of the Board in Byzantium in the 2nd floor. IX century Macedonian dynasty. After refusal from the iconoborical ideology, extensive work was deployed to decorate the interiors B. D. Works of monumental art with new iconographic programs. With imp. Mikhail III The Old Palace of Magnavra, apparently, almost not used, was given to posting the newly opened K-Polish un-ta. With imp. Vasily I Macedonian in 876. A new large five-football church was built on the site of Cycanishride, dedicated to the Mother of God, known as Nea Ecclesia (New C.- Theoph. Contin. P. 321-331). The temple became a sample of Christ. architecture and monumental art averages. Epochs (IX-XII centuries). The territory of B. d. Was further expanded to the south, by the sea, and here were built new stables and a polo platform. Near the Khalka (probably next to the old Senate), a new courthouse was built, in which the convicts themselves were also held in addition (Kedren. T. 2. P. 204). With imp. Lev VI at the turn of the 9th - x centuries. at c. The Mother of God The headlight was built another small temple of St. Dimitri Solunsky. In x in. with imp. Konstantine VII Bagrynorodnian in the Camilas Hall, built by Ferofil, was organized palace bk (Theoph. Contin. P. 145), various reconstructions and alterations of buildings were carried out. Imp. Nikifor II Fock OK. 967 held the reconstruction of St. Oleton, strengthening this complex with walls and towers, as a result of which the ancient palace received the appearance of Middle Ages. Castle (Theoph. Contin. P. 447; Leo Diaconus. P. 64). With imp. Konstantine IX Monomakh in the 40s. XI century A large Palace Complex of the Mangana, located on the shore of the Bosphorus, in the east of the Palace of Magnavra and the Cathedral of St. Sophia separated by extensive gardens. In addition to the palace, it was a stirrerious house and Mont-ry. George Victorious (Psellus. Chronographia / Ed. E. Renauld. P., 1926-1928. Vol 2. P. 185-186; Kedren. T. 2. P. 608-609; Attaliates. 47-48; Zonara. Annales . Vol. 2. P. 178, 181).

The last period of heyday B. D. is associated with the Board of the Comnin Dynasty (1081-1185). Imp. Alexey I in Con. XI century The active construction in the Palace Complex in Vellaner, however he, and his heirs in the XII century. continued to use B. d. like an officer. Residence. Old Lavsiak was rebuilt by imp. Manuel I and Renamed in Manuilov Triklin. In addition, a special complex was built, decorated in the original vehicle. Style called "Persian House" (περσικὸς Δόμος).

To con. XII century B. d. Begins to be empty; In some places of the palace area there are landfills. Imp. Isaac II Angel (1185-1195) uses building material from the old buildings of B. d. For the construction of new cts. sv. Mikhail, incl. Removes the Bronze Gate Hulk and part of jewelry with Na-Ecclesia and C. sv. George in Manganahs (Nik. Chon. P. 580-582).

In Apr. 1204, after grabbing the Knights of the 4th Crusade, the district B. d. Was busy and looted by a detachment of Boniface Monferrat, one of the leaders of the Crusaders. In the period of the Latin Empire (1204-1261), B. d. It was used only partially, along with the Palace in Velchernakh. Of great importance from Latinan acquired c. The Mother of God the headlight and Mont-ry. George in Manganahs. After the liberation of the K-Field, in the era of Paleologists, B. d. Completely empty and destroyed or disassembled for the construction of new buildings in the capital; The basements were used as a prison. Already in 1289, Justinian II crashed during the storm, however, part of churches with surviving relics and shrines continued to act to the sir. XV century Only the complex in Mangans retained his meaning: back in Nach. XV century Mont-ry was richly decorated with marble and mosaic, there were various relics that attracted many pilgrims, the palace B-ka was widely known. There are information about repair work and, possibly, some restructuring carried out in mangans with imp. John the VIII Paleologist (1425-1448).

After conquering K-field by the Turks in 1453, the district of B. d. I turned into residential neighborhoods, where numerous private houses, mosques and streets were built without any accounting for the previous planning of the complex; With numerous construction work, B. d. continued to understand. OK. 1490 The remains of the palace, like private houses, were strongly injured as a result of an explosion located near Arsenal. In 1609-1617. In the location area of \u200b\u200bthe former Palace of Daphne and C. sv. Stefan After the demolition of a private building was erected by Sultan Ahmeta I - Ahmedia (Blue Mosque). In the 70s XIX century Along the entire shore of the marble m. And the Bosphorus was built railwayAs a result, the coastal complexes of Wuletone and Mangan was particularly affected.

Archaeological studies B. d. Were started after 1912, when during a large fire in Istanbul almost completely burned the tour. Development of this area. After 1912, an archaeological officer in K-Field B. A. Panchenko conducted a fixation of the residues of B. d.; Then from the tour. The authorities received permission to architectural research B. d. In 1934, it was forbidden to conduct new construction, nevertheless part of the territory of the former. B. d. It turned out to be built up with typical residential buildings. Large-scale studies were carried out by expeditions in 1935-1938 and 1952-1954. In the south-east of the alleged Place of Christiklin, a large quadrangular peristil courtyard was opened, decorated by colonnade, in which significant fragments of Floor Mosaic VI B were preserved in. This is a structure, like some other others. Famous fragments of B. d., It fails to confidently identify with K.L. Its parts known from written sources.

B. d. And the court culture of Byzantium

Throughout its history, B. d. Along with the Cathedral of St. Sofia, he was the focus of the political and public life of the Byzantine Empire. He held the main place in the formation and development of political ideology and imp. The cult, closely associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe empire as a prototype of the kingdom of God on Earth. At the same time there was a combination of the foundations of Christ. creed and cult with state. The ideology, the church tradition of reverence of St. Trinity, the Heavenly Forces, the saints were used in the legitimization of imp. authorities.

An important role in this process was played collected in B. d. Relics of the Savior, Saints, Old Testament, and so on. In the framework of the complex B. d. They were focused in several. Churches (St. Stephen, the Virgin Farah, St. George in Manganahs); Their collecting, placement and transportation at different times from one temple in other reflected changes in the political situation and in the views of the vistent. yard.

In the Earnevian. Epoch (V-VI centuries) Great symbolic importance was acquired by Tsni Sv. Archduake. Stephen, who became a symbol for emperors with this over power. It was brought from Jerusalem in 421 in a small c, specially built for her. sv. Stephen in the Palace of Daphne at the Hall of Auguston. The church usually appreciated the highest states. officials were kept insignia for these ceremonies ("political relics"). Through the reverence of St. Stephen, "Fair and Power" (Acts 6. 8), was approved by the strength of imp. authorities.

In the X-XII centuries. The same meaning was the Dress of St. John the Baptist, placed imp. Konstantin VII Bagrynogenic in the palace temple of the Virgin Farah. In x in. MN. Important events in the life of Vasilevs Macedonian dynasty (coronation, baptism of porphyry children) sought to tie the Lord with the celebration of the Baptism, and in this regard, the role of St. John the Baptist as one of the main participants of the Evangelical event; The coronal emperor symbolically embodied the babies in Jordan of Christ.

The architecture of B. d. How much can be judged from the few descriptions, in its initial terms, not the premises themselves played a primary role. Auguston, arranged imp. Konstantin in front of the hulk gate. Here 2 products were erected, decorated with statues who served in the propellants of B. d., As well as the Basilica of the Synclite, the Basilica of St. Sophia and the statue of August Elena, the Mother of the Emperor. Pl. Auguston and nearby hippodrome and mesa, the main street The field, became the place of the solemn appearances of the emperor in front of the people (triumphs, coronations, various holidays).

In the course of the development of the culture of imp. The courtyard tradition of the nationwide commemoration of the ruler has undergone some changes. In V c. The coronation of emperors - especially the empress and co-guards - are gradually transferred from the military field (Evdoor in the vicinity of the K-Field) and the urban hippodrome inside B. d., and for these purposes a new hall is built, also named Auguston. He probably had the shape of the Basilica, on Zap. Side to-roe towards the pl. Auguston was also built by a portico - a golden hand (χρυσὴ χείρ). As an analogue of dugouts on the square, the portico became the place of the solemn appearance of emperors after the coronation, but already in the courtyard of B. d. And only before court ranks. An important component of this ensemble has become a small c. Archduake. Stephen, attached to Auguston and in the future used for coronations and the appointment ceremonies of the highest state. officials. The first rulers, which were significantly crowded in C. sv. Stephen, were Irakli and his wife Evdokia in 610 (Theoph. Chron. P. 299), but the tradition of coronation in the temple was undoubtedly established in the VI century. In the 2nd floor. IX-X. Wedding rituals, and then coronations were transferred to C. Virgin headlight.

From the 70s. Vi in. Center Officer. A court life became Chryshotrin - the TRONA HALL B. D., built near the Daphne Palace in the type of octagonal dome church (the church throne was replaced by the throne). The construction of such a building for emperors meant a certain gap with the tradition of the Roman Empire, where buildings of the Basilica type were used for ritual political purposes. Christiklin became one of the richest buildings of the palace and the whole to-field, his interior was decorated with a mosaic, in the Konhe Apxida over the imp. The throne was placed the image of Christ on the throne. There were exquisite furniture in the hall, including pentapyrgium, a special carved "stand" in the form of 5 towers for imp. Regalia and various vessels who served decoration, several. Tables for solemn receptions, chief, gold or silver with gilding, was intended for the emperor and stood separately from DR.

The most important sphere of the court life of Byzantium was imp. The ceremonial is a complex officer system. Solemn receptions and processions, most of the to-rye were carried out in B. d. History and evolution of the visant. Court ceremonial from the ancient empire to Christ. The kingdom remains an unresolved research problem. It is believed that its general principles have developed in the VI century, in the era of imp. Justinian Great, and then passed in its development of several. Stages, but in the documents they are fixed only fragmentary. The most complete information about the ceremonial is in the treatise "On the ceremonies of the Byzantine courtyard" created in Ser. X in. with imp. Konstantine VII is a bugger and reflecting mainly the state of tradition in the 1st floor. X in. (Although individual sections go to the VI-VII centuries). It can be assumed that later, in the XII century, a ceremonial of several. Modified, simplified and even came into decline, since his execution required the permanent presence of the emperor in B. d., which was impossible by that time.

In x in. In Christiklin, daily morning and evening techniques of the nearest court and state were held. Empire's ranks (De Cer. i 1-2). Morning reception lasted from 6 to 9 hours, evening - from 3 to 6 hours after noon. The reception began with the prayer of the emperor in front of the image of Christ. After all the ranks, dressed in accordance with the rank and the day, when the reception was carried out, entered the hall, held the places allocated to them, listened to the report of Drom's logo (the most influential government rank in the X century), there was a appointment of new officials for vacant positions; The emperor claimed them by saying the phrase: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, he prescribes you from God the kingdom." Then he listened to the report of the preposure (the highest dock of the courtyard) and other ranks, if there was a need for this. During the reception, the emperor was separated from the rest of those present by the veil and usually spoke to them through the logo; On weekday, he was sitting on a gilded throne under the mosaic manner of the Savior, on Sunday Days - in the golden inshance of a red velvet chair (σέλλιον) to the left of the throne (i.e., according to the right hand from Christ). After the morning reception, the emperor and his approximal were present on the liturgy in the temple of the Virgin of the headlight, and then for particularly invited persons in Christiklin, imp is satisfied. dinner. For palace ranks, liturgy was carried out in C. SVT. Vasily the Great in Lavsiak, and so on. The attended at the reception listened to the liturgy in the temple of St. Stephen on the hippodrome.

The most solemn events of the palace life were imp. Outputs to the Cathedral of St. Sofia and others. Temples of the K-Field for Church Holidays (DE CER. I 1-18). Rus. Researcher D. F. Belyaev allocated 3 types of solemn exits: "big" - on the days of the holidays in the name of Christ (Easter, Christmas, the Epiphany, transformation, the descent of St. Spirit); "Average" - in bright Monday and in the Virgin Holidays (the Annunciation, Christmas of the Virgin), when the emperor participated in the cross procession from the Cathedral of St. Sophia in K.L. Dr. Temple K-Field; "Small" exits to the Cathedral of St. Sophia were arranged in the 1st day of the Great Post, on the cross) and on the day of the celebration of Orthodoxy. The ritual began after 7 hours. In Christiklin, where the emperor was entered, prayed in front of the controversial of the Savior and was shaken in Scrathamgius (the analogue of the Sakkos) established for this case of color and cover. Next, the emperor followed the palace from one hall to Dr., where all the palace ranks were welcomed, starting with the youngest (ranks of Kuvuklia - servants of residential chambers) and ending with the most important governments (Droma logo, Protasikrit, protonotary, etc.), rye met the emperor in the Sigma Hall (apparently, semicircular forms). On the way, the emperor attended the temples of the Virgin in the Palace of Daphne, St. Trinity, the baptized Palace of Daphne, C. sv. Stephen, round c. In Scholah, the Palace Temple of St. Apostles; In each of them, he made a bow and with candles in both hands prayed before the shrines. In the Hall, Auguston, the emperor was welcomed by all Palace Ranges built on the ranks, in the consistory hall - all members of the synclith. Next, the emperor was moving accompanied by increasingly increased from the hall to the group of approximate. The greetings of the circus parties were held in the Hall of the Tribunal and then continued in the courtyard of Hulk (near the main gate of B. d.). From there, the emperor with a retinue and accompanying him various states. ranks under Slavovia went to the people to the pl. Auguston and she walked through Her Cathedral of St. Sophia.

T., that part of the ceremony, K-paradium was carried out in B. d., Was the process of a peculiar "collection" of all the courtesy and metropolitan ranks - the elites of the vistent. Gos-Va - around the emperor and their joint preparation for the appearance of St. Sophia in the Cathedral. The ritual routine of the life of B. d. And the emperor was mainly subordinated to church liturgical use; The palace was used as a venue for a part of the citywide and the general-amperistic church celebration.

Removing icons was developed in the court environment; Certificate a misant. Historians about the worship of emperors, their relatives and approximate icons are very numerous. However, the icons in B. d. Rather were the subjects of private worship, and in the era of classical Byzantium (IX-XII centuries) they were not an official. Symbols of the state. Icons are almost not mentioned in the treatise "On Ceremonies". Nevertheless, in the XII century. The tradition of iconotability acquires new features: the special attention of the dynasties of the comnins and the angels enjoy several. Icons of the Virgin - Varnotissa, Elyus, Odigitria. They acquire the role of the symbol of the ideology of the ruling surnames, become a specific focus of imp. Pious and religiosity. The liturgical calendar includes lush processions in honor of the icons, for example, in con. XII century Icon of odigitria was brought from the Mon-aim of the Virgin Odikon in B. d.

From numerous works of monumental art B. d. The only preserved is the floor mosaics of the peristile yard in the district of the Daphne Palace (presumably VI century). They are fulfilled in an ordinary Elliumizing style for early Byzantium, play a decorative role and deprived K.L. Images of Christ. Topics. About the art of B. d. It is necessary to judge the medieval. Descriptions, as well as on some preserved facial manuscripts, created by order of emperors or their approximate and reflecting ideas and aesthetic tastes of this or that era.

From the description of Eusevia Pamphil, it is known that imp. Konstantin on the ceiling "the largest hall B. d. Placed a mosaic image of the cross. The same cross and defeated Dragon near him were depicted on the mosaic panel in the lobby of the palace (Eusebius. Vita Constantini. III 48). Sources of the Epoch of Early Byzantium (Prokokii Caesarian, John Edesky, Easter Chronicle, etc.) report the magnificence of the palace, about the buildings of certain emperors. In "Chronographs" of Feofan (NCh. IX century) there is a story about how in 726 by order of the IMP. Lion III Isaurus was destroyed by the mosaic image of Christ on the gate of the Halk (Theoph. Chron. P. 405), and it became the beginning of the iconocobal era. However, it is not known when this mosaic was created, and even the accuracy of the story of Faofan is questioned by the SOC. researchers. Another story about the removal of the image of the Hulka refers to 814, to the Board of IMP. Lion V (Scriptor Incertus de Leone / ED. I. Bekker. P. 354-355).

After returning to the iconization in Ser.- 2nd floor. IX century In B. d., as well as throughout the empire, an extensive program for decorating buildings is being implemented in accordance with new aesthetic principles. After 843, the mosaic icon of the Savior on Halk was restored. In the beginning. 60s. The project of restructuring palace C was implemented. The Virgin Farah, and its iconographic program, along with new mosaics of the Cathedral of St. Sophia, has become one of the first samples of the classic style of the vistent. Temple Decoration (PHOTIUS. HOMILIA 10). In 866, a mosaic complex was completed in Christiklin, where in the main apse on imp. The throne was depicted by Christ, and in front of him the Virgin and the upcoming imp. Mikhail III, Patriarch Fotius and court ranks. Cenurgion, the hall, adjacent to Christiklin, was decorated with mosaic images of imp. hiking. Created in the IX century. Monumental works were mainly maintained to the XIII V.- Destruction of the Palace.

O. Information further development The principles of court art give the manuscript con. IX-XII century During this period, the courtyard was created. Outstanding works of book art. They most brightly reflected the overall trend of the development of the visant. Artistic style. Examples of court art, the vistent. Neollinism are Paris Homilia Svt. Gregory Theologian (Paris. GR. 510, OK. 883), scroll of the book of Jesus Navina (Palat. Gr. 431, 1st floor. X century), Paris Psalm (Paris. Gr. 139, x in.) . Examples of evolution, the wiser. Art art con. X-XII century Minerality imp. Vasily II (Vatic. Gr. 1613; 976-1025), Psalter Imp. Vasily II with the portrait of the customer on the front-site (marc. Gr. 17, Ok. 1019). To con. XI-XII century Miniatures MN. The manuscripts acquire the similarity with the partition enamel, where the image is completely deprived of the volume (Gospel Imp. John II Comnin (Urbin. Gr. 2, 1122), Gomilia Jacob Kokkininatof (Vatic. Gr. 1162, Ser. XII century)).

An image of emperors occupied a special place in court art, which repeatedly appear in miniatures. As far as it is possible to judge, the program of a multifigure group portrait of the ruler and its courtyard, known in the images in Chrysotricin, for the middle visit. Art remained a unique case. Perhaps, she contained a reminder of the iconographic principles of the Epoch of Early Byzantium (known in Mosaics VI century. C. San Vitaly in Ravenna with images of imp. Justinian I and his yard) and for the audience was evidence of the revival of the IX Empire. In handwritten miniatures and carved bas-reliefs Mersdeyizant. Epoch Emperor is never depicted accompanied by court, they are completely replaced by angels, saints, fathers of church, often dressed in court suits. Such, for example, portrait of imp. Nikifora III Wotaniat (Coislin. Gr. 79) C ARH. Mikhail and Svt. John Zlatoust (approx. 1078), imp. Alexey I Comnin, blessed by Christ and accepting scrolls with Orthodox. The teachings from the fathers of the church on miniatures from the manuscript "Dogmatic Panbiali" Evfimia Zigaben (Vatic. GR. 666; approx. 1118). T about., Through the use of Christ. Images sets the direct connection of the ruler with supernatural and creates a special image of the emperor, removed from the ordinary reality, elected, which has a direct connection with the sky and therefore superior to its approximate and advisers. Officer Palace art, facing primarily to the court and visitors to B. d, plays a significant role in the gradual growth of the Emperor's cult and in maintaining control from the authority over the elite of the vistent. societies.

The most important palace temples

In total, more than 20 temples and chapels are known for written sources, among them St. Trinity, a branch. Elijah, the Virgin Mary of Victory (νικκοπόςόςός), the Virgin in the Palace of Daphne, St. Apostles, Saints AP. Peter, AP. John the Bogoslov, AP. Philip, SVT. Vasily the Great, St. Dimitria Solunsky, St. Anna, St. Feodora Stratilate, SVT. The Clement Ankir, 40 martyrs of Sevastia and others. But the most important were the following.

Temple of Lord

(Ναὸς τοῦ κυίίου). There was an exquisite chamber complex at the Magnavra Palace. According to tradition, it is believed that the temple was built by imp. Konstantin Great and was ancient in B. d. During the ceremonies in this temple, the emperor put on the crown; On the way back from Cathedral CV. Sofia in the daresses of the temple, he shot the crown and, by entering Naos, took the petitioners and important state. Officials: Sintelitics, Stratags, and so on. In 933, it was dedicated to San Patriarch Feofilakt; Emperors Roman I Lacipin and Konstantin VII took the ambassadors of Emirov Tars and Amida. Among the shrine of the temple is part of the Tree of the life-giving Cross of the Lord, in the VII century. Transferred here from Jerusalem Imp. Herakly.

Church of St. Stephen in the Palace of Daphne

Side extension of the palace hall Auguston; The place of coronation and weddings of emperors and their co-guards in the VII - X centuries. In the visant. Traditions were believed that the church was also founded with imp. Konstantine. However, according to Chroniclers of Feofan confessor (Theoph. Chron. P. 87) and George Kedrina (Kedren. T. 1. P. 592), the temple was founded in 429. Pultichery, Sister IMT. Feodosia II, and he was placed in Hands. John the Forerunner, brought from Jerusalem. The shrine was carried out during the ceremonies of coronations and weddings of emperors; Lost after the XII century. In con. V c. imp. Zinon placed the Gospel code here from Matthew, found at the relics of St. Cypriot Varnabas; The gospel was read in the temple once a year, in the great Thursday. In x in. The church also kept Konstantin - religious cross. the shrine, before which, the emperors committed a prayer during solemn outputs; Later, he was probably moved to C. Na-ecclesia, as well as other shrines and relics, repeatedly for various reasons who have changed their location within B. d.

Church of Na-Ecclesia Imp. Vasily I Macedonianin

(New; νέα ̓εκκλησία - a new church). Looks at the descriptions in the "Life of the IMP. Vasily "and in detailed report by Rus. Pilgrim Antonia Novgorod (1,200). The founded in 876 by order of the imp. Vasily I and consecrated May 1,881; It was located in the south-east of Christiklin, on the site of an earlier cycanistrion. The church was a centric dome structure, a square or cruciform in the plan, that is, was one of the first classic samples of the crusade of the dome architecture common. in Byzantium and Vost. Europe. He had 5 domes, probably one in the center was dedicated to Christ, and 4 in the corners, which were devoted to the arch. Mikhail (and Gabriel?), Pros. Elijah, the Virgin and SVT. Nikolai Wonderworker; Also, with the altar there were 4 small faces. Later, a dedication was established in the name of the arch. Mikhail (first recorded by the description of the pilgrim Anthony from Novgorod in 1200). The temple was famous for its rich scenery: the interior was decorated with a mosaic on a gold background with images of Christ in the main dome, the Virgin in the Konhe apsida, the prophets, apostles and saints. The altar barrier and the throne were decorated with silver and precious stones, the floor was made of red marble, the dome was covered with bronze. At the main entrance, 2 phials from red and white marble with sculptures of fantastic animals are installed. For decoration c. Nea-ecclesia was used the decor of old buildings to-field, including Mausoleum IMP. Justinian with the Cathedral of St. Apostles.

In the X-XI centuries. The temple was the place of some of the most important and solemn events of court life. In 907, Patriarch Nikolai Mystic did not allow the imp. Lero Vi Mudrome to enter this church, which was perceived as the emperor's excommunication that joined the 4th marriage. In 963, the wedding of the imp. Nikifora II Foki and Augustus Feofano, Widow Imp. Novel II lacipin, in 1042- Wedding of the porphyricity zoe and imp. Konstantina IX Monomakh. In the XII century Mont-ry was formed for some time at the church. In con. XII century with imp. Isaac II Angela part of the jewelry was used for new buildings and interiors. In the church were relics, most of the toy demonstrated medieval. Understanding imp. And the monarchist power, characteristic of Byzantium, its development in the vz and the eschatological relationship of the empire with the kingdom of Christ, will come after a terrible court. The pilgrim Anthony from Novgorod reports that Konstantin, Jericho pipe Jesus Navina (it was believed that an angel at the end of the world was kept in her church. Abraham, Wand Moses, Horn Tsar Samuel, from which he anointed the knob. David; In the altar barrier, part of the raincoat and belt are placed. Elijah and richly decorated Shield Constantine. In a separate chapel, there were a table, which was sitting by Abraham with the 3 angels who were 3 angels with him, as well as a cross, erected by whining after the flood; A marble column was placed in Natresse, with K-Roy came out of the sea. Isidore Chios (PAM. May 14). Most relics are lost after 1204

In the XIII century. During the reign of Latinan, this church was one of the "Palace Chapel" - Saint-Michel de Buccoleon; In the era of Paleologists, one of the few buildings of the central complex B. d., K-paradium was used to the tour. conquest. In 1436, a church cathedral was held in the temple under the chairmanship of the imp. John VIII Paleologist. The temple is destroyed, probably in 1490

Church of the Virgin headlight

(τοῦ θάρου - with lighthouse). Nased on the lighthouse built in the VI century. imp. Justine II near the Palace Harbor in Vulation; He entered the architectural complex of the Palace of Wooleon and at the same time was not far from Chrysotricle and residential imp. Palace of the Palace of Daphne; Perhaps stood between the temples of the front. Elijah and St. Dimitria Solunsky.Postored, probably imp. Konstantin V in Ser. VIII century; Rebuilt after a century of imp. Mikhail III, and later in Byzantium it was believed that the temple was founded exactly to them. The appearance is known for the descriptions of the Faofan's continuer and in the 10th Gomilia of Patriarch Fethyau. The sizes were small, cross-domed type; had an atrium fenced with a wall; It was richly decorated with mosaics with the image of events from Evangelical history (apparently created in the IX century) and window stained glass windows. The church was of great importance in the VIII-XI centuries.: In 768, it took place in it. Lion IV Khazaryanin with St. Irina, and he saw. This was performed here. Wedding. In 920, IMT was killed in the temple. Lev V Armenian. In the treatise "On Ceremonies", the church is intended for everyday liturgia in the presence of the emperor and his family, as well as for solemn services in the 1st day of the year, May 1, on the day of the commemoration of the knob. Elijah (in the presence of synclith), in pure Thursday, in the Great Saturday and the Great Thursday. A variety of decorations were kept in the church for the decoration of Christiklin in the days of the receptions of ingenic ambassadors.

The main shrines of the temple were associated with the worship of the Savior and, given the use of the temple for the coronation of emperors, reminded of the proximity to Him Vasilevs. Among the shrines of the temple in the composition of Nicholas Mealita (1201; P. 29-31), the crown of Christ, Tunic of Christ, the staff of Christ, whipping his scourge, is mentioned. The nail, copy, particles of the Sandals of Christ (brought imp. John Zimischius from Palestine in 975). In 944, imp. Roman I Lacipin placed the mandilion-driven - fees with the Savior's uncontiguously brought from Edessa. An important symbol for the vistent. Guardian ideology was a Tsnna Sv. John the Baptist, placed in the Temple of the Virgin in 956 of the Imp. Konstantin VII is a bugger and used in ceremonies of coronations. 1 Aug. In the church, a part of the Tree of the Life-giving Cross of the Lord was exhibited. In 1169 imp. Manuel I ComnNin suffered to church from Ephesus Stone, on which the body of the Savior was put on it after his removal from the cross, but shortly before his death in 1180, Manuel suffered this shrine in the capital Mont-Pokratcher.

It is probably in the Temple of the Virgin in 1204. It was anointed to the kingdom of the 1st Lat. imp. Baldoon Flander. After lat. The conquest part of the shrine was transported to Paris and with Ser. XIII century It was in Saint-Chapele (lost during the French Revolution). C. The Mother of God came to the desolation in the con. XIII century and gradually collapsed; The preserved part of the shrine of the Passions of the Lord was transferred to the temple of St. George in Manganahs. In the present Time at the Topkap Palace-Museum in Istanbul is kept by a silver rim in the form of a hand, known as Dandy of St. John the Baptist, however, it is a Venetian work, and her connection with the temple of the Virgin is not proven. The shrines of the Passion of the Lord, as well as the Mandilion are presented on a bilateral Icon of the XII century. "Saved the non-manual" stored in GTG.

Mont-ry sv. George in Manganah

Was on zap. Coast of the Bosphorus Strait, several. In the distance from the center of the center of the K-Field - B. d., the hippodrome and the Cathedral of St. Sofia. It is usually considered separately from B. d. However, of course, he was part of a large palace district in the coastal vest. Parts of the city.

Based approx. 1043 IMP. Konstantin IX Monomakh, together with the hospital and imp. Palace as part of the new palace complex; His patronage was the favorite of the emperor Sevasta Maria Slären. Mont-Pie enjoyed the right of the patronage of the monks from the Olympus of Vifinsky and from Mont-Rya Na-Moni on Chios who came to the K-Paul. In 1055 in Mont-Re George was buried his founder of imp. Konstantin Monomakh. Mont-ry and the palace were one of the most important residences of the emperors of the 2nd floor. XI-XII century In 1118, the Mangans died and was buried imp. Alexey I Comnin. Nikita Honiata (Nik. Chon. P. 580) is a message that in con. XII century imp. Isaac II Angel destroyed the complex for the construction of the arch of Arch. Mikhail, however, in 1200, Anthony Novgorodsky mentions his wealth and beauty. Probably, Isaac II affected only the actual palace buildings, and the Mont-ry remained intact.

In 1207, Pope Innokenti III approved the rights of EP. Nivelona Sussonsky for the ownership of Mont-Rem and all of its wealth. The monastery is located the community of regular canonics, but then the Mont-ry became the object of a long-term dispute between the canonics and hospital. Perhaps Mont-ry was renamed Latinians in honor of St. ap. Andrei, because in the diploma of Dad Innokenti IV from 1244. It is indicated under this title.

A number of certificates are preserved about the regular rich awards of Mont-Ryu from emperors and patriarchs in the XIV century. The igumens had titles of Archimandrite and Protosinkellov, that is, were permanent members of the Patriarch Synod. In 1279, the issue of combining churches in the presence of IMPs took place. Mikhail VIII Paleologist and Patriarch John Vecchika. In 1320-1321 The K-Polish Patriarchal Prestrol held a monk of Mont-ary Gerasim. In 1327, in Mon-Rea, the throne of the imp. Andronicue II and in 1328 was tonsured here. In 1351, this Mont-ry was removed by imp. John Vi Cantakuzine, adopting monastic stop with the name of Joasaf. In 1370, the igume. Mont-aeodosius became Metropolitan Trapezund.

In the XV century The richness of the mangans and anonymous Rus mention about the wealth of mangans and anonymous rus. pilgrim. They report that Mont-ry was surrounded by extensive gardens, had a certain number of residential buildings; His cathedral was decorated with mosaic with the image of the ascension in the dome, multicolored marble plates. Before the temple was the Baptistery and the pool. In the 20s XV century The altar part of the Cathedral of SV was rebuilt George to IMP. John VIII Paleologist and Augustus Mary. In the same years, the Monacon of Mon-Rya was a well-known scientist Mark Evgenik, he was engaged in the theology and gathered a group of students around him, one of the second was Bud. K-Polish Patriarch Dionysius I (1466-1471). In 1437, Mark Evgenik took the Metropolitan of the Department of Ephesus. In 1431 by Ier. And Katigumen Mont-arsa in Mangans Macarium Kurunas was included in the SPEU IMP. John VIII for a trip to Rome. Because of the death of Pope Martin V, the journey was postponed, and later, when John VIII really went to the West, Macarius Kurunas refused to accompany him.

In 1200, the Helmet of St. George and Hand MCH. Prokopy, in the beginning. XIV. Shrine from C. The Mother of God the headlight - the instrument of passion of Christ (staff, purple, copy, sponge). In the description, the key is noted that in the beginning. XV century These shrines were transferred to the Mont-ry of Christ in the K-field, while the instruments of passions were in Mangans until 1453.

Preserved several. Manuscripts from Monastic BC, most of them XIV century. Among the ancient manuscripts are Heidelberg Codes. PAL. GR. 398 (Works of Arriana; 2nd floor. IX century.), Monac. GR. 356 (Gomilia John of Zlatoust; 2nd floor. X century), Vindob. Hist. GR. 20 ("History" of Joseph Flavia; 2nd floor. X century), scorial. GR. III-8 (comments of Vasily the Great on the knob. Isaiah; Con. XII century).

In 1453, Mont-ry ceased to exist and was busy community tour. Dervica, however, probably after several. His land plot was included in the composition of Seryla - the new residence of Mehmed II. The buildings were not used and gradually disassembled for the construction of the Sultan Palace.

East: Constantinus Porphyrogennitus. DE CERIMONIIS AULAE BYZANTINAE / ED. Reiske. Bonn, 1830; Theophanus Continuatus. Chronographia / Ed. I. BEKKER. Bonn, 1838. P. 139-143, 215, 321-329, 447FF; Leo GramMaticus. Chronographia / Ed. I. BEKKER. Bonn, 1842. P. 132, 137-138; Loparev x. M. Book Pilgrim: Tale of the saints in Tsaregda Anthony Archp. Novgorod in 1200 // PPS. 1899. Vol. 51. P. 1-39; Nikolaos Mesarites. Die PalastRevolution Des Johannes Komnenos / Ed. A. Heisenberg. Würzburg, 1907.

Lit.: Labarte J. Le Palais Impérial De Constantinople Et Ses Abords. P., 1861; Belyaev d. F. Byzantina. SPb., 1893. T. 2: Daily and Sunday techniques. Visant. Kings and festive exits in the temple of St. Sofia in the IX-X centuries; Bury J. B. The Ceremonial Book of Constantine PorphuroGennetos // EHR. 1907. Vol. 22. P. 209-227, 417-439; IDEM. The Great Palace // BZ. 1912. BD. 21. S. 210-225; EBERSOLT J. Le Grand Palace De Constantinople et Le Livre Des Cérémonies. P., 1910; Mamboury e., Wiegand T. Die KaiserPaläste Zwischen Hippodrom Und Marmaramer. B., 1934; Demangel R., Mamboury E. Le Quartier Des Mangenes Et La Première Région De Constantinople. P., 1939; Brett g., Martiny g., Stevenson R. The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors. OXF., 1947; Guilland R. L "Augusteus // Reb. 1948. T. 6. P. 167-180; Guilland R. Les Palais du Boukoleon // BSL. 1950. T. 11. P. 61-71; Idem // Jöbg. 1955. BD . 4. S. 65-85; Idem. La Magnaure // EBS. 1957. T. 27. S. 63-74; Idem. Sur Les Itinéraires du Livre Des Cérémonies // Jöbg. 1961. BD. 10. S. 39-52; Idem. Études de Topographie de Constantinople Byzantine. B.; Amst., 1969; Idem. La Disparition Du Grand Palais // BSL. 1970. T. 31. P. 189-191; Mango c. Autor du Grand Palais de Constantinople // CAH. Arch. 1951. T. 5. P. 179-186; Jenkins R., Mango C. The Date and Sighificance of the Tenth Homily of Photous // Dop. 1956. Vol. 9-10. P. 125-140; Gouillard R. La Magnaure // EBS. 1957. T. 27. S. 63-74; The Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors. 2nd Report / Ed. DT Rice. Edinburgh, 1958; Mango C. The Brazen House: A Study of The Vestibule of the Imperial Palace in Constantinople. Kopenhagen, 1959; Idem. The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453: Sources and Documents. New Jersey, 1972; Nord Hagen p. J. The Mosaics of the Great Palace of The Byzantine Emrerors // BZ. 1963. BD. 56. S. 53-68; Janin. Églises et les monastères. P. 96, 232-236, 241-245, 361-364, 375-378, 489-490; Treitinger o. Die Ostromische Kaiser- und Reichsidee Nach Ihrer Geschtaltung Im Höfischen Zeremoniell. Darmstadt, 1969; Muller-Wiener w. Bildlexikon Zur Topographie Istanbuls. Tüb., 1977. S. 136-138, 225-237; Magdalino p. Manuel I Komnenos and The Great Palace // BMGS. 1978. Vol. 4. P. 101-114; IDEM. The Emperor in Byzantine Art of the Twelfth Century // BF. 1982. BD. 8. S. 123-183; IDEM. OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEA EKKLESIA OF BASIL I // JÖB. 1987. BD. 37. S. 51-64; Lazarev in. N. The story of Byzantine painting. M., 1986; Cameron a. The Construction of Court Ritual: The Byzantine "Book of Ceremonies" // Rituals of Roualty / Ed. D. Cannadine, S. Price. Camb., 1987; Trilling j. The Soul of the Empire: Style and Meaning In The Mosaic Pavement of the Imperial Palace in Constantinople // DOP. 1989. Vol. 43. P. 27-72; ODB. P. 231-232, 791-792, 869-870, 1446, 2082-2083, 2116; Jobst w., Vetter H. MosaikenForschung Im Kaiserpalast von konstantinopel. W., 1992; Kalavretzou i. Helping Hands for the Empire: Imperial Ceremonies and the Cult of Relics at the byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204 / Ed. H. Maguire. Harvard, 1997. P. 53-79; Weyl Carr a. Court Culture and Cult Icons in Middle BYZANTINE CONSTANTINPLE // IBID. P. 81-98; Maguire H. The Medieval Floors of the Great Palace // Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, TOPOGRAPHY AND EVERYDAY LIFE / ED. N. necipoglu. Leiden E. a., 2002. P. 153-174; Tunay m. I. Byzantine Archaeological Findings in Istanbul During The Last Decade // IBID. P. 217-233.

I. N. Popov

Holy Palace of Constantinople

"Oh, as majestic and beautiful Grad Constantinople! How many temples and palaces, erected with wonderful art! Tedishly one transfer of all sorts of local wealth, zlata, silver, sacred relics. " So Konstantinople Capellan Fulher from the tent, walking with Crusaders from Northern France.

The city was founded by the Greek colonists in the VII century BC, but then the Roman emperor septimia north after a three-year siege took the Byzantium (in 196 to our era) and destroyed the city, however, he was restored in his own order. In 330, Emperor Konstantin decided to postpone the capital of the Roman Empire here, which he called New Rome. However, the title did not fit, and the city began to be called Constantinople.

Constantinople, indeed, was beautiful. Like Rome, he spread out on seven hills: his wide streets with open galleries, large squares with columns and statues, magnificent temples and palaces admired everyone who had ever to visit it.

And among them Holy Palace Byzantine emperors, who also called great, or great. The Sacred Palace of Byzantine Emperors was usually called the combination of all the palace buildings in the south of the Church of St. Sophia and in the East of the Hippodrome. However, in the court charter of the emperor, Constantine Bagryanorogennoe indicates only those buildings that were elected or led to the Golden Chamber (Christiklion) and entered the complex of royal housing - as opposed to other buildings palace ensemble (for example, Magnavra or Daphne Palaces).

Presumably the ruins of the Holy Palace could be seen in the early XX century. Then from the northern side of the city, where the Wall of Herakli began, the Byzantine building of the XI century was elevated.

True, at the beginning of the 20th century, these ruins were known already called Tamfur-Saray - Palace of Paleologists.

The Holy Palace was first left, and then he was abandoned by Emmanuil Komnom at all, who in 1150 elected his residence of Velvern, a substantial part of which TEFUR-SARAY was essential. The holy palace over time came extrathly, dilapidated and collapsed, and his residues were used for the construction of other structures. So the Turks who conquered Constantinople were most likely not caught even his traces.

The Greater Palace of Byzantine Emperors is a three-story building, but it was so above the external and inner walls of the city that the first two of its floors were equal to these walls in height, and the third was much higher.

Many medieval writers could not put on the dimensions and luxury of a huge palace: he was alone with his surrounding walls, held all the space between the sea and the hippodrome. The complex of palace structures included gardens, chapels, yards, galleries, barracks, housing for the imperial suite and servants.

The big palace of Byzantine emperors instead of monumental buildings had many small and divided into three main parts: Hulk, Daphne and the Sacred Palace. Hulk consisted of a number of rooms, and the entrance went to it through the iron doors. In this part of the palace, the Tribunal of Lichn, a receiving room, a large main hall, a large consistory, several church buildings and three gaptwens were placed.

There was a dining room for 19 lies in which official feasts occurred between the Hulka and Dafa. The hall was divided into two parts, which were illuminated from above: one - for the emperor, the other is for those invited. The second part accommodated up to three hundred guests, which in the days of large holidays fell lying, as it was taken in the ancient world. Meals were served exclusively on the golden dishes, and fruits in such heavy gold vases, which could not carry their servants, but simply moving on trolleys.

In that part of the Grand Palace, which was called Daphne, there were many church buildings and halls for official assembly.

The Holy Palace himself from the outside was built out of the bricks ahead with the strips of light marble, and all the connecting premises of the palace, the windows of windows and doors, and the columns of liberators - from whitish marble. The entrance to the Holy Palace led through the copper gate. The residence of the Byzantine emperors, which consisted in itself many apartments and halls and connected by several buildings with the hippodrome, was from the sea. It included a pearl hall, an oval hall, an eagle room and many others.

On the other hand, the residence of monarchs with the help of terraces and galleries was reported to the Palace of Magnavra; On the seashore, the palace of Bukoleon was standing, which with the sea was connected to an artificial structure by mall and the pool, to which a marble staircase came down. On the opposite elevation, there was a lighthouse, which was placed by Feofil (according to other sources - Lvir philosopher), the supervisory "telegraph" post, which, with the help of a special lighting system, reported news throughout the empire - from the capital to borders.

Throne hall the Imperial Palace He was the Golden Chamber, in which in the VII-XII centuries was completely performed, most of the court rites began or ended. Here, the Byzantine emperors daily accepted officials and more often than in other throne halls - ambassadors and noble foreigners. In the Golden Chamber, they were put into ranks and positions, there were pions and lunches in it, the exits of emperors in the temples and other throne halls began and ended.

The Golden Chamber directly adjacent to the residential chambers of the Byzantine kings and their families, so she was the most convenient hall for daily domestic techniques and to commit ordinary rituals. The king was worth only to get out of his chambers, and he had already turned out to be in the throne room, meanwhile, as other throne halls were quite far from the royal chambers, were divided by several transitions and other buildings.

The construction of the Golden Chamber Scientists usually refer to the time of the reign of Emperor Justina II Kiropolate, who took the temple of St. Sergius and Vakha for a sample of the throne room. This temple was considered one of the most elegant structures erected by the Grand King-builder of Justinian I.

The Golden Chamber was an octagonal hall, crowned with a dome with 16 windows. On eight sides of the chamber there were eight apses that joined each other. Apps opposite the entrance was closed by two silver doors, on which Jesus Christ and the Mother of God were analyzed.

During the solemn techniques, when the people were just entering the Golden Chamber, the doors of this apse were closed.

Then they dissolved, and an emperor appeared in the depth of apse, dressed in a purple cloak decorated with precious stones. The spent the people in reverence instantly fell NIC.

The eastern Arch of the Golden Chamber was extensive than others and ended in the niche, in which the magnificent royal throne was located on the elevation from the floor, on which the emperors of Byzantium were sacrificed during particularly solemn techniques. It was here and somewhat simpler and less luxurious portable chairs, for which the kings sat down during ordinary daily and other simple techniques. However, even these simple techniques were attached to this or that degree of importance - depending on how the emperor was dressed and some of the side chairs he sat down.

In the eastern niche of the Golden Chamber, in addition to the throne and royal chairs, there was an icon of the Savior, in front of which the kings prayed daily at the exit of their orders to the throne hall and before leaving him to their overwhelms after the receptions, expressing their humility and reverence before the king of the kings.

In the eastern side of Christiklion, there were several doors, which led the courtyard to him, which represented the open platform from the fight. These doors, as in general, all doors in the throne room were decorated with silver and because they were called silver. When the kings passed through them, both of their halves kept two kuviculira.

IN western side The throne room was also the doors in which the new-stop children were introduced, where the king and Christ was Christ with them on Wednesday of the Easter week.

In the center of the ceiling of the Golden Chamber hung a large panicadello, similar to the chandelier. Like the other halls of the Holy Palace, Chryshotriklim lit by oil, grown in panicadiles. For example, during the reception of Sarazinsky ambassadors in Kamorakh, silver panicadals were hanged, and the central decorated with precious carved stones.

Oil for lighting was headed by the main watchman and the keysticker of the Holy Palace, under the beginning of which (except for the assistant, headed by the Tsarist Paradinary Wardrobe) there were several more replaceable dietaries. In the open courtyards (oriaki) around the imperial residence there were platforms with fountains in the middle. These fountains were called phials, they poured a rather significant stream of water into large magnificent bowls. The platforms with fountains were very extensive sizes, and during the solemn holidays - royal receptions or races on the racetrack - they could accommodate a lot of guests.

From the south side to Christiklion, the orders of the king and the queen were adjacent. Silver doors were led to Kyton, and the rest were artistically and luxuriously decorated with magnificent mosaic images and paintings.

Another big Throne Chamber of the Holy Palace is the Magnavra Hall, also arranged as other throne halls. In the eastern side of the Magnavar, a niche was also located, the floor of which was raised into several steps higher than the floor of the entire hall.

Byzantine emperors surround themselves with fabulous luxury. In the main hall of the Magnavra Palace during the reception of foreigners, all the treasures of their treasury - jewelry and gold-shied edge clothing were put on.

In the depths of the hall, there was a golden throne of the emperor, in front of which two lions were lying on the steps, werehed out of gold. The throne was a golden tree, on the branches of which the multicolored birds were sitting, skillfully made of gold and enamel.

Under the sounds of the organ and singing, the emperor appeared in golden clothes and hung with jewels. In order to further hit foreign guests at the moment when they were included in the hall, the birds on the golden trees were chemped with wings, and the lions rose and roamed down. At the time when the ambassador lay prostrate (according to etiquette) in front of the throne, giving the honor of the Vladyka Byzantium, the emperor, together with the throne, was raised up, and then descended already in another robe.

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The Big Imperial Palace (Holy Palace) is a palace complex located in the I-Ohm region of Constantinople South-West Sipodrome and the South Church of St. Sophia.

Began to be built in 324 by the emperor Great (306-337) and opened on the official basis of the second Rome on May 11, 330.

Almost before the beginning of the XIII century, i.e. For almost nineth board, it was rebuilt and expanded. The maximum expansion occurred under Vasily I Macedonian (867-886), and the largest later erected construction is a new top palace (whiten), combined with a single strengthening system and became the Citadel to the Citadel.

Originally had a state of an incorrect sevenginous (the form of which later, during its expansion, was approximately preserved) bordering the north with Auguston and the baths of Zevxippa, in the West - with the hippodrome, in the south, and southeast of the hills, descending to the proponatid sector of marine Walls, and in the East - Urban Quarters. The whole territory was charged with numerous towers, incl., Travel. The big palace joined the hippodrome, whose cafisma, in fact, was his part of the part and with the temple of St. Sophia.

Later, the role of its southern and southwestern walls began to play urban seaside walls.

The complex was autonomous region Cities designed to accommodate exhacer with his family, palace garrison and discussing personnel.

The inner space was occupied by the palaces, including: Hulk (330), Sigma (between 823 and 843), Daphne (330 g.), Trill (IV century), tricon (between 829-841) , Vucleon (between 419 and 450), a new top palace (up to 967), Lavsiak (up to 812), skiel (330), Camil, Mesopath and Music (all three - between 829-841 .), Eros (330), Justinian (694), Kenurbia, Pentacuville and Eagle (all - between 866 and 885); Church -sv.Tefan (330g), St. Fodeor Tyron (V century), St. Agafia (IV century), St. Agafonik, who entered the Palace Complex in Vasily I (330), Vasil (Faroskaya) (IV century), SVV. Apostles (IV century), Archangel Mikhail (between 829 and 841), a new church (between 866 and 885), St. Ilya of the Prophet (up to 865), St. Peter; chapel, incl. St. Paul (between 866-885), sv. Anna, Palace (between 867 and 911), sv. Cline (between 866 and 885) and others; Gardens, the largest of which are Membiffs (between 866 and 885), open artificial reservoirs and tanks; Household, service buildings and barracks. There were special courtyards to communicate with representatives of the racetracks. Very often, a new building was attached to the earlier palace, or several new halls. The names of the palace structures could occur from the names of the halls in them located (Daphne); Either the name of the main hall in the palaces was called the names themselves (sigma).

In addition, the complex had: prisons - Hulk, Elephant, Numer and Vucleon; Cycanist - Hippodrome for Polo - Equestrian Game; several baths; your own workshops; Arsenal (ELOS); Pier (cliff) in vucoleon and library.

The complex was located in the complex - a city lighthouse (between 566 and 577), under the emperor Mikhail III (840-867) who became the final station of the light telegraph. For the convenience of the building and structures were connected by indoor galleries, or were surrounded by portica. There was a water supply and sewage with water washed of unclean.

Palace buildings, churches, chapels, galleries and portico, as well as the vaults of a number of travel gates were decorated with amazing mosaics, paintings, marble and colored stone. In the interiors, stained glass windows, bronze, silver and gold were widely used. The roofs of many buildings were covered with lead and gilded bronze. In the gardens and yards there were numerous intricate fountains. Exotic species of plants were planted, exotic species of birds were divorced. In addition to open reservoirs, there were small ponds from mercury, in which copies of waterfowl. The complex of the Grand Palace was filled with statues, fresh and co-version from the whole empire.

The capture of Constantinople crusaders in 1204 laid the beginning of the End of the Big Palace: Palace Churches and Chapels were looted; Metal statues, decor and roof elements - interpret; Floor slabs, cladding and columns were laid out and sold to the West.

In 1261, after the liberation of the city from the occupiers, the complex, as well as the entire Constantinople represented a depressing spectacle. Almost, except for several recovered churches and structures, a large palace, right up to the capture of the city of the Turks, was not restored.

After the fall of the empire in 1453, the surviving churches on its territory were turned into a mosque. Turks also used some sections of its walls when erecting topkaps - the residence of Sultan.

Currently, there are several former churches in one degree or another, several ruins and the Mosaic Museum, found during the few excavations, as well as the isolated population of exotic birds in one degree or another.

(Greek. Μέγα Παλάτιον ) I remained the main residence of Byzantine emperors for eight hundred years, from 330 to 1081 years. It was laid by Konstantin Great between the Hippodrome and St. Sophia, rebuilt with Justinian and expanded by Ferofil. Children of the emperor born in the Palace Palace Palace called porphyry.

Palace at Justinian

To the construction of the palace complex, Justinian began shortly after Nick's uprising, during which a significant part of the buildings of the old imperial chambers of Constantine suffered in a fire. The central part of the sacred chambers was a large square - Auguston, who stoled from the Church of St. Sophia to the palace. With four sides, the area surrounded the construction - the temple of St. Sofia in the north, the terms of Zevxippa and the racetrack in the south-west, in the east of the Senate and the Magnavra Palace, and in the south of the Imperial Residence.

After the fire, Auguston was expanded and decorated with white portico, supported by two rows of columns, the earth was smelted marble. On the square near the Golden Column, from which the Empire roads were disengagered, the bronze column was erected, crowned with the horse's statue of Justinian. Prokopii writes that the emperor was represented with the face facing east, with the power in the left palm and an outstretched right hand, "in order to command Varvaram." The emperor was closed in the armor, in which Ahill was usually depicted.

Before the building of the Senate was built a portico with six white graded columns, decorated with statues. In the terms of Zevxippa, where Konstantin gathered a collection of ancient statues, Justinian ordered to restore multicolored marble ornaments affected in a fire. The imperial residence was rebuilt again with a pomp, which, according to the procopy, it is impossible to convey words. From the south-west side under the portica there were iron doors, which were led in the Songs called Hulka. Entering the door, visitors held a semicircular yard to the larger hall with a dome, which Justinian rebuilt secondly in 558. The floor was made of a colored marble, which fade a large round plate from Porphira. Wall panels were also from color marble. At the top, large mosaic canvases were located, depicted by Justinian and Feodoro in festive clothes surrounded by senators, scenes of Vandal and Italian wars, Triumph Belisarius, representing the defeated kings to the emperor.

Bivalve bronze door led from Rotunda Hulka to guard rooms, called portica scholaria, Protectors and Candidates. These were extensive halls that served as premises for Palace Guardians, and, moreover, they included the front rooms, in one of which was under the dome a large silver cross. Finally, through a wide alley, bordered by columns and the cutting quarter of the Guards, feared to the palace itself, where first of all entered into a big Consistorion.. It was a throne room, in which the doors made of ivory, draped by silk curtains. The walls were decorated with precious metals, the floor was removed with carpets. In the depths of the Hall on the three-stage elevations between the two statues of Victoria with the lean wings, there was a throne covered with gold and precious stones. Over the throne, a golden dome was touched, supported by four columns. Behind the throne, three bronze doors opened on the stairs, which led to internal chambers.

Reception in Consistorion was held in the days of large holidays, when appointing the highest dignitaries and a meeting of foreign ambassadors. Next to the Consistorion was a large triclinium or Trikinium nineteen gles. It was a large luxuriously removed hall, which was arranged in the honor of foreign ambassadors or high dignitaries, also in the triclinium, some ceremonies were held as coronating the empress, farewell to the late emperor. Nearby was the Church of the Savior served in the times of Justinian Palace Church. The entire described complex was one-storey and was called Halkei, all the buildings of which the facades were directed towards Auguston. Behind the apartments of Halkei, the Greater Palace of Daphne was erected. The Khalkei complex was associated with the palace, many alleys, yards and galleries.

The entrance to the palace was against the southeastern gate of the hippodrome. The palace was a two-story and had two wings that surrounded the big courtyard, the part of which was occupied by the emperor's personal playpen. The first floor of the buildings occupied the courtiers. On the second floor there were personal quarters of the emperor, including the most luxurious chambers halls. These were three halls - "Triklinium Augustos", the "octagonal living room" and "Koiton Daphne". The halls were complemented by a wide terrace with which the sea view was opened. The terrace was part of the Daphne Gallery, in which there was a statue of the nymph, which Konstantin was brought from Rome. On the other hand, there was a gallery that connected the Church of St. Stephen, Daphne with the false emperor on the hippodrome "Cafe", which was a palace, where there were rooms for receptions and recreation. In this part of the chambers, as in Khalkei, there were only reception and office space. For housing, two palaces were used between the Dafa and Sea - "Chrysotrinium" and "Trikon". The descriptions of their decoration are not preserved.

The complex of the sacred chambers complemented the lone "Triklinium of Magnavara", renovated by Justinian with great splendor. The palaces were attached galleries that connected it with St. Sophia. Thus, the emperor could, without leaving his home, move from the hippodrome to the church. At the end of everything, Justinian included his old house in the expanded complex of the Palace buildings, in which he lived before the topics.

In subsequent epochs

By the XI century, the Palace Complex included many buildings of different epochs scattered in the area of \u200b\u200b20 thousand square meters. feet. Emperors dynasty