What is attica in ancient greece definition. Attica - a historical area and the heart of Greece

tier (strip) above the main cornice in the antique façade.

(Ancient culture: literature, theater, art, philosophy, science. Dictionary-reference / Edited by V.N. Yarho. M., 1995.)

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Attica

Attica, region in the southeast. parts Center. Greece. In ancient times, there were several. small settlements, to-rye gradually merged into the city-state of Athens. This process was completed by the 7th century. BC. Families of large landowners continued to live outside the city, although during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) the countryside was often plundered by invading Spartans. A. was rich natural resources, especially clay, necessary for a flourishing pottery industry, as well as marble, lead and silver, a cut was required to finance the Athenian fleet.

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ATTIC

Titus Pomponius (110 - 132 BC) - wealthy and influential. Rome. horseman, received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Being composed. landowner., merchant and financier, tried to take in troubled political. point of view time is neutral. position between confrontations. in batches. This is a fence. A. from encroachments on his condition and provide. mediator role. Letters written. Cicero, with whom A. connected. many years. friendship, represent the historian. document of that era. A. yavl. high-images. and enlightened. man, he gained a well-known. publication and distribution. lit. manuf. For this purpose, he disposed educated. slave scribes. His own. op. "Chronicle" - a short chronological. essay on the history of Rome from the day of its foundation. A.'s life is described in detail. by his friend Cornelius Nepos.

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Attica

peninsula in the south-east central Greece, bordering Boeotia in the north and Megara in the west; pl. peninsula 2200 km2, relief predominantly. mountain. Mountains Kiferon (1409 m) and Parnassus (1413 m) with spurs form natures. border of the Attic region. Other significant mountain peaks known for marble quarries are Pentelikon and Gimet. South. the tip of the peninsula forms Cape Suniy. Athens is located in the flat part of the peninsula. Eleusis and Marathon. Pp. Kefis and Iliss, who are in summer time tend to dry out. Soils in A. preim. calcareous, therefore Ch. agriculture. crops in ancient times were grapes, olives and figs. Main mineral deposits were located in Lavrion, they mined pottery clay, silver and iron ore. The first inhabitants came to A. apprx. 1900 BC NS. Since the great resettlement of the Doryans in the end. 2nd millennium BC NS. A. was not affected, the inhabitants of this area considered themselves autochthonous. OK. 1000 BC NS. the population of Albania was united under the rule of Athens. Other significant settlements in Armenia include Piraeus, Eleusis, Forikos, Bravron, and Ramnunt.

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ATTICA

Ancient (´Attikn) - the area of ​​Dr. Greece. Inhabited since the Neolithic era. The spurs of Kyferon and Parnet divide Armenia into small plains: the Athenian, Eleusinian, Mesogean, and Marathon plains, which are suitable for the village. x-va. In addition to the flat, terrace farming was widespread. Ch. s.-kh. grapes and olives were the ancient cultures of Albania. The yields of barley and wheat were low, and there was not enough bread. Sheep and goats were raised on mountain pastures. Armenia was rich in salt, marble, clay, and silver (it was mined in the Lavrion mountains in the south of Armenia). Crafts were developed in Armenia (pottery, metalworking, and shipbuilding). The ruggedness of the banks of A., its middle position in Dr. Greece, the need to import bread contributed to the development of the pestilence. trade in A. (harbors - Piraeus, Phaleron). By the 5th century. BC NS. A. gradually became the most developed socio-economic., Political. and the cultural area (center - Athens) Dr. Greece. In the present. Greece A. forms one of the administrative-terr. units - nom. Lit .: Kolobova K.M., Gluskina L.M., Essays on the history of Ancient Greece, L., 1958; Wrede W., Attika, Athen, 1934. - *** - *** - *** - Atticus of the time of Cleisthenes

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Attic

Titus Pomponius Atticus) - a wealthy and influential Roman landowner, merchant and financier, historian, publisher and philanthropist of the 1st century. BC Born 110, died 32 BC Atticus, a representative of the equestrian class, was a highly educated and enlightened person; he received his nickname due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Consisted of many years of friendship and correspondence with Cicero (the texts of these letters have survived to this day), also corresponded with Octavian and Mark Antony in the 30s. BC He became widely known among the educated strata of Roman society as a publisher and distributor of literary works, including the works of his contemporaries. For these purposes, Atticus kept a whole staff of educated scribe slaves at home. Titus Pomponius Atticus himself was the author of the "Annals" ("Liber annalis") - a work that was a short chronological sketch of the history of Rome from the day of its foundation, as well as individual works on the genealogy of noble Roman families, now lost. The biography of Atticus, written by one of his friends, the historian Cornelius Nepotus, survived millennia.

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Attic

1. Titus Pomponius (110 - 32 BC), wealthy and influential Rome. horseman, received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. As a wealthy landowner, merchant and financier, he tried to borrow in troubled political life. point of view being a neutral position between the opposing parties. This protected A. from encroachments on his fortune and provided an intermediary. role. The letters written by Cicero, with whom A. had a long-term friendship, represent a historian. document of that era. A. was highly educated and enlightened. man, he gained fame for the publication and distribution of lit. works. For this purpose, he disposed of educated scribal slaves. His own. composition "Chronicle" ("Liber annalis") - a short chronological. an essay on the history of Rome from the day of its foundation. A.'s life is described in detail by his friend Cornelius Nepos.

2. low built-up wall, located over the cornice crowning the structure (in Roman architecture, usually on triumphal arches) and intended. for a bas-relief or inscription. It is also found in the art of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism.

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Attica

from Greek- coastal country)

peninsula, one of the largest areas in the southeast of the Middle. Greece. Its mountains are branches of Kiferon, a steep rocky ridge that formed the natural border of Africa with Boeotia and Megara. Among the mountain ranges are the plains: Eleusis, Kekrop, Mesogei and Marathon. The small rivers A. Kefis and Asop were shallow, the land was barren. But the industriousness of the farmers compensated for the scarcity of the land: olives, grapes, figs, millet, spelled, and barley were grown in Armenia. There was a lot of limestone and marble in the mountains, suitable for building. Silver, iron ore and clay were mined in Lavrion, which contributed to early development crafts, and thanks to the large reserves of table salt, the population began to preserve food, laying the foundation for the development of an entire industry.

The population of Albania considered themselves to be autochthonous. OK. X century. BC, under the legendary king Theseus, it began to unite under the rule of Athens, but this process was long and stretched for centuries. By the VI century. BC. Athens became the center of economic and political transformations in Armenia.The large centers of Armenia were Eleusis, Piraeus, Forikos, Ramnunt, and others.

(IA Lisovyi, KA Revyako. The Ancient World in Terms, Names and Titles: Dictionary-Reference Book on the History and Culture of Ancient Greece and Rome / Scientific Ed. AI Nemirovsky. - 3rd ed. - Minsk: Belarus, 2001)

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ATTIC

church in Constantinople, which was built in the IX century. in the traditions of Eastern early Byzantine architecture, dating back to throne rooms Babylonian and Assyrian kings in ancient Mesopotamia. Its Byzantine name has not survived. As the researchers suggest, the church was not intended for ceremonial cult actions, but was used as a prayer room. It was a five-nave cross-domed building with a low dome (5 m in diameter), which was supported not by pillars, but by massive walls with small openings leading to the corner rooms. Her plan was based on a square. From the original outer walls, only wide, squat apses have survived, each having three sides without protrusions and ornaments. At the eastern end of the cross there was an altar room, to which an apse adjoined. The worshipers were located in front of the altar at the lateral ends of the cross, spread apart in breadth, and the western end was longer than the north and south, which strengthened the direction towards the altar. The domed square and the narthex had vaulted ceilings, in the extreme side naves, turned into isolated chapels with images of saints, there were wooden floors. Attica's masonry did not differ from similar places of worship of this and subsequent eras: 6 - 6 rows of massive masonry of stone blocks, characteristic of the architecture of Asia Minor, alternated with 4 - 4 rows of bricks. After the conquest of Byzantium, the Turks turned this church into a mosque, laying down the windows and destroying the extreme side aisles.

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ATTIC

roman cognomen. The most famous was

1. T. Pomponius Atticus, born in 109 BC, came from an ancient family of Roman horsemen and received an excellent education. He was adopted by his uncle Q. Cecilius, and therefore was called Kv. Caecilius Pomponian A. To avoid participating in the strife during the unrest caused by Sulpicius and Cinna, he went to Athens and studied science there. He lived in Athens for many years and from this he got the name Atticus. The Athenians loved him (Ner. Att. 2) both for his generosity and sympathy, and for his generous support of the poor and needy, and expressed their respect for him by constructing in honor of his statues. When Sulla, upon his return from Asia, lived in Athens, A. enjoyed his great favor. Soon afterwards he returned, to the great sorrow of the Athenians, to Rome, about the time when he inherited the property of his uncle Q. Cecilia; Here he used part of this property to support his friends, including Cicero and Hortensky, and did not refuse to help even those whose political conviction he did not sympathize with. A.'s position among the most influential men of his time was very peculiar. He did not interfere in politics; he managed at the same time to be on the best terms with the leaders of different parties; being a friend of Cicero, he enjoyed the favor of Antony, being in friendship with the younger Marius, he did not lose the respect of Sulla. Thus, his good fame and his life were not affected by the wild quarrels of parties, because his courteous nature and his rare education placed him above them. He never looked for positions or occupied. He died in 32 BC, at the age of 77, respected by all his contemporaries. He did a great service to literature by multiplying and distributing the works of his contemporaries and friends; were engaged in the correspondence of essays ( Nep. Att. 13) his many slaves. He himself wrote historical works, between which the liber annalis, dedicated to Cicero, contained the history of Rome from its founding to its time, arranged in chronological tables by officials. Nep. Att. 18 Cic. Brut. 3, 5. I. Nepos (18, 5) also mentions imagines and one Greek work on the consulate of Cicero. Cic. ad Att. 2, 1, 1. Plin. n. h. 35, 3, 11. Wed: Boissier, Cicero and Friends;

2. Tib. Claudius Herodes, son of a wealthy marathon man, was born c. A.D. 103 and was engaged in rhetoric under Marcus Aurelius, who showed him great respect. Having been brought up by excellent teachers, A. entered the civil service and in 143 he held a consular post. Subsequently, however, he left the civil service and devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits. He founded an oratory school, from which excellent students came, and was himself an excellent orator. Gell. 19, 12. His training was also used by the emperors L. Ver and Marcus Aurelius. About his relationship to Pediment, not always friendly, Wed letters of the last p. 61. 111. 138. Of his many works, none have survived; the authenticity of the writings attributed to him cannot be proven. Its main advantage, it seems, was the simplicity and fluency of the language. Possessing great wealth, he was a benefactor of the poor and founded many magnificent useful buildings in Athens, Rome and other cities. He died in 179 at Marathon.

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ATTICA

? ?????? (from ?????, instead of ???????), it was also called earlier ????, « coastal country» , and the poets have ???????, or ?????, or ?????????? and was the most important of the 8 regions that made up its own (middle) Hellas. It had the shape of a triangle, the top of which was facing southeast, bordered in the north with Boeotia, in the east with the Aegean Sea, in the southwest with the Saronskiy Gulf (n.Aegin Bay), in the west with Megara and occupied the area in about 1960 sq. versts Armenia is a mountainous country and is covered by separate, but frequent, mostly bare groups of mountains and hills, between which there are only a few and insignificant plains. All mountains represent the spurs of Kiferon (????????, n. Of the same name, highest peak called Elatia), a wild, steep and rocky ridge, reaching up to 4000 feet in height, known from the myths of the hunt for the Cithaeron lion, the hunt of Actaeon, and Oedipus, and which formed the border of A. on the side of Boeotia and Megara. The sharp contrast between him and the neighboring Helikon gave rise to the myth of two brothers turned into mountains; the meek and kind Helikon became the abode of the muses, the cruel Citheron, who killed his father and mother, became the abode of the Erinyes. A passage wound through the wildest places of Kiferon ?????? ??????? or?????? ???????, n. Gifto Kastro. To the south of Kiferon stretched a lower range of mountains, probably called ??????? ??????, representing the Megarian border and ending near the coast, opposite the northern part of Salamis with two horn-shaped peaks (n. ??????). To the east of Kiferon, the country is cut through by Parnephus (??????, n. Ozea), the most significant in height (over 4000 feet) and the length of the mountain range A. deciduous trees and shrubs, partly pine. It is rich in beautiful views. To the south, its continuation is a much lower chain of mountains, n. ?????????, separating the Athenian plain from the Eleusinian plain from the west; the middle part of this chain, through which the sacred road to Eleusis led, had the name ??? ???????? ??????, extreme, south-western part, with a cape ??????? - ??????????, according to one of the demos. From the summit of Koridall, Xerxes watched the battle of Salamis. Hdt. 8, 90. Brilette (?????????) or ??? ??????????? ??????, DeMouy ???????; it was famous for its marble. It is adjoined and directed to the south, but closer to the city, also rich in marble Gimette ???????, n. Trelo-Vuni, still famous today for its fragrant thyme and excellent honey. Gimette ends with a cape ?????? (n. Cape Helikes). Mount Lycabettus (??????????, n. Hagios Georgios) is a separate rocky cone reaching in the northeast to the walls of Athens; adjoining it, heading to the north, a rocky chain of mountains, probably ancient ????????. The southern part of Africa is also covered with chains of mountains, which form the Lavrian Mountains (???????? or ???????) with rich silver mines ( Hdt. 7, 144. Plut. Them. 4), which constituted the main source of wealth for ancient Athens. There were three plains in A.

1. Eleusinian (?????????? ??????), between Kiferon and the marshy shore of the Gulf of Eleusis, the granary of Athens, as a result of which, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the first was devastated by the Spartans. The western part of it was called ´ ?????? ??????, eastern, most of- ???????? ??????; the part adjacent to Megara, the inalienable property of Demeter, bore the name ??? ???? or??????;

2. Cecrop plain, northeast of Athens, simply called ??? ?????? (n. Calandrian plain), was surrounded by Aigaley and Hymettus and irrigated by Kefis; in the northeast, Dekelia towered over it, which was occupied as a result of this by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War;

3. Mesogean Plain (????????), n. Mesoghia, located in the east of sea ​​coast near Bravron.

In addition, there were even smaller plains - Marathon and the plain at the mouth of Asop. Irrigation of the country was scarce, almost all rivers and streams were very shallow in summer. A. belongs to Asop, flowing from Boeotia, in its lower course. The country's most important river, Kefis (??????? n.Kiphissos) flows from the southwestern slope of Brilette, connects with a few streams that originate in Parnef, and flows through the Kecrop plain, on the western side of Athens (cutting through long walls) ; in winter, it emerges from the coast at the mouth near the Faler's harbor. Ilissos flows out of the Hymettus, joins the Eridanus stream, flows from the southern side of Athens and is lost in the plain. Another Kephis (n. Sarandopotamos), which originates from Kyferon, flows into the sea east of Eleusis. To the east of it were ´ ??????, flowing salt water, fishing in which it belonged to the Eleusinian temple. Athens and its environs were not richer in water than the rest of A. Good water was delivered, except for Ilis and Kephys, only the springs of Panop and Kallirroi (?????????, near Odeon), also called ?????? ?????? or?????????????; now this key also gives muddy water. Only Adrian (117-138) arranged an aqueduct from Ankhesma for the eastern part of the city. The rest of the wells gave bad water and therefore were sometimes also called ??????? ( Hdt. 8, 55). The Well Overseer (?????????? ???????) was an important person who made sure that no one drained water without having the right to do so. Of the bays, the most important were: on the east side - a shallow marathon bay, on the west - the harbor of the city of Athens ( cm. below) and the Eleusinian bay. Although today it is difficult to form a correct understanding of the state of the country in antiquity, since due to the disappearance of forests and the shallowing of rivers, its dryness has reached a high degree, it can still be argued that Albania was not fertile in ancient times, with the exception of only a few parts of it; and now still noticeable terraced fields show that they tried to use every piece of land. The layer of fertile land (chernozem) was so insignificant that in the lease agreements it was forbidden to take away the land; however, the scarcity of soil was rewarded with the diligence of the inhabitants and an excellent climate. Agriculture, sanctified by religious regulations and the cult of the Eleusinian Demeter, was an honorable occupation even for the noble Athenians. The bread (barley) was excellent, but the harvest only yielded? grain necessary for the population (during the prosperity of the state, 500,000 inhabitants - 140,000 free and up to 400,000 slaves - destroyed 3 million medims of bread). In the same way, the olive oil, which was the subject of export, was excellent (in the temple of Athena Poliades, the first olive tree was planted by Athena herself, which remained unharmed even during Persian Wars. Hdt. 8, 55). Wine was plentiful, but not particularly good; better were the figs born in great numbers; hence the proverb: ??? ????? ???? ?????? to express something useless. The often mentioned prohibition on their export ( cm.??????????, Sycophant) should be considered fiction. In addition, mulberry, laurel and almond trees, well-known omegas, etc., oak, beech, pine, spruce, cedar grew well; the latter covered the slopes of Parnephus and Cithaeron, from where the Athenians received firewood and coal (Aharna). The mountains are composed of limestone, slate and marble; Pentel marble was especially prized for its whiteness and its fine-grained composition. In the Lavrian region there were significant silver mines, so rich that every Athenian citizen received a net income of 10 drachmas (about 2.5 gold rubles) annually. Good clay was mined at Cape Koliada; besides, emeralds and other stones and the famous Attic forces, golden paint like ocher. Salt mined in Albania was good quality that has become a proverb. Among domestic animals, especially sheep, goats were raised, horses were only on the marathon plain; draft animals, on the basis of ancient decrees, were dedicated to triptolemus; kept many donkeys and mules. Of the wild animals in former times, wild boars, wolves and bears were found in the mountains. Especially many owls nested in the crevices of the Acropolis (hence the proverb: ??? ???????? ???????, which had the same meaning as the above mentioned ??? ????? ???? ??????). The sea was teeming with fish. The climate in the plains is already suffocating from March, reaching in August the unbearable heat of 28-32 ° Rehom .; he is especially suffocating in Athens under the influence of the rocky Acropolis; however, in some areas cool sea winds moderate the temperature. When all the vegetation dries up, the shrill singing of countless fillies begins to be heard from the olives. Snow stays on the mountains for a long time in winter, and this time of the year is especially cool due to the moderate temperature. The air of A. is usually extremely pure; the light is distinguished by a peculiar brilliance due to the strong reflection of rays from the mountains, which are mostly treeless. The dryness of the air contributed a lot to the preservation of ancient buildings and other art objects. The inhabitants of the Ionian tribe, in all likelihood, migrated by sea from Asia Minor, they were joined, in addition to other settlers, by the Peloponnesian Ionians. Before them, the country was probably inhabited by the Pelasgians, who were conquered by the Ionians and merged with them. At first, the population of Armenia was divided into 4 phyla ( cm.????, Phil), then, since the time of Kleisfen, into 10 fil, split into 174 demos ( cm.??????, Demos); in addition, the country was divided by the nature of the terrain into ?????? - "Plain", north and northwest of Athens; ??????? or???? - "Coastal", a strip by the sea between Athens and Sounia (this strip was adjacent to ????????) and ??????? or??????? - « mountainous country» , which occupied most of the eastern coast. This division was also of political significance, cm. Pisistratus. ?, Pisistarat. ? ?????? there was 1) the Athenian plain with the city of Athens (?? ???????), the capital of A. and greatest city Greece. Athens consisted of two parts: the city and the harbors, which since the time of Cimon were connected by long walls (??? ?????). Nothing reliable can be said about the size of the city before the Persian Wars. The main founder of its greatness should be considered Themistocles, who, after the destruction of Athens by the Persians, restored the city to a more magnificent form, surrounded it with walls and built the important harbor of Piraeus. The direction of the walls erected by Themistocles is still clearly visible in the south and west, but only insignificant traces of them are noticeable in the north and east. Their perimeter was, according to Thucydides (2, 13), 174, 5 stadia or 30 versts, of which the harbor accounted for 56, 5 stadia, the long connecting walls 75, the city itself 43. Hence it is clear why Athens, almost equal in circumference of Rome, occupied only 0.25 of its area. In Athens, there were up to 10,000 houses ( Xen. Socrat. 3, 6, 14) and, according to Boeckh's calculation, 180,000 inhabitants, according to others - slightly more than 100,000. With the exception of public buildings, there were hardly many beautiful buildings; most of the houses were made of beams and adobe, especially in the western part of the city, inhabited by the poorest citizens; the streets were wrong and narrow (????????).

The names of the 11 city gates (counting from west to south) were:

1. Dipil (???????), originally the Friasian or Kerameik gate, of considerable size ( Liv. 31, 24);

2. Sacred gate (?? ????? ?????), on the road to Eleusis;

3. The rider's gate (?? ??????? ?????), through which, probably, the periegetus Pausanias entered the city and from which he took his walk;

4. Piraeus Gate (????????? ?????);

5. Melita Gate (?? ????????? ?????);

6. Eton Gate (?? ??????? ?????);

7. Aegean Gate (?? ?????? ?????); probably near the Panathenian stage;

8. Diokharov's gate (?? ???? ????????? ?????),

9. Diomean gate (? ??????? ?????), on the way to Kinosarg;

10. Barrow gates (?? ????? ?????);

11. Acharn Gate (?? ????????? ?????).

The position of some of the gates is questionable. Almost in the middle of the city there was a huge steep cliff 150 feet high, accessible only from west side and having an area at the summit 900 feet long (west to east) and 400 feet wide (at its widest point). On this rock, the Kremlin was built, which was called under the Pelasgians ??????, under Kekron ????????, under Erechtheus ??????, - later, when the city began to be called ????? ??, - ?????????. According to legend, the northern side of it was already fortified by the Pelasgians ( Hdt. 6, 137), while the southern one was fortified by Cimon. The space between these walls represented ´ ???? in the proper sense, and at all times constituted the center of the city in religious, artistic and political terms. On the western, accessible side of Pericles in 435-430. with the help of Mnesicles, he built for decoration and protection the famous magnificent Propylaea [The names of the buildings from which the remains have survived are indicated] (?????????) with a beautiful staircase leading from the Acropolis to the base of the rock. The Propylaea was a sumptuous building made of Pentel marble, with 5 aisles; their construction, which lasted 5 years, cost 2012 talents. On the right side - the entrance to the Propylaea, a small staircase leads to the bastion, on which is located a well-preserved small * temple of Athena Nike, usually called ???? ´ ???????. There were extensions on the right and left sides of the Propiley; the left, large (northern), well-preserved, served as an art gallery (??????????), which, among other things, contained the famous paintings of Polygnotus ( cm. pictores, Painting, 2); the right one, the smaller one (south), represented the quarters for the watchmen and gatekeepers. On the Acropolis Square, dotted with sanctuaries, sacred offerings, statues, etc., were placed: a colossal copper statue of Athena made by Phidias (?????? ????????), whose helmet and spear were visible in the distance distance ( Paus. 1, 28, 2), and two famous temples, the Parthenon and the so-called Erechtheus. * The Parthenon (????????), the temple of virgin Athena, was built of marble under Pericles in 438 by Ictinus and Callicrates. Despite the fact that the Venetians with their bombardment in 1687 inflicted great damage on the temple and at the beginning of the 19th century. Lord Elgin took away many metopes, bas-reliefs and other objects that adorned him (Elgin marbles in the British Museum), yet this magnificent building still causes our surprise today. In the Parthenon stood a statue of Athena, 26 Greek cubits (39 feet) high, made by Phidias from gold and ivory. The clothing of the statue, which was removed and weighed 44 talents, was stolen by the tyrant and demagogue Lahar in 299 during the time of Demetrius Poliorket. Paus. 1, 25. On her right hand, the goddess held her face to the viewer, Nika, 4 Greek cubits high, made of ivory and dressed in a golden dress. The rear compartment of the Parthenon (???????????) served to store the sacred money of Athena and other gods and the state treasury ( Wed: Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1871 and architecti 4.5). To the north of the Parthenon was the most ancient temple of the Acropolis, which belonged to Athena Poliades and was usually named after one section of it * Erechtheus (?? ?????????). It was built during the Peloponnesian War; it contained: an ancient wooden image of Athena, the alleged tomb of Cecropus, a well with salt water (????????? ???????), formed from Poseidon's blow with a trident, and a sacred olive tree (? ??? ?????), planted by Athena herself. The city that surrounded the Acropolis was formed from a combination of several demos, which retained their names in subsequent times: Kerameika, in the northwest; Scambonides, Keyriad, Melita - in the west, Koyly, Colita - in the south-west; Kidafeneya - in the south; Agr and Diomei are in the east. To the west of the Acropolis rose a rocky hill ´ ????? ?????, Areopagus, at such a close distance from it that the Persians, with the help of burning arrows, lit the Acropolis from it, which then consisted of wooden buildings ( Hdt. 8, 52). On the eastern side of the hill was the court of the Areopagus and the temple of Erinius (??????? ????) with the tomb of Oedipus, near the hill - Kiloneus (?????????), built to atone for the killing committed by the Athenians Kilona ( cm. Cylon, Cylon) and his supporters; to the south of Kyloneus stood the temple of Areus, and closer to the Acropolis - the temple of the 12 gods and the statues of Harmodius and Aristogateon. On the outskirts of the city, in the south-western part of it, there was a high, rather steep rocky hill called Musey (?? ?????????), after the name of the singer Mussey buried there, according to legend. This hill was turned into a Macedonian fortress by Demetrius Poliorketes. Adjacent to this hill from the north is another elevation, commonly called Pnyx (????, Gen. ??????); this elevation served as a meeting place for the people. There and now you can still see the scaffolding carved into the rock, as it was believed, for the orators, facing the semicircular square designated for the people. But recently Welker, Urlichs, E. Curtius and others have given strong arguments in favor of the opinion that the altar of Zeus (????? ?????????) was located on the hill bearing the name of Pnyx, and the name Pnyx (according to Curtius) was only another name for Museo and that the place of popular assembly was the plain between Museo and the Acropolis. Later, the Dionysus Theater was used for this. Between the Acropolis, Areopagus, Pnyx and Museus, there was an Agora (?????) decorated with many statues, in the part of the city called the inner Kerameik. On it was the Stoa Poikile, or picture gallery. with paintings by Polygnotus, Kolonos Agoraios, small mound, Stoa Basileios, office building of archon Basileus, Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios, temple of Apollo Patroos, temple of the mother of gods (????????), Council building (??? ?????????), where the council of five hundred met, and the so-called Tholos (?????) is a round building with a domed roof. Between the Agora and Pnyx stood the temples of Aphrodite Urania, Hephaestus and the sanctuary of Euryssacus. To the east of the Agora, on the southern slope of the Acropolis, lay: Odeon of Herodes Atticus ( cm. Atticus, 2, Atticus), built by this wealthy Athenian in honor of his wife, the temple of Asclepius, Stoa of Eumenes, * the main theater dedicated to Dionysus; this building was opened only in 1862 by a Prussian scientific expedition headed by Strack, E. Curtius and Betticher; from the south it is adjacent to the Lenion Theater, where the lazy people were celebrated in honor of Dionysus; finally, on the southeastern slope of the rock occupied by the Acropolis, stood the Odeon, built by Pericles for musical performances, smaller in size than the theater, but similar in shape, with a wooden hipped roof. In the part of the city lying to the east of the Acropolis (later called the Hadrian's Castle), near the source of Kallirroi, by the Ilissa River, stood Olympion, the grandiose temple of Olympian Zeus, 4th stage in a circle, begun by Pericles, but ended only by Emperor Hadrian; 16 colossal columns of this temple still stand today. At the north-western end stood the Triumphal Gates of Hadrian, in the east - the temple of Aphrodite in the gardens (??? ??????). On the small island of Ilissa was the temple of Demeter and Cora; beyond Ilissus, therefore, outside the city limits, is the magnificent Panathenaicon Stadium, arranged by the orator Lycurgus for the Panathenian games and decorated with Pentelian marble by Herod Atticus; The stadium was so large that Adrian once arranged a hunt for 1000 wild animals in it. The rocky hill to the south of the Stadium was, I suppose, that Ardette (????????), on which annually determined by lot the Heliast judges took the oath. Somewhat to the east of the Pericles Odeon, where the street on the eastern side of the Acropolis turns to the north (Tripod Street), stands * the choregic monument of Lysicrates, now called Demosthenes Lantern, - a small beautiful temple, round in shape, with 6 slender Ionian columns, whose domed roof was crowned with a copper tripod, erected as a gift to the gods and in honor of one choregic victory ( cm.??????????, 2, Liturgy); this temple was built in 334, Pritaneion, where ambassadors and honored citizens were treated, was located at the northeastern foot of the Kremlin, next to the Sarapis temple; to the west of it - the sanctuary of the Dioscuri (?????????, ?? ´ ??????), and above this sanctuary, at the northern slope of the Kremlin - the sanctuary of Aglavra, in a grotto communicating through a crevice in the rock with the upper square of the Acropolis. To the west of here was (and still is) a cave with a source; the cave is the Grotto of Apollo and Pan, and the source was called ???????? or ??????, since it was thought that it flows underground from Athens to Phaler; by means of a water pipe, it was connected to the water clock of Andronicus Kirrest, a monument still known now under the name "Towers of the Winds"... Between Pnyx and Museus, the road to the Piraeus Gate ran in a south-western direction: there lay: the Gymnasium of Hermes, the temples of Hercules Alexicacus and Demeter and Pompeion, which served as a repository of sacred gold and silver vessels, which constituted the necessary accessory for solemn processions; between Pnyx and Areopagus there was another road in the northwest through the inner Kerameik to the gate of Dipilu; to the left of here was the so-called Hill of Nymphs (in ancient times it was probably ranked as Pnyx), to the right is the magnificent Stoa of Attalus, now unjustly called the Gymnasium of Ptolemy, and further, to the north of it, * Theseion, which is now unjustly considered by some to be the temple of Areus; the building is well preserved. To the east of it - * Stoa of giants, Hadrian's gymnasium and the sanctuary of Athena Archegetida. Outside the city, on the northwestern edge of the outer Kerameiko (this suburb was actually a residence for the poorest classes, but also served especially as a burial place for citizens who died in the war or provided other services to the state, for example Miltiada, Cimon, Thucydides; as a result, on both sides long rows of tombs with "Steles", that is, marble boards of a regular quadrangular shape, serving as gravestones and decorated with inscriptions and bas-reliefs) was 6 stages from the city wall Academy (?????????), a beautifully arranged gymnasium surrounded by a beautiful garden where he taught Plato; slightly to the north - Hippios Kolonos - the birthplace of Sophocles. Distinguished archaeologists Otfried Müller and Letronne are buried here. Behind the eastern Diomean gate, south of Lycabettus, was Kinosart (??????????), a gymnasium. dedicated to Hercules, taught by Antisthenes, founder of the school of cynics. To the south of here is Lyceion (???????) - an institution consisting of a park and gardens, at the temple of Apollo of Lycea, with a gymnasium where Aristotle taught. About the topography of Athens Wed Leake, Topographie von Athen. 2 Aufl. ? bers, von Baiter und Sauppe (1844). Forchhammer, Topogr. von Athen (1842). C. Wachsmuth, die Stadt Athen im Alterthum (Bd. I. 1874). E. Curtius und Raupert, Atlas von Athen (1878). Long walls (?????? ????? or ??? ?????) from 456 connected the city with its harbors; north wall, 40 stadia long, ??? ??????? ??????? or??? ???????? (because it was more open to enemy attacks) went to the northern wall of Piraeus; the southern wall is 5 stadia shorter than the northern one, - ?? ?????? or????????? - led to Fahler. Between these two walls, however, another third was built 12 years later, ??? ????? ???????, which also went to Piraeus and had the purpose of maintaining the communication of the city with one of the harbors in the event that the other is in the hands of the enemy; this also explains the traces of internal fortifications between the two harbors. Since the construction of this inner wall, the Phaler wall has been abandoned. The harbors of Athens are formed mainly by a rocky spit, in the middle of which there is Mounychia Hill, and at the very end - Piraeus Hill. On the southern coast of this peninsula, two almost circular natural basins open up, connected by narrow straits with the sea; the Munychia basin is more adjacent to the mainland, and the Zea basin extends partly between the mentioned hills. Both harbors served as military ports (Zea housed about 200 ships), along with the Kanfar basin located on the other side of the peninsula (o ???????? ?????), which forms part of the vast Piraeus harbor; the rest, much more of this latter served for some commercial purposes (?????????). One branch of it was called, it seems, Aphrodision. The general raid for warships was the vast Phaleron Bay, perfectly protected from storms. This bay was the oldest Athenian harbor; other harbors came into use only from 493; the last one was Piraeus. The whole part of the city could be fully surveyed from the Munichi hill. These superbly fortified harbors had their temples, theaters, etc. In Piraeus there was a large storeroom for goods (???????), a large ????????? (shop) Philo, a dockyard for 400 ships, an extensive grain store (?????????????) of Pericles and a theater: in Munychia, the alleged tomb of Themistocles was indicated (Plut. Them. 32, Paus. 1, 1, 2). Often mentioned judgment seat ??? ??? ????????? The ???????????, who tried people expelled for murder and accused of a second murder committed by them after the exile, must have been placed at the entrance to the Zeya harbor (the accused came to the court in boats). To the west of Piraeus lay still a small harbor o ?????? ?????, identical, no doubt, with the so-called ?????? ????? (thieves' harbor), one of the favorite sites of smugglers.

1. Of the places located on the Athenian plain, one must also name:

Aharny (???????), 60 stadia north of Athens, the most significant dem, engaged in agriculture and especially the burning of coal; Kefissia, near the Kefis springs near Pentelik; Pallena, with the famous temple of Athena, where Pisistratus defeated the Athenians ( Hdt. 1, 62); Gargett, near Hymettus, birthplace of Epicurus; Alopek, home of Aristides and Socrates, 10 stages east of Athens, on Anchesme; Galimunt, home of the historian Thucydides, north of Cape Coliada, famous for its potting clay; on the promontory stood the temple of Aphrodite;

2. Eleusinian and Friassian plains, west of Athens, where a sacred road led, decorated with many all kinds of monuments.

Here were: Fria on the Eleusinian Kephis; Eleusis or Eleusis (n. Lepsina) on the northern shore of the gulf of the same name, opposite Salamis, is one of the oldest and most important cities in the country, famous for the magnificent temple of Demeter, built under Pericles, in which the great Eleusis was celebrated; Alaric destroyed it, but even now large ruins are still visible. Eleuthera, near the Boeotian border, on the Eleusinian Kephis, from where the cult of Dionysus of Eleutheria passed to Athens, in whose honor the Great Dionysias were celebrated; Oinoya, Drimos and Panacton - fortresses that defended the plain from the side of Boeotia; the last of them dominated one of the mountain passages of Citheron; Phila (n. Fili), a small mountain fortress, from where Thrasybulus set out to overthrow 30 tyrants, 100 stadia from Athens. Xen. Hell. 2, 4, 2. The last of the named places are already referred to in part II. Diacria, a northeastern mountainous strip that runs across the entire marathon plain. In it: Dekeleia, 120 stadia from Athens (Dekeleia is visible from there), - on the northeastern edge of the Athenian plain, - a very important fortified place during the Peloponnesian War (ruins at Tatoi); Oropus, who belonged now to the Athenians, now to the Boeotians, not far from the mouth of Asop, on its right bank, with the harbor of Delphinion; near it (to the southeast) the temple and oracle of Amphiaraus, which, according to legend, was swallowed up here by the earth, while fleeing from Thebes; Ramnunt (Tavrokastro), on Evripus, with the famous temple of Nemesis (Rhamnusia virgo); Afidna and further to the west of Trinemeus - at the main source of Kephis. Towns Tricorif (near Suli), Marathon (n.Vrana, cm. Marathon, Marathon), Oinoya (not to be mixed with the above) and Probalinf (N. Vasilipirgi) made up ??????? ??????????. On the now almost completely treeless marathon plain (about 2 hours long and 0.5-1 hour wide), where Theseus killed the marathon bull, one can see, in the southern part, an artificial earthen hill, about 200 feet in circumference and 36 feet in height probably the common grave of the Athenians who fell here in 490 BC; opposite another small burial mound, under which the bodies of the Plateians and slaves were buried ( Paus. 1, 32, 3), disappeared without a trace. The place of the battle was a narrow, flat valley, which favored the actions of a small army against a large one. Nearby are the source of Macarius and Mount Pana with a grotto and an oracle. III. In Paralia (western coast) and Mesogeia (slope south of Pentelikon and east of Paralia), as well as on the eastern coast: Gali Arafenid (???? ??????????), harbor of dema Arafen , south of the mouths of the Yerasin, famous for the cult of the Taurian Artemis. Nearby Bravron (n. Vraona) was, they say, the place where Iphigenia first entered the coast, returning from Taurida with the idol of Artemis; that is why the Tauride (Bravron) Artemis enjoyed special veneration here, and in her honor there were annual festivities (?????????); the oldest statue the goddess was taken away by Xerxes. Dionysias were also celebrated here every 5th anniversary. Further south - Styria, where the Styrian road led from Athens; homeland of Feramenos and Thrasybulus; Prassia (Prassa at the bay of Porto Rafti) with the temple of Apollo and the tomb of Erisichfon, the son and heir of Kekrop; he died, however, before his father and Kranai seized power; Potamos with the tomb of Jonah; Torikos (Teriko), one of the oldest settlements in Attica, with a beautiful harbor (n. Porto Mandri) and an acropolis, at the foot of which there are still significant ruins. Sounion - in the north-west of the cape of the same name (n. Cap Colonna), strongly fortified, with the famous temple of Athena now lying in ruins, at which naval battles with triremes were represented during Panathenes. In the mining district of Lavrione lay Anaflist (n. Anaviso) with a well-fortified harbor, at the entrance to which was the island of Eliussa (n. Lagonisi); further - Sfettos, Lampry, Fora, Anagirunt, near Cape Zostra, with the temple of the mother of the gods; from the fetid bush growing here ´ ???????? the saying goes back to ???????? ???????; Gala Exxonid with salt pans; Exona is a significant place, which has become notorious for the quarrelsomeness of its inhabitants; finally, aside from the Styrian road - Peania (n. Liopesi), the birthplace of Demosthenes. Of the islands belonging to Attica, the most significant is Salamis (??????? - ??, N. Kuluri), near the mainland, in the shape of a horseshoe, forming an Eleusinian bay with the coast. In ancient times, it was an independent state ( cm. Aeacus, Eak), then belonged to the Megaras and for a long time served as a bone of contention for the Megarians and the Athenians, until it was conquered by Solon and, by the verdict of the Spartans, was recognized for Athens. It did not, apparently, constitute a deme, but was a special state, supremely dependent on Attica. Ancient main city stood on south bank and later Novosalamin (n. Ambelaki) was founded, in the east, opposite Mount Egaleos in Attica. The closest part of the island to Attica is the Kinosur spit, with the grave of the faithful Themistocles dog, who threw himself into the sea when the fleet sailed, and the trophy that Themistocles erected in honor of the great victory won by him (480) over the Persian fleet. The battle took place in a narrow strait between Novosalamin and Attica, the Athenians were locked in the Salamis bay. Hdt. 8, 84 sl. Near Salamis there are the islands of Farmakus and Psittaley (N.Lipsokutali); on the last detachment of the Persian ground forces, Aristides was destroyed. Hdt. 8, 95. Aesch. Pers. 422. sl. The island of Gelena or Makrida (n. Makronisi) was tightly adjacent to Sounion, where, they say, Helen came ashore, either after her abduction, or on her return from Troy. Wed generally Bursian. Geographie von Griechenland, I. 251 sl.

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ATTICA

The ancient ("Attikn) region of Ancient Greece. Inhabited since the Neolithic. The spurs of Kyferon and Parnet divide Africa into small plains: the Athenian, Eleusinian, Mesogean, and Marathon plains, which are suitable for the village. In addition to the plain, terraced farming was widespread. In ancient times, the main agricultural crops of Armenia were grapes and olives. The yields of barley and wheat were not high, and there was not enough bread. Sheep and goats were raised on mountain pastures. Albania was rich in salt, marble, clay, and silver. In the mountains of Lavrion in southern Armenia.) Crafts were developed in Armenia (pottery, metalworking, and shipbuilding.) The rugged coastline of Armenia, its middle position in ancient Greece, and the need for the import of grain contributed to the development of the sea trade of Armenia (harbors - Piraeus, Phaleron) By the 5th century BC, Armenia gradually became the most developed socio-economic, political, and cultural region (center - Athens) of ancient Greece. .-terr.units - nom.

Lit .: Kolobova K.M., Gluskina L.M., Essays on the history of Ancient Greece, L., 1958; Wrede W., Attika, Athen, 1934.

Attica at the time of Cleisthenes

Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

See what "ATTICA" is in other dictionaries:

In ancient times, the area on southeast Wed Greece. V modern Greece Attica is one of the nomes (center of Athens) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Attica, ή Άττιχή). The most important region of middle Hellas, a mountainous and marginal country; its capital was Athens. (A source: " Concise vocabulary mythology and antiquities ”. M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, publication of A.S. Suvorin, 1894.) ... Encyclopedia of mythology

Noun., Number of synonyms: 1 area (62) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Attica- (Attica), reg. in the southeast. parts Center. Greece. In ancient times, there were several. small settlements, which gradually merged into the city of the state of Athens. This process was completed by the 7th century. BC. Families of large landowners continued to live outside ... ... The World History

The style of this article is unencyclopedic or violates the norms of the Russian language. The article should be corrected according to the stylistic rules of Wikipedia ... Wikipedia

In ancient times, an area in the southeast of Central Greece. In modern Greece, Attica is one of the nomes (center of Athens). * * * ATTICA ATTICA, in ancient times, an area in the southeast of Central Greece. In modern Greece, Attica is one of the nomes (the center of Athens) ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Attĭca, ή Άττική (from ακτή, instead of ακτική), was also called Άκτή, "coastal country" earlier, and among the poets Μοψοπία, or Ίωνία, or Ποσειδωνια and was the most important of the 8 regions that made up its own (middle) She had the shape ... Real Dictionary of Classical Antiquities

- (Greek Attike) in antiquity, an area in the south-east of Central Greece. The political unification of Armenia around Athens (Sinoykism) took place, according to ancient Greek legends, during the reign of Theseus (See Theseus); in reality, this process lasted for ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (Greek ή Αττική, which means coastal country) south eastern region Central Greece, a connecting link between the Balkan Peninsula and the Archipelago, approximately 2200 sq. km of space; border on S. Viotia, on Z. Megara, on the south and east ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Attica- (from the Greek. country of the coast) peninsula, one of the largest areas in the southeast of the Middle. Greece. Its mountains are branches of Kiferon, a steep rocky ridge that formed the natural border of Africa with Boeotia and Megara. Among… … The ancient world. Reference dictionary.

Books

• Athens. Between Sky and Sea, Philip Plisson. "Indeed, we Greeks are the first seafarers in the world, and we entrusted Philip Plisson with the creation of this magnificent album. In it Athens, and indeed the whole of Attica, looks like ...
• Ancient Attica at the end of the 5th-4th centuries BC NS. Disposal of public land in the polis, Bulycheva E .. The book examines the problem of renting and selling public land in Attica in the 5th and 4th centuries. BC NS. The main source of study is epigraphic material. Based on the ancient Greek ...

Attica literally means "coastal country". This is a land where ancient Greek myths come to life, where ancient gods live, where harmony and beauty fill all living things, where you are born again and find happiness under the wonderful azure sky, in the warm gentle waters of the Aegean Sea.

Attica is a peninsular area of ​​approximately 2,200 square kilometers, which forms the southeastern tip of mainland Greece, bordered in the north by Central Greece and washed by the waters of the Saronic Gulf in the south. In the north of the nome are the mountains of Kiferon (1400 m) and Parnifa (1413 m), which form its natural border. The relief of Attica is mostly mountainous. The small rivers Illissos and Kathissos flow along the Athenian plain. Athens, Eleusis and Marathon are located in the flat part of the region. In the southwest and south, a low ridge of hills gently slopes towards the sea. In the Attic region there is also Athens, which is the capital of the country and its main administrative center.

Attica has a mild, dry Mediterranean climate. The small plantations of Attica are densely covered with vineyards, fruit trees, not to mention the olive trees that grow everywhere.

Attica was formed around 4-5 centuries AD. This region was greatly influenced by the presence of Greece in the Byzantine Empire, which was reflected in the architecture, painting and sculpture of Attica. Attica has experienced many wars and battles, famine, economic crisis, and at the same time retained its greatness and uniqueness.

Today Attica is the most industrialized region of Greece. The main volume of production is concentrated here and more than half of the population of the entire country lives. Moreover, it is a major tourist center. Tourists who come here from all over the world have a unique opportunity not only to relax and enjoy the wonderful nature, clean sea, sandy beaches, services of modern hotel complexes, amazing hospitality local residents, but also to get in touch with the great past of this extraordinary country.

There are many interesting sights in Attica, many of which are not inferior in importance to the Athenian ones - for example, the famous Temple of Poseidon (440 BC) at Cape Sounion, one of the most impressive images of Greek architecture. The powerful columns of the temple, standing on a promontory open to all winds, are an unforgettable sight. The temple is located 69 km from Athens.

The Temple of Dimetra in Eleusis is an ancient temple dedicated to the mysterious cult of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone. The famous Eleusinian mysteries took place here: everyone knew about the rituals performed there, but the details of the ceremony and sacred texts were passed on from their mouths, it was forbidden to write them down. Therefore, the essence of the mystery is still unknown to modern scientists. The temple has an archaeological museum. The temple is located 22 km from Athens.

Daphni Monastery is located 11 km from Athens. Built on the site of the former sanctuary of Apollo and surrounded by a fortress wall. The 11th century church is very picturesque on the outside and attractive for its mosaics decorating its interior.

The Kutuki Cave is located nearby. Natural cave with several rooms in the vicinity of the town of Peania. The visitor can see the most beautiful stalactites and stalagmites of various shapes.

Lovers active rest can go horseback riding, mountaineering, tennis, sailing. There is a golf club in Glyfada.

Lake Voliameni is a miracle of nature. It is 50 centimeters above sea level and constantly overflows its shores because of the hot springs filling it. The waters of the lake have medicinal properties, you can swim here all year round.

Piraeus - main port countries since ancient times. Now it is a beautiful city, famous for its fish restaurants and entertainment establishments. In summer, the open-air theater of Castella (Veakio) is open, and in winter you can visit the Piraeus Municipal Theater.

The beaches of Paleo Faliro, Kalamaki, Glyfada, Voula, Kavuri, Vouliagmeni, Varkiza, Lagonisi are magnificent.

The Palio Faliro resort is located very close to the sea. Convenient location, proximity to the center and the sea make this area attractive for outdoor enthusiasts. To services of tourists: beaches, fish and meat taverns, restaurants, night clubs, yacht clubs, cafes and bars. Here you will find everything you need for a comfortable seaside holiday.

The Glyfada resort is one of the most fashionable coastal areas of Athens, located 15 km from the center, a favorite vacation spot for the Greeks themselves and tourists. A large number of hotels, restaurants, bars, taverns are concentrated here, sports centers and nightclubs. Luna Park is located on the coast. Glyfada has great shopping with many large shopping malls and boutiques. To reach the center of Athens, you need only 20 minutes by bus.

Vouliagmeni resort - located in a green bay 24 km from the center of Athens, on the seashore. This is a picturesque fashionable area with comfortable beaches, fish and meat taverns, restaurants, bars, yacht clubs, an abundance of greenery - one of the most popular resorts among tourists. By shuttle bus you can reach the center of Athens in 35 minutes. There is a unique radon lake in Vouliagmeni.

Resorts Kavuri, Varkiza, Voula - these resort areas follow one after another, along the highway leading to Cape Sounion and the Temple of Poseidon. There are beaches, cafes, taverns, restaurants and other entertainment venues here. The abundant coniferous groves along the coast give the air a unique character.

Lagonissi resort - the luxurious Lagonissi peninsula enchants with picturesque landscapes and azure sea ​​waters... The attractive proximity to Athens (the capital of Greece can be reached by bus) makes this peninsula such an attractive tourist destination. The shallow coastline of Lagonissi is perfect for those who are vacationing with children, so this resort is ideal for a family vacation. Resting in Lagonissi, you can easily get acquainted with the sights of Athens.

The resort of Anavyssos is a picturesque green village on the southern coast of Attica, 49 km from Cape Sounion. it beautiful place for vacation. It attracts tourists with its amazingly beautiful nature, clean sea and sandy beaches.
This corner is very fond of the Greeks themselves. Evidence of this is the many dachas, including government ones. The convenient location allows you not only to relax, but also to get acquainted with the sights of Greece. And the shallow sea and comfortable coast created a good atmosphere for family holidays with small children.

Sounion is a resort on the cape of the same name. Cape Sounion, or Cape Kolones, is one of the most eastern capes of Attica, stretching towards the Aegean Sea. In ancient times, a temple was built here, dedicated to the god of the sea, Poseidon. Cape Sounio is a tourist attraction Athenian Attica, a beautiful and fertile land. It has a mild climate, generous soil with olive groves, clean coast and beautiful views of the surrounding islands.
Sounion resort is located near the capital of Greece, thanks to which there is a large historical heritage and the rapid development of hotel infrastructure. Sounion is an expensive and well-maintained resort, sandy beaches which will be presented unforgettable experience from the sea, the sun and Greece.

Mati - Nea Makri resorts are perhaps the most popular resorts in the eastern part of Attica. These resorts are located in the Marathon Valley area, where in 490 BC. NS. the famous Marathon battle took place. Great conditions for recreation are provided here by nature itself: beautiful beaches, clear sea, healing aroma of pine forest.

Nea Makri is one of the very first resorts in Attica, located 33 km from Athens. The history of Nea Makri began in ancient times, during the Stone Age. Now this resort area, located near the capital by the sea, is experiencing an economic and tourist boom. In Nea Makri you will find a lot of entertainment: discos, nightclubs, numerous bars and restaurants.

Mati is an area located 5 km from Nea Makri, 27 km from Athens. It's quiet resort place suitable for a good rest. On the rocky pine coast you will find small, hidden gorges with sandy beaches.
The close proximity of the resorts to Athens will allow you to easily fulfill the "must" for every tourist program of exploring the sights of this wonderful city.

A vacation in Attica is a great opportunity to combine acquaintance with Athenian antiquities and relaxation at sea.

About whose name the city will receive: Poseidon created a horse, Athena gave an olive tree (a source of wealth, since oil was made from its fruits), and the city was named Athens in honor of the goddess. The myth of Theseus is purely Athenian. Legend attributed to this hero the unification of the whole of Attica into one state by merging separate communities into one city. According to legend, Attica was also invaded by the Doryans during the return of the Heraclids (in the middle of the 11th century), but was saved by its king Codrom. The Delphic oracle announced that the side on which the king would be killed would win. Kodr in the clothes of a shepherd made his way into the enemy camp and was killed there. No longer hoping for victory, the Dorians retreated, and the Athenians announced that after Codru no one could be worthy of the royal dignity. This is how the poetic legend explained abolition of royal power in Athens.

107. Geography of Attica

Attica, the southeastern part of Central Greece, juts out into the sea in a triangle, one side of which adjoins the land. This small country was in a very close proximity to the states in which navigation developed earlier in European Greece. One side of Attica was adjacent to the same Saronic the bay, near which lay Megara and Corinnef and whose waters washed the island Aegina, the other coast of Attica was only separated by a narrow strait from the island of Euboea, on which almost opposite Attica were Chalcis and Eretria. Suni the cape, which forms the southern tip of the country, is closer than other points of the Greek mainland to the Cyclades. Thus the position of Attica on the sea was very favorable for the development of trade, but nevertheless Athens took an active part in the trade of many later the cities of Euboea and Isthmau islands of Aegina. Attica was far from being able to boast of its fertility and did not produce enough bread to feed its inhabitants. The best terrain was the plain (Pedion) off the Saronic Gulf against the island Salamina: there were cities here Athens and Eleusis, of which one was surrounded by places with horticultural culture(grapes, olives, figs, etc.), and the other lay in the center of that part of the plain where the best grain fields.(This is where the cult of Demeter developed). North and northeastern Attica (Diacria) was filled with mountain spurs and was distinguished by dryness and sterility, as well as the southern coastal part (Paralia). But the mountains of Attica abounded in mineral wealth. Pentelikon in the north he delivered fine white marble, Gimet(famous for its beekeeping) contained a bluish marble, Lavrion in the south it was famous for its silver mines, on the proceeds of which the Athenians later built their first fleet. The Athenian plain was irrigated by the river Kefissom, at one of the tributaries of which, which dried up in summer, was the main city of Attica. Athens was built in a hilly area, and on one of its hills was the Athenian Kremlin, Acropolis, containing the temple of the goddess Pallas Athena and the royal palace. The city was located seven versts from the sea coast and had three harbors. The oldest of them was Phaleron, but this harbor was open and therefore not as convenient as Munychia and especially Piraeus, representing a closed bays on both sides of the isthmus of a small peninsula (Piraeus).

108. Population of Attica

The population of Attica was ranked as a tribe Ionian and prided himself on never being conquered. Initially, there were several states here (according to legend 12), but they merged into one state, making it the focus of Athens and even settling some of its inhabitants in this common center. (synoikism). In memory of this event, a special holiday was established in Attica, called Panathenes. Even in historical time, the inhabitants of Attica were divided into four tribal phyla with three phratries in each, and these phratries and phratries had their own gods and their chiefs. In addition to citizens of the state, newcomers from other places lived in Attica, who were engaged in fishing and trade, who paid taxes and even who were obliged to participate in the army, but were not considered citizens; their name was meteki. Compared to the citizens, there were, of course, much less. The citizens themselves were divided into three classes: landowning nobility, small landowners and artisans. The Athenian nobility was a noble class, or eupatrides(i.e., having good fathers), whose clans occupied a leading position in the life of individual phratries, phyla and the entire state. Free peasants who lived on their small plots were called geomores, artisans - demiurges: geomors and demiurges, taken together, made up the demos.

109. The oldest state structure of Athens

At the head of Athens was originally Tsar, who ruled with advice, consisted of elders of the most important Attic families and bearing the name areopagus. The royal power, however, gradually passed to elected dignitaries, and the very title of the king, however, has never been canceled. First of all, they began to elect a special commander as assistants to the king in the war, polemarch, then they began to entrust some of the government and court cases to a special dignitary, archon(to the ruler), who was appointed by the Areopagus, and even later created the office of six judges, fesmofetov. The post of the king after this was limited only to the performance of priestly duties, and basileus the name was no longer the ruler of the state, but the high priest of Athens. Thus, the royal power was divided between nine dignitaries, who all began to be called archons.(In their collegium, the first place belonged not to the Basileus or the polemarch, but to the archon-eponym, by whose name the Athenian year was designated). In the middle of the 8th century, when there were only the first three archons, they began to be elected for ten years, and not for life, as before, at the beginning of the 7th century. - only for one year. At first, the choice of the king was made only within one clan, but little by little this title (and in general archonship) became available to all noble families. As the tsarist power split between individual dignitaries, the former tsarist council, Areopagus, on the contrary, got everything more and more meaning. It began to be replenished by archons who performed their duties well and were already becoming lifelong members of this institution. Athens became a real oligarchy, in which the Areopagus was nothing more than the focus of interests, aspirations and traditions of the Eupatrides estate. All religious and government offices were in the hands of the landowning nobility; they owned the interpretation of all divine and human laws; they carried out the judgment, guided exclusively by the old customs and their understanding. It is clear that oligarchic rule could only be the oppression of the demos.

The most ancient period in the historical life of Attica, which later became the main territory of one of the most powerful and flourishing states - Greece, found only a faint reflection in the sources. Archaeological studies of Athens itself and the area surrounding them have revealed traces of ancient life dating back to the Neolithic era. The oldest burial found here so far dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. NS. The handmade gray clay vessels found in this burial near the twisted skeleton are still very primitive.

During excavations on the Athenian acropolis, monuments of an incomparably higher culture were discovered in the form of the remains of a Mycenaean-type palace, and in a number of other places (Akharny, Erhia, Keramik, etc.) - burials of the same time with a large number various items, mainly ceramics, including those of non-local origin. All these monuments, dating back to the end of the Bronze Age, give reason to believe that one of the centers of the Mycenaean culture existed on the territory of Attica, modern to its other centers.

The subsequent, post-Mycenaean period was characterized in Attica by the emergence of pottery of the so-called protogeometric and geometric styles. Some of the ceramic finds of this time, such as the famous, widely known, Dipylon vases, have survived to our time in excellent preservation.

Abundant finds of protogeometric and geometric ceramics have also been excavated on the northern and northwestern slopes of the Areopagus. It is noteworthy that imported items are almost never found in the cultural layers characterized by this kind of ceramic finds. This shows that the weakening of ties with other countries, typical for the whole of Greece in the post-Mycenaean period, characterizes Attica.

To characterize the Iron Age in Attica, it is interesting to find a burial discovered in 1949 on the territory of Athens, apparently of an artisan, in which about ten objects made of iron and a whetstone were found.

In the ancient literary tradition, only fragmentary information about Attica of the most ancient times has been preserved. Thucydides, Herodotus and in one of their dialogues Plato emphasize that the inhabitants of Attica were not aliens, but autochthons - the Attic land was not a stepmother for them, but their own mother. This area, due to the scarcity of soil, did not attract conquerors, says Thucydides, the Dorian invasion did not affect it. Later, when Athenian statehood flourished, immigrants from other places began to flock to Attica, multiplying its population and contributing to the growth of its well-being by their labor.

In the views of subsequent Athenian generations, the most ancient social institutions, preserved in the form of vestiges in a later and much better known time, were the result of the activities of a number of legendary kings. So, for example, the mythical king Ion divided, according to legend, the entire population of Attica into four clan phylos, each of which was divided into three phratries, in turn subdivided into 30 clans, there were 30 families in the clan, so in total in ancient Attica there were 10,800 families.

The ruins of numerous fortifications that once surrounded ancestral settlements that were constantly at war with each other can serve as evidence of the former disunity of the population. Traces of this kind of fortifications are still found during excavations carried out in various points of Attica.

Thus, here we meet with a social structure typical of the era of the tribal system, naturally generated by the entire set of historical conditions of that time. For ancient Attica another characteristic feature of the era of dominance of clan relations is also characteristic - clan-tribal fragmentation. According to Athenian legends, on the territory of Attica in ancient times there were 12 separate, isolated and independent clan communities.

The end of this fragmentation, according to legend, was also put by the mythical Athenian king Theseus, who united the population of this entire area around Athens and established one council common to all and one pritania. "From that time to the present," writes Thucydides, "the Athenians celebrate in honor of the goddess [Athena] a popular festival of synoykia [unification]."

In historical reality, the process of the unification of Attica, apparently, took at least two or three centuries. One might think that during the IX-VIII centuries. BC NS. Paralia, the coastal part of Attica, joined Athens as a result of a tense struggle. After that, the local cult of the god Poseidon was transferred to the Athenian acropolis. Following this, Diakria, a mountainous region in the north of the country, was annexed. From here the cult of Theseus was transferred to Athens. The southwestern part of Attica, the region of Eleusis with its famous temple of the goddess Demeter, retained its independence for the longest time.

Judging by the hymn in honor of Demeter that has come down to us, Eleusis in the 7th century. BC NS. still continued to maintain independence and, defending it, waged a fierce struggle with the Athenians. Thus, Athenian synekism was a long process caused by significant changes in the structure of the former social relations. The development of the productive forces of society and the relations of production associated with them gave rise to the need for associations of a broader nature, going beyond the boundaries of the previous tribal organizations.

By the VII century. BC NS. in Attica, the prerequisites for the formation of a class system and a state in it arise. For its study, we already have an incomparably wider range of sources. The first place among them, of course, is occupied by Aristotle's Athenian Polity, long considered lost forever and unexpectedly regained in the form of a manuscript on four sheets of papyrus found among other papyri brought to the British Museum from Egypt in 1890.

Aristotle's "Athenian Polity" is the only surviving work that gives a complete picture political history Athens since the 7th century. BC NS. Aristotle is substantially supplemented by evidence of individual events in the early Athenian history of Herodotus, Thucydides, Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch and other ancient authors, as well as some, albeit few, inscriptions, coins and archaeological material.

Based on all these data, it can be concluded that the Athenian community at the beginning of the period under review was mainly agricultural. Crafts and trade were relatively poorly developed. Nevertheless, the social and property stratification has reached a considerable depth. The powerful tribal aristocracy - the Eupatrides ("descended from the noble fathers") concentrated the best lands in their hands.

A significant part of the rest of the population turned out to be dependent on them. “The poor,” writes Aristotle, “were enslaved not only themselves, but also their children and their wives. They were called pelates and six-loaders, because on such lease terms they cultivated the fields of the rich. All the land in general was in the hands of a few. At the same time, if these poor people did not pay rent, they could be taken into bondage both themselves and their children. And loans were secured by personal bondage up to the time of Solon. "

In other words, the Athenians of the 7th century. there was a severe debt law, well known in antiquity, by virtue of which the debtor was responsible to the creditor not only with his property, but also with personal freedom and the freedom of his family members; insolvent debtors turned into slaves to their creditors. The labor demand of large, attic-scale, aristocratic landowners was thus satisfied mainly by the labor of the poor dependent on them and the labor of slaves recruited through debt bondage from among the previously free members of the same community. This undermined the strength of the community.

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