Imperial Palace on the Palatine. S. and

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According to legend, ancient Rome arose here: Romulus and Remus were fed by a she-wolf on the Palatine and raised by Faustul, here Romulus founded the city. The name Palatium is associated with the name of the goddess Pales, the guardian of cattle. Obviously, the Palatine Hill originally served as a pasture for cattle, and when the Italians had the first religious ideas and the cult of the goddess Pales arose, the Palatine became the religious center of shepherds who made sacrifices here. Here were: - the sacred cave of the she-wolf - Lupercal - with a spring and a fig tree (ficus), under which, according to legend, a basket with twin babies was found; - Pan's altar; - Mundus, that is, the pit where the settlers threw the first-born fruits, household items and handfuls of the native land brought with them, until the pit was filled and covered with an altar (Roma Quadrata); - Romul's house (casa Romuli); and others. With the expansion of the city, the Palatine was built up: by the end of the republic, it was mainly the rich and aristocrats of Rome who lived here. Augustus, who was born on the Palatine, decided to build a palace on it for his family (Domus Augustiana). It was the first palatine palace built in a relatively simple style of marble in the very center of the hill. Near the palace was the temple of Apollo made of pure marble with two libraries (Latin and Greek) and the temple of Vesta. In 3 A.D. e. the palace burned down, but Augustus restored it to its original form, adding propylaea to it. At the same time, a colonnade with 52 columns was erected around the Apollinis area, decorated with statues in between. In the western part of the Palatine was the palace of Libya or Tiberius (Domus Tiberiana), and to the north of it and closer to the forum was the palace of Caligula (in the third on the Palatine), from which there was a bridge connecting the Palatine with the Capitol. The fourth palace (Domus Flavia) was built under Domitian to the north-west of the Augustow Palace (80-92 years, 5 hectares). The palace housed the basilica, the Throne Room (aula regia), the Jupiter Hall, and a fountain with a columnar hall. In the Throne Room were audiences of the emperor, in the "hall for private audiences" - meetings of the imperial council. Domitian also built a magnificent stadium (160 m long, 50 m wide), adjoining the imperial box (kathisma). Domitian's buildings were distinguished by exquisite luxury. The fifth and last palace was erected by the North in the southeastern part of the Palatine next to the Domus Augustiana, the famous Septizonium, that is, a palace of seven floors, towering one above the other by means of rows of columns. The deep antiquity of the hill is proved by numerous archaeological finds: traces of the first settlement on the Palatine date from about 1000 BC. e.

On the territory of these latter, the rite of corpse was archaeologically attested. Our tradition speaks of the annexation of the Sabine community of Titus Tatius to the Palatine community of Romulus, and in general the presence of Sabine elements in early Rome is beyond doubt. Hence, the following hypothesis seems very plausible. The oldest Roman settlement was the Palatine community of the Protolatinians of the 10th - 9th centuries. Next to her on Esquiline at the end of the 9th century. a community of protossabinians arose. Both settlements existed side by side for quite some time and finally merged around the 7th century.

The four stages of Rome's expansion

A fairly reliable tradition gives us four stages of the expansion of Rome during the royal period. The first stage is “Square Rome” (Roma quadrata). With this name, some Roman writers designated oldest settlement on the Palatine at the beginning of the 1st millennium. The second stage is the "City of Seven Hills", the memory of which was preserved in the "Semicholmia" holiday. The probable date of its existence is the 8th century. The exact boundaries of Rome during this period are not entirely clear. It is believed that the "seven hills" are the two peaks of the Palatine (Palatine and Tsermal itself), then the saddle connecting the Palatine with the Esquiline (Velia), the three protrusions of the Esquiline (Tsispius, Fagutal and Oppius) and, finally, Caelius. It is debatable whether the city then formed a truly unified community, surrounded by one system of fortifications, or whether it was just a union of seven autonomous villages. No traces of defensive structures have survived from this period. But be that as it may, the stage of the "seven hills" reflects the growth of the Palatine "city" towards Esquiline and the preparing syneikism of Latin and Sabine settlements. A more solid stage of unification is the "City of Four Districts" (probably. VII century). The four districts are Palatine, Suburanian (Celium), Esquiline and Collin (Quirinal and Viminal). Thus, the city expands northward towards the Quirinal and now includes five main hills: Palatine, Esquiline, Celius, Viminal and Quirinal. Two other hills - the Capitol and the Aventine - in the 7th century, apparently, were not yet inhabited, or at least were not yet part of the sacred line of the city (pomeriy). Finally, the last stage is the "City of Servius Tullia" (6th century). Tradition says that under Servius Tullius, Rome was surrounded by a wall, and indeed among the remains of the fortifications of the 4th century. it is possible to establish traces of an older building, perhaps the VI century. During this era, the Capitol entered the city limits, and the city occupied six main hills: Palatine, Capitol, Usquiline, Viminal, Quirinal and Celium. As for the Aventine, its settlement took place, apparently, only in the middle of the 5th century.

Legend of the origin of Rome

The historical tradition, preserved by the Greek and Roman historians and reflected in poetry (by Virgil), thus expounds the legend of the emergence of Rome. The Trojan Aeneas, the son of the goddess Aphrodite and the mortal Anchises, survived the destruction of Troy. Together with his son Askania (or Yul), Aeneas fled and after long wanderings came to the shores

Palatine is the central of the seven main hills of Rome, 40 m high, one of the most ancient inhabited places in Rome. According to legend, ancient Rome arose here: Romulus and Remus were fed by a she-wolf on the Palatine and raised by Faustul, here Romulus founded the city. The name Palatium is associated with the name of the goddess Pales, the guardian of cattle. Obviously, the Palatine Hill originally served as a pasture for cattle, and when the Italians had the first religious ideas and the cult of the goddess Pales arose, the Palatine became the religious center of shepherds who made sacrifices here. Here, among other things, there was a sacred cave of the she-wolf - Lupercal - with a spring and a fig tree, under which, according to legend, a basket with twin babies Romulus and Remus was found. The deep antiquity of the hill is proved by numerous archaeological finds: traces of the first settlement on the Palatine date back to about 1000 BC.
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With the expansion of the city, the Palatine was built up: by the end of the republic, it was mainly the rich and aristocrats of Rome who lived here.
2. Palatine Hill at the end of the Republican period (II-I centuries BC)

As the Palatine was built up, a complex of palaces, temples, fountains and other structures was formed.
3. Palatine Hill in the II century. AD

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5. View of the Palatine from the Circus Maximus.

You can get to the Palatine either from the side of the Roman Forum ( road goes from the Arch of Titus) or from the side of Via di San Gregorio, where there is a separate entrance. We went with the first option.
6. Road to the hill

Foundations of Nero (Neronian foundations)
The concrete foundations that come from the Arch of Titus probably refer to the huge portico, which, according to ancient legends, was built by Nero as the entrance to his Domus Aurea. The portico was about 300 meters long and stretched from the Roman Forum to the Temple of Venus and Roma.
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Temple of Jupiter Strator
A concrete foundation, partially collapsed due to the presence of large underground cavities, stands in a large open area that is now used as a garden. In ancient times, it was the area of \u200b\u200bthe Palatine district, mentioned by ancient authors. It must have been the heart of the Palatine, from where both imperial palacesand the facades of the house of Augustus and the house of Tiberius. The foundation probably belonged to a temple, possibly dedicated to Jupiter Strator.
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The Church of San Bonaventura al Palatino is a small 17th century church in Rome, built on the Palatine Hill. It is a Franciscan monastery temple built by Cardinal Francesco on the ruins of an ancient cistern from the Roman period.
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Palace of the Augustus
Palace of the Augustus is an antique palace complex built under Domitian at the end of the 1st century. AD The imperial palace complex included the palace itself, which was used as the personal residence of the emperors, and the Flavian palace as the official building. The August Palace was a two-story building with a large courtyard and garden. The palace, located at the southern end of the hill, towered over the Circus Maximus, and the other side was facing the forum.
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Flavian Palace
The Flavian Palace is an antique palace complex of Roman emperors, built by the Flavian emperor Domitian after a devastating fire in 80, during which the former imperial palaces Domus Transitoria Nero and Domus Tiberiana burned down. The construction was completed in 92 AD.
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The complex of Domitian's palace included the palaces of Augustus and Flavian, where official receptions and ceremonies were held, and Domitian's stadium. There were several large halls in the palace - a three-aisled basilica, where court hearings were held, Aula Regia and a lararium.
18. Scheme of the Augusta Palace. E: entrata principale; L: Lararium; A: Aula Regia; B: Basilica; Po: portico; P1: peristilio; C: Cenatio; P2: secondo peristilio; P3: terzo peristilio; Co: cortile; Ex: grande esedra; S: Stadium; Tr: Tribuna dello Stadium

Aula Regia
Aula Regia is a marble throne room measuring 30 × 39 meters, in the niches of which there were statues, in the apse was the throne of the emperor. In a small room next to throne room there was a lararium - a sanctuary for family gods.
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Peristyle
In the center of the "public" sector of the palace was a peristyle with pink marble columns and white marble capitals. On the sides were living and dining rooms, some of which have a characteristic opening in the walls for placing the couches (tricliniums). The courtyard had a pool with an octagonal base, on which a sculptural fountain may have been located, surrounded by a maze of canals. We know that Domitian enjoyed strolling through the porticoes of the palace and that, fearing an ambush, he paneled the walls with panels of precious marble, which, like a mirror, reflected what was happening behind him.
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Palatine Museum
The Palatine Museum was opened in the building former monastery in the 30s of the last century. This building was previously a villa restored in the 19th century by the Scottish Charles Mills. He used the villa as his residence, where lavish receptions were held, at which a noble audience gathered. The museum is a collection of artifacts found during excavations carried out on the Palatine Hill in Rome. The exposition includes objects dating back to the 1st-4th centuries, as well as artifacts that belonged to different periods of time of its settlement, starting from the tenth century BC.
The first floor, through an exhibition using multimedia technology, conveys the history of the hill. Here you can get acquainted with the archaic and republican era of the city and its architecture.
On the second floor, there are many antique sculptures depicting mythical animals and heroes, goddesses and gods. Here you can also see fragments of old multi-colored frescoes found in the vicinity of the Palatine.
22. Statue of Aphrodite. Adriatic period (117-138 AD). Copy from the original of the 5th century BC.

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24. Statue of the Muse

25. Statue of Hermes

26. Statue of Muse Palatine

27. River Statue. 192-235 biennium AD Found in the central exedra of the Septisodium.

28. Statue of a nymph sitting on a rock. 69-96 years. AD A copy from an ancient Greek sculpture of the 2nd-1st centuries. BC.

29. Statue of the goddess Hera. 14-68 years AD Copy from the original of the 5th century BC.

30. Statue of Hermes

31. Statue of Aphrodite

The museum exhibits many other exhibits.
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Nymphaeum
Nymphaeum is a small sanctuary dedicated to water nymphs, usually built near a water source or body of water. It is a semicircular building with columns, sometimes several floors. During the Hellenistic period and Ancient Rome, structures that adorned water sources, as well as city buildings with reservoirs, began to be called nympheums.
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The courtyard of the house of Augustus
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Stadium
The stadium is an important part of the Flavian Palace, which was never given this name in ancient sources. In fact, it was a garden, or rather a hippodrome, as later authors described it. Hippodromes, originally places for exercise with horses, have become elongated rectangular spaces in Rome with paths and decorated with flowers. Originating from Greek grammar schools, these were luxurious garden plots located in important villas. The Palatine Stadium (160 × 48 m) had a rounded southern end and was surrounded by a portico supported by marble columns. The central part consisted of a wide, curved path for walking, stretching, or even in a wheelchair.
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Imperial Exedra(Exedra Adriana)
On the east side of the stadium is a large exedra, luxuriously decorated with sculptures and two semicircular fountains at either end. The Exedra offers a view of the garden below.
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There is another nympheum near the stadium.
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A funny view of the Colosseum opens from the Palatine Hill
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I have to admit that I didn’t orientate myself in the best way on the terrain, and as a result, some objects of the Palatine were not examined and photographed.
Remains of 3 huts, probably from the early Iron Age. They were discovered during excavations in 1948. They can be associated with the founding of the city of Romulus.

Temple of Victory
The Temple of Victory is traditionally attributed to Evander, but was actually built by the consul Lucius Postumius at the expense of fines levied during his edility and consecrated by him on August 1, 294 BC. This temple was used to house the sacred stone of Cybele between 204 BC. and 191 BC Cato the Elder subsequently built the Temple of the Virgin of Victoria next to the Temple of Victory.

Lupercal... Remains of the temple where the ancient Romans worshiped the god Lupercus. It was restored under Octavian Augustus as a mythical cave, where the she-wolf nursed Romulus and Remus. Found by Italian archaeologists in 2007.

Tiberius palace
The house of Tiberius, the first of the imperial palaces, was erected in the northwestern sector of the hill according to a single project. The structure occupied an area of \u200b\u200b120 × 150 m; later Caligula extended it to the Forum. Unfortunately, only the remains of the walls that supported the upper floors have survived to this day. Nevertheless, it is not difficult to imagine the greatness of the building, since even the surviving ruins reach a height of 20 m. After the fires of 64 and 80 years. AD Domitian rebuilt the building, adding to it a monumental façade facing the forum, which had become an appendage of the palace. After the plunder, the House of Tiberius was destroyed, and during the Middle Ages, the Farnese Park was laid out on this place.

Farnese Gardens
In the middle of the XVI century. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese acquires a piece of land on the Palatine Hill, on which the remains of Tiberius's palace were located. At the behest of the cardinal, the ruins of the palace were covered with earth, and on this basis the Italian architect Vignola created a garden with beautiful terraces leading down to the Roman Forum.
65. This is how the Farnese gardens looked like in an old engraving

66. This is how the Farnese gardens look now.

67. Observation deckfrom where you can see the entire Roman Forum.

Finally, I highly recommend watching a unique video, where 3D models of buildings were “put on” for live filming, as they looked many centuries ago.