Volcano in Tanzania. Ol Doynio Langai - the coldest volcano in the world, Tanzania

Ol Doygno Langai Volcano, located in the northern part of Tanzania, refers to the acting, but its first eruption was recorded only half a century ago. Local tribes Masaev call this volcano of the mountain of God.

Building over African plains at 2962 meters, published Ol Doygno Lengai like a single mountain, covered with snow. However, the white color of it is explained by a completely different reason - this is the only volcano in the world, whose lava is rich in carbonate materials.

Thoroughly, sodium carbonate acquires a shade that introduces uninitiated people to delusion. Such an unusual composition makes Lava, flowing out of the stewed thick black streams, almost twice as colder.

Despite the relatively low lava temperature - about 500-600s, - the threat of eruptions causes the locals to constantly be alert. The last eruption was recorded in September 2007. The ashes then overcame the distance of 18 kilometers and reached the villages nearby.

Due to the fact that Lava has a unique composition, it, frozen, creates an unique landscape in the vicinity of Ol Doygno Langai, to see which can not be in any other corner of the planet. The soft glow of lava flows at dusk, black, which is replaced by brown when the water hurt the top of the volcano, an unforgettable painting. Looks like Masai was not in vain called this volcano of the mountain of God - after all, there are no similar on him anywhere on Earth, and therefore the interest of tourists to this place will not run away in the near future.

Volcano Ol Doygno Lengai - Photo

Mount Kilimanjaro

Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa, its height is 5,899 meters. Mountain, or rather, the extinct volcano is located, and from all over the country in clear days, a snow-covered hat on a flat top of the mountain is clearly visible, thanks to which she got its name - translated from Swahili "Sparkling Mountain".

The top of the mountain is actually a crater on a volcano, which gives the mountain a kind of form - gender slopes with an elongated vertex. On hot days in Tanzania and Kenya, you can see how the snowy vertices of Kilimanjaro Mountains seemed to steer in the air - the foot of the mountain, bluish-colored, merges with the horizon, which creates such an unusual illusion that is amplified by the clouds sailing below.

Kilimanjaro volcano

Kilimanjaro is one of the largest volcanoes in the world, it covers an area of \u200b\u200balmost four hundred thousand hectares. The mountain has a length of almost 100 kilometers and a width of 64 kilometers. Although Kilimanjaro is located near the equator, its height allows you to form your own microclimate on the slopes and significantly affect the climate in the surrounding area: wet winds come to the mountain to the mountain, which rush to the mountains and give water in the form of rains.

It is not surprising that the vegetation around the mountain and it is much more turbulent on it than in the surrounding semi-desert. But at the top of the top there can not grow anything, there are eternal ice - probably the only place in Africa, where the ice never melts. But the studies of the snowy cap Kilimanjaro show that slowly and gradually the ice retreats, and the amount of precipitation falling over the mountain is not enough to fill the supply of water.

There are several versions about the reasons for such a phenomenon: according to one of them, the volcano is reborn and heated, forcing ice ice, but most scientists agree on the fact that the reason is global warming. Be that as it may, while maintaining today's rays of glaciers on Kilimanjaro, by 2200 there will be no snowy caps on the mountain.

Several seasons stand out on Kilimanjaro: the season of tropical showers (-), the dry season with the winds "antpassites" (May-) and rainy season with monscons (-). Even in the rains of Kilimanjaro, it is possible to climb, moreover, there are some benefits - you can see more African exotic animals, and rains do not interfere with the mountain and make beautiful pictures.

Kilimanjaro actually consists of three volcanoes that have a complex history of eruptions. The oldest of them is Shira, west of the main vertex. In ancient times, it was much higher, but the powerful eruption destroyed the top of the volcano, leaving a plateau reaching a height of 3,800 meters.

Between the ridge of the Volcano Shira and the Western slopes of Kilimanjaro Mountains are the Schira Plateau, which, according to scientists, is the caldera of an ancient volcano, filled with Loo. Volcano Maventsi, the second in age and height, is located on the east side and rises 5,334 meters. The youngest and highest, the highest forming the top of Kilimanjaro volcano called Kibo. It has an internal crater, which is not visible outside. Peak Uhuru on his top is the highest point of the mountain, and the other peak of Gilman attracts climbers from around the world. On Kilimanjaro there is a lake chapa, located in thirty kilometers from the Cybo volcano. It takes one of the craters in a depth of two and a half kilometers.

History of volcano

Today Kilimanjaro is one of the most popular mountains on Earth, every year about twenty thousand travelers go to her. But the mystical aura around this volcano does not decrease from this - even cynical tourists agree that at the top you feel the amazing feeling of fear and celebration at the same time.

East Africa, as you know, is a cradle of mankind, it was here who lived ancestors of people. But they were unlikely to attract them, at the time the active volcano - a primitive man, most likely, lived in fear of the majestic vertex with cold slopes. Since more pressing, numerous legends have come about the power of this mountain.

In the vicinity of Kilimanjaro, the people of Vachagg, who talked about the two brothers of Maventi and Kibo. Senior Maventsi mined fire for his little brother's tube. Since the Vachagga tribe appeared in the Mountain area not so long ago, scientists suggest that this means the recent activity of Kilimanjaro.

Another legend talks about evil spirits and demons living on the mountain and guarding treasures. One of the African rulers decided to conquer Kilimanjaro to pick up the wealth of himself, but on the way his accompanying died or frosted their limbs. Since ancient times, the Mombasu regions and visited the Chinese and Arab merchants, who mentioned the stories about their travels a huge mountain in Africa, but they were not solved to walk to her. Only in the 19th century, people began to show interest in the mountain, to make ascent and try to measure it. In 1848, Kilimanjaro became interested in a missionary remann, who organized several expeditions to the mountain. The results of his campaigns finished disputes about whether there is snow in Africa.

Climbing Kilimanjaro.

Kilimanjaro is simple for climbing the mountain, for such a journey does not require physical and technical training. Training, of course, do not interfere, especially people who do not play sports, but it is optional. Rarely when physical training of tourists interferes with the rise of the mountain, most often the causes of the failed climb are in mountain sickness.

Therefore, during the trip, it is necessary to take a special preparation that promotes rapid acclimatization. However, despite the height of Kilimanjaro (this is almost a six-year-old), the conditions on it are much softer than on other similar mountains: at the equator, the atmosphere layer is thicker, and the pressure is higher than, for example, on Elbrus.

There are several routes leading to Kilimanjaro, they all pass through the ring trail that surrounds the Kibo volcano. The choice is varied: from simple and pleasant to complex, but interesting routes. The most popular - the so-called "Coca-Cola way" or Maranga, he takes no more than six days and does not require a tent camps, since three mountain huts are on the way. The most difficult way to climb is UBBVE route passing through steep slopes with dense jungle and the western break.

Kilimanjaro Park

Mount Kilimanjaro belongs to the Tanzanian National Park with the same title. This park is the object of world heritage. In addition to the mountain, the main attraction of the park is magnificent landscapes and stunning beauty nature. At an altitude of up to three thousand meters above sea level around Kilimanjaro, a wet rainforest is growing, above are the picturesque meadows with red lichens and mkhami.

Open plains of peerelovy, lobelia, reminiscent of giant cacti, and bands. The plant world of the mountain itself is also amazing: eight hundred plants species grow on it, many of which are valuable and rare, for example, sandalwood or ebony. Immorter, Acacia, Edelweiss, Senezia are growing here. The animal world of the park is also very rich: elephants, rhinos, lions, buffaloes, antilopa canna, leopards live on the northern slopes, and many species of monkeys in the south side. Birds are no less: Sarychi, eagles, lambers, rhinos birds.

With Swahili, the name of this volcano is translated as a "mountain that shines." Sparkling this elevation is expressed in a white hat on the top of the top of the sea, located in 5891.8 meters above sea level.

Location

Kilimanjaro volcano is located in the northeastern part of Tanzania. This is the highest point of the African continent. In addition, it is the highest of all volcanoes of the world. This vertex is located near the Kenyan border passing through the eastern and northern mountain slopes. This peak is towers among flat savannah, surrounding elevation in the form of a drop of 4.8-5.2 kilometers. This peculiar natural border allows you to consider Kilimanjaro volcano the highest insulated mountain in the world. The area of \u200b\u200bthis array is almost 400 hectares. The mountain itself, which has an oval cone, stretches 70 km from the north-west to the southeast and 50 km away - from the south-west to the northeast. From the equator it is located just 340 kilometers. The closest to the volcano city is Tanzanian Moshi, from which all groups are sent to climb on his slopes. Not far from the mountain is located and the coast of the Indian Ocean - just 270 kilometers. Volcano with all surrounding territories is a national park.

History

The formation of this mountain range began about two million years ago. Kilimanjaro volcano is represented by three extinct crater. The highest of them - Cybo (5895 m), a little east - Monmeni (5149 m) and in the west is located Shira (3962 m). During the times of volcanic activity, Lava was pulled out of all three crater almost continuously. After the eruption of the eruption, the discharged magma solidified, the layer from the next eruption was superimposed on it, then also many more layers. After the completion of volcanic activity, the soil erosion entered the game.

The lowest top arose after the first eruption of the volcano. Inactive Shira was about 500 thousand years ago. However, Movenzi and Cybo continued to grow, hesitating the incredibly powerful streams of lava, which, cooling, made it possible to achieve a height of more than 5.5 thousand meters. At this lineup and Monmeni lost his fervor, starting to crumble. Cybo continued its growth, producing even more powerful rivers of melted magma. The most terrible eruptions that occurred about 360 thousand years ago were thrown into black lava that filling the salary destroyed caldera. The same magma branched on the saddle, on the basis of Movenzi and flowed far to the south and north. This lava is characterized by color and enclosures of the phenocrystals.

About 450 thousand years ago Kilimanjaro - the highest mountain of Africa - finished its growth. At that time, Cybo was about 5.9 kilometers. It was at that time the mountain began to shrink. Some eruptions lasted for a long time, which, together with erosion and destruction, formed the form of a modern mountain. Gradually revealed spiers and peaks of Menzi, the Shira plateau. Cybo smoothed, changed the form, regularly covered with glaciers. About one hundred thousand years ago, a large landslide took a piece of vertices by forming Cybo Barranco. As a result, the glaciers are firmly covered with a Kilimanjaro volcano hat. The map formed exactly the mountain that is familiar to us today.

Climate

The foot of the slopes are dry, warm plains, turning into a wet rainforest belt at an altitude of 2 thousand meters. After 3.5 thousand, the terrain resembles the heather empty, full of lichen and heather. Closer to the snow line, the terrain becomes similar to Alpine. The same high mountain is covered with eternal ice - it may seem incredible, because the peak is south of the equator only 3 degrees.

The rains on the volcano are expected from March to June. Since the remaining months are not rich in precipitation, climb the mountain relatively comfortable for almost all year round.

Animal world

Kilimanjaro volcano is ready to boast a variety of animal world corresponding to all climatic zones that can be observed on the slopes. The foot of the mountains roam animals Savannan, on the slopes you can find tropical animals, just above - animal alpine meadows. The animal world of the volcano is very diverse, climbing the mountain costs even in order to see all this with their own eyes.

Forecasts

Currently, the ice hat is gradually melting. And melts much faster than scientists assumed. Given this fact, some scientists believe that the volcano warms up again. However, others see in this manifestation of the greenhouse effect. Whatever the reason, if the melting of the ice continues the same pace, by 2200 Kilimanjaro - the highest mountain of Africa - lose their ice cap.

Considering what is happening who wants to see the magnificence of the volcano should hurry with ascent while his appearance has not changed beyond recognition.

Climbing

Kilimanjaro is very popular with climbers. Each of his peaks has its own level of difficulty. It is fairly simple to climb to Uhru, although it is necessary to experience acclimatization. Then how to climb the lower Maventsi will require the skills of climbing in the snow and ice. In general, Mashama, Rongai and Marangu are considered the most light peaks. Absolutely anyone, even not having special training, will be able to climb these peaks.

Climbing any of the mountains is uniquely also the fact that during the rise of a person will be able to pass almost all the climatic zones, which only there is on our planet.

Climbers love the high-speed ascent to the mountain. In this form of a kind of competition, a record was established in 2010: Catalan Kilian Zhorne Burgada rose to Mount Umbva in just 5:23:50. The last record was delivered in 2009, then Marangu was overcome in 5:24:40.

The coordinates of the Kilimanjaro volcano allow you to climb it not only from the Tanzanian side, but also from Kenya. Nevertheless, countries have agreed that only Tanzania can be asked. Kenya does not have the necessary infrastructure, therefore ensured the approach to the Mountains of the police posts.

Every year thousands of tourists flow into this area. Since the volcano, and the terrain around it is recognized as a national park, it is impossible to get there. The income received from travelers is the main part of the budget of Tanzania. The fee is taken not only for visiting, but also for the mandatory conductor, and for each night spent on the territory. Very grateful to Tanzanians and for tips. At the same time, in places where Kilimanjaro volcano is located, you will not see landfills and garbage, which is characteristic of other vertices open for tourists.

Tanzania - This is the only state in the title of which the names of the two united countries merged: Tanganica + Zanzibar \u003d Tanzania.

About her could tell a lot of interesting things. About the British-Zanzibar War, which lasted ... 38 minutes. On the strange epidemic of uncontrolled hysterical laughter, which happened in 1962. In Tanzania, there is ocean farms of sea cabbage, and citizens talk in 127 languages. Here the authorities were not afraid to postpone the capital of their country from a large port city in a village, in the vicinity of which ostroots and giraffes are roaming. By the way, a third of the countries occupy protected natural territories. And Tanzanians have something to guard and show!

Our reference:

Official name: Joint Republic of Tanzania.

Location: East Africa.

Territory: 947.3 thousand km².

Population: Over 51.8 million people.

Independence Proclamation (from the UK): Tanganyika - December 9, 1961; Zanzibar - December 10, 1963

Capital: Dodoma (since 1993).

Official languages: English and Swahili.

A little from the history of Tanzania.

The cradle of mankind.

Guests of Tanzania can see the largest African lake - Victoria. They can climb the highest mountain of the continent - Kilimanjaro. But between these two objects lies the Alday gorge. And in importance it is not inferior to its two famous neighbors.

Olduyuyu is a giant crack, which stretches for 40 km, and the depth ... If you build a 30-storey house at the bottom, then his roof would be just at the level of the edge of the canyon. In 1911, in pursuit of a rare butterfly, a German entomologist rolled into it. Having hardly on the feet, he went along the bottom of the cleft and drew attention to the fact that the walls of the cliff clearly open the terrestrial layers of past eras. The undisturbed layers allowed to quite accurately donate finds buried in the canyon walls. An ideal place to read the chronicle of the Earth!

After the First World War, the British were taken by Tanganika in Germany. In the 1930s, the Expedition of the British archaeologist Louis Liki arrived in the gorge. He was born in neighboring Kenya, he arrived in the expedition with his wife-colleague and eldest son. Starting excavations,, of course, they could not know that the work would last ... Forty! And that the finds will shook the entire scientist world.

Liki on the first day discovered primitive tools of labor. Then there was a real cemetery of animal bones. It was a trap, where the ancient hunters were driven by animals. They slipped into the gorge and the bones of monkeys, which could well be ancestors of the gorillas and chimpanzees. But the main finds are the remains of the people of the Stone Age - for a long time I have never had enough. Finally, in 1959, when Louis was sick, his wife Mary discovered the skull of an ancient person of an unknown look. Massive, with powerful jaws, it clearly fed only vegetable food.

Next year, the Lika junior squalled the skeleton of another person's creature. Near the bones of the wild cat with long curved fangs. Which of these two in life was a hunter, and who was prey, remained unclear. More importantly, the other - the creature was larger than the brain, it moved vertically on two legs, was obviously not a vegetarian and generally resembled us. In the gorge, they found a rude pebble with sharp edges. The tools of labor turned out to be the most ancient in the world - they made two million years ago. Archaeologists started their hundreds - crissed slices of lava with sharp edges, gear fragments that can be cut and scrub, stones-anvil, stone sewn and a lot more. It is not surprising that their manufacturers received from scientists the name "Skillful".

In 1976, the same tireless Mary south gorge discovered traces of two humanot creatures, who walked here 3.7 million years ago! Today, hundreds of tourists come here specifically to see the prints of ancient feet in the frozen volcanic ash. Maybe it came to the side of a man and a woman? Maybe their descendants live among us?

Alday's gorge is deservedly dubbed "the cradle of mankind." After these finds, it became clear that it was impossible to build a pedigree person as a direct chain, links for the link. In East Africa, at the same time, those creatures who had more, who are less similar to a person lived at the same time. Where did they appear from? How did the millennia get s side by side? Why disappeared, where did you settle down? Tanzanian land will not surprise scientists any times and make us think about the past and present.

Tanzania is the country of volcanoes. Volcano smoke, and life - boils!

You know where the ashes flew from, where the chain of prehistoric traces remained? Volcanoes, it turns out, here is near. Eight pieces of each other, all the extinct, with the crater. Two and a half million years ago at one of them during the eruption, the top either exploded, or failed after the lakes of Lava came out of the volcano. In short, an oval failure was formed at the top of the vertex with rolling walls inside and gentle outside - the Crater NGóronurg.

When looking from the aircraft, it looks like a stadium. What! The depth of meters is six hundred and from the edge to the edge - up to 25 km. Here it would be possible to freely put such a rather big city as Orenburg. True, no one will do this because the crater has long been settled.

Shrubs, small, but dense forests and savannah are green on its slopes. There is no uncommon of the yellow acacias that for some reason we have called mutos. Among the high grass roam the herd of unfortunate animals: Antelope, zebras, buffaloes. In Ngorongoro found asylum, everywhere rare and disappearing black rhino. The trunks of some trees are bitten by a steel grid - protection from elephants who like to scratch the sides. Monkeys will jump in the forests of the Galdim. At the bottom of the crater there is a lake Magadi, dozens of streams flowing from the slopes. In the water and on the swampy shores the hippos. They look at luxury pink flamingos. From their thousandth flocks it seems that the lake and at noon is lit by glow. Just Paradise!

The peaceful situation is disturbed by hunting predators: fifty lions, cheetahs, guy dogs, leopards, sacking, lard of spotted cats - servals. In time immemorial, they came here follow the prey, so remained. In general, the NGoronoro has developed its natural community. And the truth: why climb on climbing slopes and move somewhere when food is plenty, there is water? Predators, of course, too, but where are they not? So the generation of generation live, without leaving the native crater. Only some quick-legged antelopes and zebras leave here in the rainy season.

Millennium Back to Ngoronoro began to settle people. The latter came here the people of mass, hunters and cattlemen. Hunting prohibitions entered by Europeans, they did not follow and, in the end, the Africans were evicted from here. Then they returned themselves. When the territory in 1951 became the protected, houses for guards and scientists appeared on the slopes. Biologists work here all year round. According to their recommendations, for example, in the crater arrange ... fires. It turns out that they are necessary savannah, otherwise the long-term dry grass deprives unfortunate nutritional feed. The reserve buys land sites for their limits and transmits it to those Africans who agree to move from the slopes of Ngorongoro.

The nongonoro's horn slopes were created to show beasts. It is included in the World Heritage List and attributed to the seven wonders of the African nature (along with sugar and mass migration of animals from Kenya). Tourists reached out here thousands. I had to even make two aircraft playgrounds on the edge of the crater. Small hotels were built on the crest crest. Of these, every morning stretch to the entrance to the crater chain of tourists. Rules are strict: to darkness (seven in the evening) everyone is obliged to return. Precautions are unchecked - it protects animals and people from each other.

Volcano Ol Doinyo Lengai) - Located in the north of Tanzania in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Natron and is part of the volcanic system of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. Height above sea level - 2962 m. The volcano is located in that part of the fault area, which is called the GRID skike, where, as expected, the earth is especially fine. This is one of the most unusual volcanoes of the world. The only one who erupts Natro-Bonate Lava. The composition of Lava is such that it allows you to explode the volcano at sufficiently low temperatures. The melt temperature is 510-600 ° C. It is the coldest and liquid lava in the world, it flows on the ground as water. The color of the hot lava is black or dark brown, but after a few hours of staying in the air, the carbonate melt will be brighten, and after a few months it becomes almost white (so it's not snow - as it may seem at first glance). Frozen carbonate lava are soft and brittle, easily dissolved in water, apparently, so geologists do not find traces of similar eruptions in ancient times.

In the sun, lava crystal components (sodium carbonate) sparkle like diamonds. In the fog, on the contrary, Lava becomes almost invisible - it is imperceptible to the slopes, it cares for tourists, unexpectedly discovering their shoes burning.

This unusual volcano is very active and often erupts, because of which the entire nearby territory within a radius of 100 kilometers is constantly covered with ashes. In the neighborhood, you can also see the extinct volcanoes that are brethren of Ol Doynio Langai, but for a long time they do not spew black lava. Researchers report that when an eruption from a volcano to a height of about 1000 meters, a thick black column of ash is departed.

Masai is called Ol-Dawno-Lengai "Mountain of Gods", his eruptions symbolize the anger of the deity of Jangai for them.

Climb the volcano possible. But you have to overcome small difficulties. Approximately passing half of the route, the promotion becomes much slower, since the legs slip back and drown. Such a walking at the height is very exhausting. The trail was a frozen lava, according to which it is difficult and dangerous, and volcanic ashes, in which legs are immersed by ankle. In some places, the layer of frozen lava comes to a half-meter depth, and in its thicker, the grass was glanced, which a few years ago were covered with all the slopes until the top. A specific smell begins to the top of the top. At the top blows a strong and cold wind. And the descent is still more dangerous than lifting the mountain.

Photo of Volcano Ol Doynio Lengai, Tanzania. AFRICA