World Ocean. Sea waves

Tsunami is one of the most frightening phenomena of nature. It is a wave formed by the "shaking" of the entire thickness of the water in the ocean. The reasons for the appearance of the tsunami are most often underwater earthquakes.

Sitting to the shore, the tsunami grows into a huge shaft height in tens of meters and fell ashore with millions of tons of water. The greatest tsunami in the world had colossal destruction and led to the death of millions of people.

Krakataau, 1883

This tsunami arose not as a result of an earthquake or landslide. The explosion of Volcanana Krakatau in Indonesia gave rise to a powerful wave, rushing through the entire coast of the Indian Ocean.

Residents of fishing settlements within a radius of about 500 km from the volcano almost did not have a chance to survive. Victims were observed even in South Africa, on the opposite shore of the ocean. In all the dead from the tsunami, 36.5 thousand people are considered.

Kuril Islands, 1952

Tsunami, provoked by an earthquake in 7 points, destroyed the city of North-Kurilsk and several fishing villages. Then the inhabitants did not have the concept of tsunami and after the cessation of the earthquake returned to the dwellings, becoming victims of a 20-meter water shaft. Many were absorbed in the second and third waves, because they did not know that the tsunami is a series of waves. About 2300 people died. Authorities Soviet Union We decided not to report on the tragedy in the media, so only dozens of years later became known about the catastrophe.

The city of North-Kurilsk was subsequently transferred to a more elevated place. And the tragedy caused the organization in the USSR to alerts on tsunami and more active scientific research in seismology and oceanology.

Lituya Bay, 1958

The earthquake of magnitude of more than 8 points provoked the gather of a huge landslide with a volume of more than 300 million cubic meters consisting of stones and ice of two glaciers. And the lakes of the lake, whose bank hit the bay was added to them.

As a result, a giant wave has been formed, which has reached a height of 524 m! She swept around the bay, as a language lodging vegetation and the soil on the slopes of the bay, completely destroyed the braid that separated it from Gilbert bay. This is the highest tsunami in the history of the wave. Lituya's shores were not populated, so only 5 fishermen became victims.

Chile, 1960

On May 22, the consequences of a large Chilean earthquake by force of 9.5 points were the eruption of a volcano and tsunami high 25 m high. Almost 6 thousand people died.

But the killer wave did not calm down. With speed reactive aircraft She crossed the quiet ocean, having carried out 61 people in Hawaii, and got to the shores of Japan. The victims of the tsunami, which emerged at a distance of more than 10 thousand km, became another 142 people. After that, it was decided to warn about the danger of the tsunami even the most remote sections of the coast, which may be on the path of the deadly wave.

Philippines, 1976

The most powerful earthquake caused a wave, the height of which seems to be not impressive - 4.5 m. Unfortunately, the tsunami collapsed on the lowland coast for more than 400 miles. And the inhabitants were not ready for such a threat. The result is more than 5 thousand dead and about 2.5 thousand missing disadvantia. Almost 100 thousand inhabitants of the Philippines remained no bed, and many villages along coastline Were just completely washed together with the inhabitants.

Papua New Guinea, 1998

The consequence of the earthquake on July 17 was a gigantic underwater landslide, which caused a 15-meter wave. And so a poor country moved a few hits of the elements, died and missing more than 2500 people. And more than 10 thousand inhabitants lost housing and livelihoods. The tragedy has become an impetus to the study of the role of underwater landslides in the occurrence of tsunami.

Indian Ocean, 2004

On December 26, 2004, he was inscribed forever in the history of Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar and other countries on the Indian Ocean coast. On this day, Tsunami claimed the lives of about 280 thousand people, and according to unofficial data - up to 655 thousand.

The underwater earthquake caused the appearance of waves with a height of 30 m, which collapsed on coastal areas for 15 minutes. A large number of dead is explained by several reasons. This is a high degree of population of the coast, the lowest territory, a large number of tourists on the beaches. But the main reason is the lack of an established tsunami alert system and a weak awareness of people about safety measures.

Japan, 2011

The height of the wave arising from the nine ball earthquake reached 40 m. The whole world with horror was watching frames, on which the tsunami was painted with coastal buildings, marine courts, cars ...

IN Atlantic Ocean The coast of Brazil has a strong earthquake of 6.7 points, at a very low depth of only 6 miles, and it is impossible to determine whether it caused a tsunami, since all the booms of tsunami warnings in the Atlantic, except one, offline, and cannot report warnings.

The east coast may be threatened if such a wave goes around, but we cannot warn us because the US Department of Commerce could not repaired Bui.

Earthquake occurred at 1:33 am in time eastern coastAt the depth of only 6 miles.

According to the Tsunami Warning Center, for the Eastern Coast of the United States "There is no danger of tsunami." I wonder how they can make this assessment, given the fact that our booms of tsunami warning are non-working.

Here is a statement issued by the Tsunami Warnings Center:

WEXX32 PAAQ 300646.
Tibate.

Tsunami Information Statement Number 1
NWS National Tsunami Warning Center Palmer AK
146 am Est Thu Nov 30 2017

... This is a tsunami information state state for the u.s. East Coast
Gulf of Mexico States, And Eastern Canada ...

* Based on the Earthquake Location Near The Mid-Atlantic Ridge,
a Damaging Tsunami Is Not Expected.

* An Earthquake Has Occurred with Parameters Listed Below.

Preliminary Earthquake Parameters.
———————————
* The Following Parameters Are Based on a Rapid Preliminary
assessment And Changes May Occur.

* Magnitude 6.5.
* Origin Time 0133 EST NOV 30 2017
0033 CST NOV 30 2017
0233 AST NOV 30 2017
0633 UTC NOV 30 2017
* Coordinates 1.1 South 23.5 WEST
* Depth 6 Miles
* Location Near the Central Mid-Atlantic Ridge

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND NEXT UPDATE
————————————–
* Refer to the Internet Site Tsunami.gov for more information.

* Caribbean Coastal Regions SHOLD REFER TO THE PACIFIC
Tsunami Warning Center Messages AT Tsunami.gov.

* This Will Be The Only U.S. National Tsunami Warning Center
message Issued For This Event Unless Additional Information
becomes Available.

If they are true, we have nothing to worry about. If, they are not right, the tsunami passes through the open ocean at a speed of about 600 miles per hour. First hit on the northern coast of Brazil. If we heard that Brazil suffered over the next two hours, then we will hit us about four hours.

First in North Carolina. A few minutes later, South Delaware and New Jersey will be amazed. Minutes after that, New York and Long Island. At about the same time, when New York hit, the whole southeast will also be attacked.

The National Data Center Buuv (NDBC) is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Studies (NOAA), which is part of the US Department of Commerce.

According to NDBC, the following tsunami warning booms (listed from the south to the north, as the southern buoy will be closest to the earthquake) in the Atlantic, offline:

Tsunami is the word of Japanese origin and denotes literally "long waves in the port". Later the capacitance of this concept was expanded, and today it means any long destructive waves. They say a lot about tsunami, they write a lot, but it is very difficult to imagine him. Probably the most correct idea of \u200b\u200bwhat the tsunami looks at the sea, has one who saw the film "The Adventures of Poseidon", in which Tsunami is shown truly great. In the plot of the film, the tsunami arose as a result of an earthquake at the island of Crete. Underwater earthquakes are indeed the most common cause of tsunami origin. However, the underwater eruption of the volcano can cause it, and the collapse of the shores.

Fig. 23. Scheme of earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean. The conditional signs indicate the epicenters of earthquakes, which occurred in 1961-1967, taking into account the depths of their foci. In the Aegean Earthquake basin, especially frequent, but predominantly shallow. On the contrary, deep earthquakes are dominated around Sicily. According to the depths of the earthquake foci of earthquakes, a tectonic map of the Mediterranean was reconstructed (it is depicted in Fig. 21). In the Aegean basin, we see the arc characteristic of this area of \u200b\u200byoung volcanoes. (According to D. Stanley, 1972)

Tsunami is very long and high waves, and the height of the wave in the open ocean is not so great, just a few meters. But when the front of the wave penetrates into smaller shelf areas, the wave rises and turns into a huge wall, the height of which can reach several tens of meters. The speed of the tsunami is greater than more depth Ocean. For example, in the open waters of the Pacific Ocean, the depth of which is about 4-5 km, theoretically possible speed of the wave is almost incredible - 716 km / h. After all, it is essentially speed transport aircraft. In fact, the tsunami speed is much less. However, the maximum marked speed was even more, approximately 1000 km / h, and this is the speed of the reactive aircraft.

Tsunami, naturally, more often arise where earthquakes occur more often, that is, in the region of the submarines of the Pacific Ocean. These earthquakes give birth to waves that are embraced on the shores of Japan, the Kuril Islands and other island arcs. The earthquake in the Aleutian Islands area is called tsunami, which, sprinkling throughout the Pacific Ocean, pour the coasts of the Hawaiian Islands and reach even California. Tsunami caused by earthquakes in the Peruvian-Chilean gutter, with a destroying force, fell on the shores of Chile. And even in the Mediterranean Sea, the earthquakes give rise to tsunami. The most significant of them had a place from the coast of Corsica and Sicily. In the Atlantic Ocean, tsunami arise mainly as a result of earthquakes in the Azor-Gibraltar Range. And then they flood the Portuguese coast.

Fig. 24. Map of the so-called "earthquake risk" in the Eastern Mediterranean. Insulates are connected to dots with the same earthquake energy. The figures express energy in 1015 ERG km -2 - year-1. (By K. Lomnottsu, 1974)

A classic example of tsunami arising from a volcanic explosion is a tsunami generated by the eruption of Krakataau volcanic in Indonesia. It happened in 1883. The wave with a height of 36-40 m was formed due to the collapse of part of the island. A few minutes later she reached the coast of Java and Sumatra. The wave passed through all the oceans and was recorded even in Panama, 18,350 km from the point of origin.

And now it should once again be mentioned about the small island of Tira in the Kiklada Archipelago, where approximately 1500 BC, perhaps, the tsunami tsunami with a height of 100 m (see p. 91). However, evidence of eyewitnesses of this phenomenon is not, and the height and consequences of the tsunami were calculated only by comparing the quantine quadder Krakatau and Tira. After half an hour, a terrible wave should have achieved Crete and Mainland Greece, through an hour of Egypt. As we have already mentioned, some authors believe that it was the largest natural disaster of the historic era, which had a direct impact on death minoan civilization. According to some atlantologists, it was she who could cause the death of Atlantis. With many discussion issues related to this topic, we will be elevenized on with. 93-95.

The third reason for the occurrence of Tsunami is the collapse of the shores. And although this phenomenon is not so frequent, and most importantly, not so large-scale, nevertheless, it can cause a wave achieving impressive sizes. Here is one example of many. In the Bay of Litaing on Alaska, 30 million m 3 of the soil crashed into the sea, as a result of which the surface of the water rose to 600 m and a huge snobble wave fell on the opposite shore of the bay. At this height, traces of its destructive impact are still visible.

In tab. 8 Collected data on some of the most famous tsunami historical era.

Table 8. Some of the largest tsunami of the historic era (on various sources)
Year	A place	The cause of the occurrence	Speed \u200b\u200band wave height
About 1500 BC.	O. Tira	Volcanic explosion and education Calder	The method of extrapolation is calculated that the wave could reach a height of 100 m and a speed of 200 km / h; She captured the entire region of the Eastern Mediterranean
1737	Kamchatka, Kuriles, Sakhalin		Wave height 17-35 m, speed, probably 700 km / h
1854	Japan	Earthquake in a Japanese groove	A wave of 9 m height in 12.5 hours has passed throughout the Pacific Ocean; In San Francisco, height is registered 0.5 m
1872	Bengal Bay	Reasons are unknown, perhaps as a result of a storm tide	Wave height 20 m (200,000 victims)
1883	Krakataau	Volcanic explosion, the emergence of caldera	Wave height 35-40 m on Java and Sumatra; speed of about 200 km / h; Even marked at 18,000 km from the explosion place
1908	Messina	Earthquake in the Messinsky Ghea	Wave height 23 m
1946	Hawaiian O-Wa	Earthquake in the Aleutian groove	The height of the wave on the waws is 10 m, the speed in the open ocean is 700 km / h
1952	Kamchatka and Kuriles	Earthquake in the smoke-Kamchatsky groove	Wave height 8-18 m, speed of about 500 km / h
1953	Alaska	Earthquake in the Aleutian groove	Wave height 17-35 m, speed of about 700 km / h
1960	Chile	Earthquake in the Peruvian Chilean Ghea	Three cycles of waves; The highest about 11 m at a speed of 700 km / h; The wave of 8 m height collapsed on Hawaii, the same wave of Hokkaido had a height of 6 m

Interesting descriptions of eyewitnesses of this natural phenomenon. Among them, even such an authoritative specialist, as one of the founders of modern marine geology, American Francis Shepard. By the will of the case, he was on vacation in the Hawaiian Islands just when a destructive wave collapsed in 1946. Evidence testimonies are important for the conclusion that such a catastrophe is developing rapidly, as well as whether it is possible to compare it with the inlanty's death described by Platon. If you compare the testimony of authoritative professionals, you can draw the following conclusions: first the sea as if retreats and the water level decreases. Then runs the first wave a height of several meters. A few minutes later, it falls and after 5-10 minutes the second wave runs, sometimes the same height as the first, sometimes slightly lower. After 10-20 minutes it falls, and then, usually an hour later, sometimes after a larger period of time, rolls the third, the highest and most destructive wave. If the wave invade the bay, its height increases significantly. Waves throw very heavy loose items to the shore, break off the rocks, sweep at home and even concrete bases of beacons.

Now we have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat can do tsunami and what is the duration of its action. The whole catastrophe lasts no more than two hours. During this time, the whole can be completely destroyed. coastal zone Mainland or island or even a whole island. As we said, many historians are confident that a large proportion of guilt in the death of the Minoan culture on the island of Crete lies on the tsunami. Some atlantologists also believe that in the destruction of the Atlantis, the tsunami is obey. And for this it would not be necessary to "some terrible days", according to Plato. It would be enough and an hour. Thus, the tsunami is such a catastrophe, which theoretically, at the appropriate scale, could easily destroy Atlantis.

Tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean

On cases of tsunami in the Atlantic Ocean knows little. The frequency of the appearance of the tsunami and their destructive power in the Atlantic is significantly less than in Pacific Ocean. Berning Hausen Dal short description Tsunami, which was observed from 1531 to 1960 in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean south of the Biscay Bay (Table 5.21). In his work, he warns that his list is not exhaustive

20 Order No. 5

Table 5.21. Tsunami in the eastern Atlantic south of the Biscay bay from 1531 to 1960

Epicenter

Note

21 / XII 1641

1676 6 / V 1706

26 / XII 1746 28 / IV 1752

31 / III 1761

27 / XII 1772 1 / XI 1775

(?) 1787 23/1 1792

Near Lisbon, Portugal

Azores is the same

Canary Islands

Lisbon, Portugal near Barcos and Avei. RO, Portugal Lisbon

Azores

At the coast of Portugal

Portimao, Portugal 38 ° C. sh., 10 ° z. d.

Azores is the same

The earthquake was not noted

Cape of Good Nadezhda Azores is the same

Waves broke several ships; Flood on the shores r. Tacho

A few ships suffered

Flood in Port Velas, o. San George

Destruction on the coast about. TERSEYRA

Flood calhy and o. San Jorge

Praia da Victoria Tsunami was destroyed by the volcanic eruption; Destruction in Garadiko and on about. Tenerif was observed by tsunami

Large water rise in r. Taho

Large waves off the coast of O-Great Bords San George, Pico and Graciosa Tsunami with a height of 2.4 m in Lisbon. Tsunami in Cabin Finishes (Spain), Madeira, Fat, Teresaira, Porto Rico, England, Barbados

Tsunamami was observed near Cabody-San Vicente Catastrophic Lisbon earthquake; Three tsunami waves with a height of 4.6 to 12.2 m led to the destruction of Lisbon; In Cadis, the waves were 5.5 m, in Gibraltar - 2.1 m; Big waves were observed in Tangier, Agadir, Madeira, Funchal, on the Azores

The devastating tsunami tsunami in Velas and on about. San Jorge

Strong excitement of the sea in Lisbon

Big wave in the dining room

Tsunami height 10 m on about. TERSEYRA

Large tsunami waves in Velas and on about. San George

Epicenter

Note

27-28 / VIII 1883 Vulcan eruption

Krakatau in the probe Strait, Indonesia 3/11 1899 Azores

11 / V 1911 22 / VIII 1926

19 / XII 1926 19 / XI 1929

31 / VIII 1931

22 / VI 1939 29 / II 1960

Golden Coast Azores

Lisbon 40 ° C. sh., 56 °

Azores

Golden Coast Agadir, Morocco

The amplitude of the waves is about 15.2 cm in the bay of the dining room and the prol. La Mans

Destruction in Velas and on about. San George; One person died

Destruction in the Lom of the amplitude of the tsunami on the O-WAX File and Pi to about 60.9 cm. Water rise in r. Tahoe tsunami Azorescaused by an earthquake near the Big Newfoundland Bank

Destruction in Horta, Fetarer, Oh. Falial

Tsunami in Labadi and Tashi appearance tsunami is not confirmed

and maybe in some cases it includes storm engines, not tsunami.

Consider the destructive tsunami, which 18 / XI 1867 was observed on Virgin Islands. From this day, the underground shocks were repeated until early 1868 and completely stopped only 17/111. Tsunami height in the hall. Saint Thomas was 4.6-6.1 m. There were at least four waves that came to the bay from the south-east between the Saint Thomas and Santa Cruz. In Frederixted on the West Bank oh. Santa Cruz Tsunami height ranged from 7.6 to 9.0 m. Tsunami waves flooded about. Saba, the rise of the level was in Saint-Crysto far. In the Harbor Saint-John on the West Bank oh. Antigua Height Tsunami reached 2.4-3.0 m.

On about. Guadeloupe was noted several interesting phenomena. The tsunami retreat of the sea was preceded by the Tsunami, and the subsequent rise in the level (from the sole to the ridge) was only 2 m, while in the north-western part of the island in the Deshas and Saint Roses, according to some data, the tsunami amplitude exceeded 18 , 3 m. However, according to Raid and Teibra, in this case there has been an input of data. On the south side of the island in Pointe-A-Pitre, Tsunami was insignificant, since the approaches to this place are covered. Data on tsunami on about. Martinique is absent. On about. Saint Vincent Wave heights tsunami were small, but oh. Becia (16.1-24.1 km south) The height of the waves reached 1.8 m. On. Grenada in St. Georgez The sea level at first fell by 1.2-1.5 m, and then rose to the same height over his average

regulation. Vertical water level fluctuations repeated six times. In the deniming scope of vertical oscillations reached 6.1 m (according to Raid and Teiber, these data are also overestimated). Large tsunami was observed on the south side about. Wiequim, as well as on the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico.

During October, November 1918, several earthquakes in Puerto Rico occurred. After an earthquake of 11 / x 1918, the tsunami had an amplitude of 6.1 m. Several people were killed in Aguadilla, the Mayaguce was damaged.

Presents an interest in tsunami on the coast of the Dominican Republic. So, after the earthquake of 4 / VIII 1946, Tsunami destroyed several settlements. The epicenter of the earthquake was located in the north-east of Hulia Molina, about 64.4 km from the coast. The height of the tsunami in Julia Molina was estimated at about 4-5 m. The city of Mathanzas was completely destroyed. About 100 people died. There were also fluctuations in the water levels also in the Bay of Samana, but there was no destruction.

7 / VI 1962. The strong earthquake occurred on O. Yamayka. It should be noted that in the description of coastal destruction, the tsunami waves are disagreements. There were reports on the initial retreat of the sea in Ligan and Jalhause. The Port-Royal Amplitude Tsunami reached 1.8 m, 13 people died. In St. Annes-Bay on the northern coast of the island, the Tsunami appeared almost immediately after the earthquake. Seven waves caused by reflections between the shores of Jamaica and Cuba were noted. On the northern less populated coast of the amplitude of the waves was more than southern.

3 / x 1790. As a result of the earthquake, a large wave of Tsunami was formed, which fell into the West shore of Jamaica and washed away the city of Savanna-la-Mar. However, there are some data that the emptying was caused by storm hill, not the tsunami. About 300 people died. Finally, the earthquake of 14/1 1907 in the Kingston region led to the formation of a large wave of Tsunami near the northern bank of the island; on the south Bank The wave amplitude was insignificant.

Tsunami in Europe

Although not so frequent and destructive, as in the Pacific, Tsunami in Europe and the Mediterranean have a place and take a lot of lives. AmboSeeis amounted to a list of some of the most famous tsunami in Europe and North Africa, observed from 1900 to 1960 (Table 5.22), and also led detailed information about the intensity of seismic sea waves (see). Karnik gave a scheme

the places of epicenter of earthquakes, which led to the formation of significant tsunami in this area (Fig. 5.44).

Table 5.22. Tsunami in Europe

	Coordinates of the latitude of Lygly		Magnid, M.	Maximum amplitude, m
22 / VIII 1926
20 / VIII 1953

In this work (p. 203), Karnik allocated a number of coastal areas of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Seawhere tsunami could be observed more often than elsewhere. It turned out that there are only a few areas that are more or less permanently exposed to the action of seismic sea waves. These areas include the coast of the Aegean, Adriatic and Ionian Seas, the East African Coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Portugal. In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the Tsunami was most often noted in the Corinthian and Evyan bays, in the area between Himar and Durres, in the Marmara Sea, in areas between Cyprus and Akra, Chios and Izmir, south of the Greek archipelago.

Amburasis leads a detailed list of tsunami for the eastern part of the Mediterranean. In the preparation of this list, it excluded all unreliable and insufficient data on the appearance of tsunami from the initial sources. Morer indicates that from the middle of the XVIII century. The most destructive tsunami off the coast of Europe were connected: with the Lisbon earthquake 1 / XI 1755, earthquakes

in Sicily and Calabria 5 / II 1783 and 28 / XII 1908, an earthquake in the Aegean Sea 9 / VII 1956

Usually, European tsunami is local in nature, but some of them can spread over long distances. Examples of such tsunami are tsunamis caused by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and possibly an earthquake 21 / VII 365. On. Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. The waves of this tsunami reached Alexandria in Egypt, Sicily, Calabria in Italy and, probably, the Mediterranean coast of Spain.

Fig. 5.44. Observations for tsunami in Europe.

/ - Intensity II-III, 2 - intensity III h V.

The causes of the emergence of at least some tsunami in Greece are powerful landslides (for example, Tsunami 9 / VII 1956 and 6 / VII 1965). However, the landslides themselves may be a consequence of earthquakes. MOREIR wrote that faults accompanied by landslides appeared to be tsunami 27 / iv of 1894 in the Evami Gulf, as well as Tsunami 8 / IX 1905 and 28 / XII in 1908 in Sicily and in Calabria. Since in the last two cases, cable breaks occurred, it would probably have landslides and torment flows. Cable cliffs also took place with earthquakes 25 / XI 1941 and 9 / IX 1954

Some tsunami are associated with earthquakes whose epicenters were on land and were defined quite accurately. These include Tsunami 1638 near Pisa (Italy), 1694 near Brindisi (Italy), 2 / II 1703 on the r. Tiber after a series of earthquakes in Akuil Province (Italy), in February

1783 in Calabria (Italy), 26 / XII 1939 in the Black Sea after an earthquake in Anatolia (Turkey).

28 / II 1969 south-west of Cape Sant Vincent (Fig. 5.45) at 36.2 ° C. sh., 10.5 ° z. D. Earthquake occurred. A small tsunami was formed, which was registered off the coast of Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Azores and Canary Islands. On the coast of Portugal amplitude waves was

Fig. 5.45. Curves of the Timetime Time (min) Tsunami 28/1! 1969 in the area of \u200b\u200bPortugal.

0.8 m, in Casablanca-1 m. Tsunami entered the r. Tacho. In fig. 5.45 also shows the isolated time of the thieves of this tsunami.

Consider more Tsunami 9 / VII 1956 in the Greek Archipelago. Probably, the formation of tsunami is associated with landslides that followed the rigid earthquake that happened on the same day. The banks of the Islands of the Greek Archipelago and Malaya Asia are raised by numerous V-shaped bays and are separated by narrow straits. The tsunami power was changed from the place to the place, the waves reached the amplitude of 30 m. The area exposed to the tsunami exceeded 100,000 km2, the sea fluctuations continued for a whole day. The epicenter of the main shock, which occurred at 03 h 11 min 38 C average-European time, had coordinates of 36 ° 54 "s. Sh., 26 ° 00" in. D. Magnidu was 7.5,

the depth of the focus was small. At the age of 0 and 24 minutes 05 s, an aftershock was marked with magnitude 7 at point 36 ° 48 "s. Sh., 25 ° 12 / c. D. In fig. 5.46 shows an isolated time of the thieves of this tsunami.

In tab. 5.23 shows positive and negative amplitudes, the tsunami period and the nature of the initial movement in 33 points of the Greek archipelago. In tab. 5.24 Dan List

Fig. 5.46. Timetime curves (min) Tsunami 9 / VI1 1956 in the Greek Archipelago.

tsunami in the Greek Archipelago and the surrounding seas from 1400 BC. e. in 1956, and in Fig. 5.47 shows the points in which these tsunami were noted.

Pararas-Karaiannis described the powerful tsunami associated with the eruption of the volcano on. Santorin (also known as about. Tira), which occurred between 1450 and 1480 BC. (Fig. 5.48). According to some information, it is this tsunami practically destroyed the Minos Empire. Although Pararas-Karaiannis and Bolt and others agree that after volcanic eruptions, catastrophic tsunami could have been formed, but they question the fact that only the eruption and tsunami crushed the empire.

Essential damage to the countries of Europe was tsunami that followed the Lisbon earthquake 1 / XI 1755 in those

long time has been widespread about this earthquake, incorrect representations were widespread. The raid made clarity to some of them. He showed that the tsunami waves reached the shores of southwestern Europe, North-West Africa, the South of England and Ireland, as well as West Indies; WHO-

Fig. 5.47. Cases of the appearance of the tsunami on the islands of the Greek Archipelago and in the nearby seas.

it is possible, they were marked in the western part of the Mediterranean. However, there is no evidence that these waves penetrated the North and Baltic Sea, and there is only a weak hint that they have been observed off the coast of America. In Lisbon, three waves with a height of 4.6 to 12.2 m were noted, and the amplitude of the waves south of Lisbon were more than north.

Hamilton described the tsunami formed during the earthquake of 5 / II 1683 in Italy in the area of \u200b\u200bCalabria and Messina.

In Szill, 2473 people drowned, and on about. Faro died 24. Tsunami, which followed the earthquake in Calabria 28 / XII 1908, reached large amplitudes off the coast of the Messin Strait. Tsunami was observed along the total northern coast Sicily to Termini. It was reported that north of the cannatello at the entrance to the Strait Tsunami was not noted.

Fig. 5.48. The location of volcanic about. Santorin (Tira).

The Tsunami amplitude varied from 2.7 m at Messina to 8.4 m at Giordini and Ali and up to 8.5 m off the shores of Brig Marina. In addition, Tsunami had Naples, oh. Civita-Vecchiya, Porto Corsini, Naluna and Mazzar. Wright indicates that this tsunami was not particularly destructive. It gives the value of the amplitudes of waves in Messina equal to 2.4, in Reggio - 3.7-4.6. Oldham and writes that the sea wave smeared on the shores of the Messinsky Strait and the Tyrrhenian Sea, collapsed from a height of 9.1 m on Messina and Reggio, reached at least the coast of Malta and caused the death of three people in Catania.

Table 5.23. Characteristics of Tsunami 9 / VII 1956

	Initial	Maximum	amplitude, M.
	traffic
Katapol.
Astypalee
Porto-Scala
Kalimnos.
Leros, Lucky
Patmos, Scala
Maratokambos.
Tiganion.
Ayos Marina
Nisiros, Mandraki.
Folegandros
Paros, Parikia
ERM "Ion" and
Kitir, Kapsalos
Skopelos.
Crete, Sitia
Ayos- "Nikolaos.
Paleokastron
Heraklion.
Rethymnon
Attica, Wool

According to Omorn, maximum height Waves (6-10 m) was on the coast of Calabria between Pellaro and Lazzaro, on the opposite shore in the wavelength, reached the height of 11.7 m. Along the whole eastern Shore Sicily was observed waves, at the northern tip (Torre di Faro) they reached the height of only 0.8 m, and in South (Cape Passero) - 1.5 m. Along the northern coast, they were observed to the ter mini, but along the southern - to Porto-Empedocle. On the Lapara Islands of the waves passed unnoticed, but they were marked in Malta. In Catania, the sea level recorder was flooded, but in Palermo, Mazzara, Cagliari, Ischia, Napoleon,

Table 5.24. Tsunami in the Greek Archipelago and the adjacent seas

Observation item

1400 g. 1300

426 I n. e.

222 (227?) G. 62 (65?) G. 77

21 / VII 365 6 / IX 543 7 or 9 / VII 551 554

14 / XII 558. 26 / x 740 1050

25 / XII 1222. 14 / X 1344. 20 / 1II 1389 3 / V 1481. 14 / IX 1509. 8 / XI 1612. 5 / V 1622. 5 / 1V 1646. 29 / IX 1650 G. 14 / V 1748. 8/1 1805. 23 / VIII 1817 9/1 1821 13 / XI 1856 20 / X 1859 26 / XII 1861 22/1 1866 G. 28/1 1866 October 1866 10 / IV 1867 20 / IX 1867 5 / X 1871 15 / IV 1878 28/1893 16 / IV 1894 27 / XI 1914 25 / IV 1928. 26 / IX 1932. 23 / 1V 1933 9/11 1948 22 / IV 1948 9 / VII 1956

about. Santorin, oh. Crete, Amnice, Knos Trad

Kolkhida, Pot.

Bay Maliacos, Osuntian, Atalanta, Oh. Pepararaphos Corinth Bay, Gelika about. Rhodes, oh. Tylo, Karian and Lucian about. Crete

about. Cyprus, epic

about. Crete, Small Asia

Small Asia, Kizik

hall. Maliacos.

o ^ Vas Kos, Dodecanese

Marmara Sea, Constantinople

oh Cyclades, Santorin

about. Cyprus, Paphos

Konstantinopol.

about. Chios, Lesbos, Smyrna

about. Rhodes, Dodecanese

Bosphorus, Constantinople.

Cretan Sea, Crete

Ionian Islands

Santorin

Corinth Gulf, Ayon Hall. Patroikos, Patras Corinth Bay Ionian Islands about. Chios Pir Is.

Corinth Bay of. Chios about. Santorin about. Caitero Liksurion

Ionian Islands, Syre

Corinthian Bay

Nicomedya, Prussa

about. Selfraki

o speech Skiathos and Atalanta

Ionian islands, oh. Lefkas

hall. Streasonicos about Kos, Dodecanenes O-Va Carpathos, Dodecanese Ionian Islands, oh. Lefkas about. Crete

Civita-Vecchiya, Livorno, Ravenna and Malta were received good entries. Heezen considered the tormenting flows in the Messinsky Strait formed after this earthquake.

Earthquakes in Assama 15 /: VIII 1950 with an epicenter of 28.6 ° C. sh., 96.5 ° c. D. led to the formation of sane in many fjords and lakes of Norway and the UK. It should be mentioned about the tsunami, which was caused by an earthquake in the Aegean Sea 9 / VII 1956 with the epicenter 36 ° 24 "p. Sh., 25 ° 26" in. d. The maximum amplitude of the waves was 4.6 m. The tsunamis was observed to O-Went of Kalimnos, the Astypalee, and Andipa Ros and Iraklion.

7 / II 1963 Tsunami was observed in Europe off the coast of the Corinthian Gulf of Patra to Ayon. "Becoming" underwater Oyolasni, caused by 2 / II 1963, a series of light shocks, led to the formation of a tsunami, which reached amplitude of 2.1-2.4 m with periods of 1-2 minutes. AmboSeeis indicates in its work that local tsunami associated with landslides is in this area with a frequent phenomenon.

Tsunami in the Middle East and in Asia

I managed to find only the only mention of the tsunami in the Middle East. It happened in 1837 (more accurate data is unknown). The earthquake was felt in Syria, Palestine, in the Valley of Jordan. According to data published in this work, the earthquake caused a strong perturbation of the Tiber Lake.

Tsunami, associated with the eruption of Krakatau in August 1883, was recorded by many stations in India and the Arabian Peninsula. The amplitude of the waves changed from 0.6 m in the negativeness to 0.02 m in Aden. Earthquake 27 / XI 1945 in the Arabian Sea (the epicenter was 290 km from Karachi) led to the formation of a tsunami, which caused destruction in the Bombay area, on the Mahra coast, in Belight and Pasni. Several people died. Walker gives a brief description of two cases of tsunami off the coast of India. One of them is associated with an earthquake in the western part of the Banga Bay, when Tsunami was observed in Port Blair on the Andaman Islands and in the downe near the mouth of the river. Hugli.

Coke made additions to the tsunami list drawn up by the Beringhausen for South-East Asia. In tab. 5.25 There are some cases of tsunami in Indonesia, and in Table. 5.26 - in China and Taiwan. Both tables are compiled based on the data taken from the coke.

Table 5.25. Tsunami in Indonesia

Epicenter

Note

6 / III 1710 G. 24 / VIII 1757 (?) 1773 (?) 1814. 11 / IV 1815 (?) 1818. 9 / IX 1823

28 / XI 1836 17 / XI 1857

JUITENZORG (Bogor, Fr. Java)

18 / XI 1857?

20 / VII 1859 6 / X 1860 23 / V 1864

26-27 / VIII 1883 Sunda Strait

15 / VIII 1968 23 / II 1969

Amboine; Perhaps storm hill

Amboine Buru

about. Ternate

Unreliable mention of tsunami

on o-whale gang

Bandanera

Jakarta

Coast about. Kaliman Timor.

madura and Sumbawa Bima (about. Sumbawa)

Presumably tsunami in Jakarta

Bima (Sumbaba)

Kema (northern tip about. Su-

Halkeher.

hall. Gelvink New Guinea Five waves tsunami, the last wave the largest macassaric shed

Table 5.26. Tsunami in China and Taiwan

Note

August (?) 173

31 / x 1076 Summer 1509

September (?) 1640

19 / VIII 1670 22 / V 1782

Earthquake in the sea off the coast of North China; Tsunami in the Bayhawan Bay, Lajzhouvan and P-ov Shandun

Doubtful data on the tsunami in the province of Guangdong Earthquake was felt in USD (near Shanghai); Spills of sea water

The shocks felt in Chanto (Guangdong); Tsunami was noted

Earthquake in Suzhou County; Many people drowned at Tsunami in Taiwanese Strait (possibly storm hill)

Earthquake in the Kilonga region (Taiwan); Tsunami caused significant damage, drowned several hundred people

Possible tsunami in the province of Gansu in the northern part of Central China

Tsunami is a formidable phenomenon of nature, sampled as a result of eruption of volcanoes or earthquakes in coastal areas. This is a gigantic wave covering the coast for many kilometers inside. The term "tsunami" has a Japanese origin, he sounds like a "big wave in the bay" in the literal translation. It is Japan who most often suffers from the blows of the elements, because it is located in the zone of the Pacific "Fiery Ring" - the largest

Causes of occurrence

Tsunami is formed as a result of "shaking" billions of tons of water. How the circles from the stone abandoned into the water, the waves are running out in different directions at a speed of about 800 km per hour to reach the coast and spill on it with a huge shaft that destroys everything in its path. And often in people who found themselves in the zone of the tsunami, there are few minutes to leave dangerous place. Therefore, it is very important to warn the inhabitants of the inhabitants on time, without sorry for this funds.

The largest tsunami over the past 10 years

The terrible tragedy occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004. The underwater earthquake of magnitude 9.1 caused the appearance of giant waves with a height of up to 98 m. After a few minutes, they reached the coast of Indonesia. In total, 14 countries were in the disaster zone, including Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Bangladesh.

It was the biggest tsunami in the entire history of the number of victims, which reached 230 thousand. Densely populated coastal areas turned out to be not equipped with danger, which caused such quantity
dead. But the victims could be much more if in the oral legends of the individual peoples of these countries, information about the tsunami in antiquity was not preserved. And some families told that they managed to leave a dangerous place thanks to children who learned about gigantic waves in the lessons. And the retreat of the sea, before returning in the form of a fatally dangerous tsunami, served them to run higher on the slope. This confirmed the need to teach people to the rules of conduct in an emergency.

The biggest tsunami in Japan

In the spring of 2011, the trouble hit. The coast of the country had an earthquake of magnitude 9.0, which led to the appearance of waves with a height of up to 33 m. In some reports, other numbers were noted - the ridges of water reached 40-50 m.

Despite the fact that almost all coastal have dams to protect against tsunami, it did not help in the earthquake zone. The number of dead, as well as those worn in the ocean and missing more than 25 thousand people. People across the country with the alarm were honored in the lists of victims from the earthquake and the tsunami, afraid to detect their relatives and relatives in them.

125 thousand buildings were destroyed, damaged transport infrastructure. But the most dangerous consequence became an accident at a nuclear power plant. She almost led to a nuclear catastrophe in a global scale, especially since radioactive contamination affected the water of the Pacific Ocean. At least Japanese energy, rescuers and self-defense forces were thrown on the elimination of the accident. Leading nuclear powers of the world also sent their specialists to help rescue from ecological catastrophe. And although now the situation at the NPP stabilized, scientists still cannot fully assess its consequences.

Tsunami alert service noted Hawaiian Islands, Philippines and other territories lying in the risk area. But, fortunately, their shores reached highly weakened waves with a height of no more than three meters.

So, the largest tsunami over the past 10 years have happened in the Indian Ocean and in Japan.

Large catastrophes of the decade

Indonesia and Japan are among countries where destroying waves happen quite often. For example, in July 2006, Tsunami was formed in Java again as a result of a devastating underwater shock. Waves that reached 7-8 m, rolled along the coast, capturing even those sites that miraculously were not injured during the deadly tsunami 2004. Residents and guests of the resort regions survived the horror of helplessness before nature. In total, 668 people died during the rampant of the elements, and more than 9 thousand were asked for medical care.

In 2009, the major tsunami happened on the Samoa Archipelago, where almost 15-meter waves went through the islands, destroying everything in their path. The number of victims amounted to 189 people, mostly children who were on the coast. But the operational work of the Tsunami Prevention Center in the Pacific made it possible to avoid even large human losses, allowing you to evacuate people in safe places.

The largest tsunami over the past 10 years have occurred in a quiet and Indian Ocean off the coast of Eurasia. But this does not mean that such catastrophes cannot happen in other areas of the globe.

Destructive tsunami in the history of mankind

Human memory has retained information about gigantic waves observed in antiquity. The oldest references to the tsunami, which happened due to the eruption of the volcano on the island of Big Santorin. This event dates back to 1410 by our era.

It was antiquity. The explosion raised into the sky most Islands, leaving at his place instantly filling out sea water Wpadin. From a collision with a chipped magma, the water sharply boiled and evaporated, amplifying an earthquake. The Water of the Mediterranean Sea boiled down, forming gigantic waves that have embraced all the coast. The ruthless element took 100 thousand lives, which is very large number Even for modernity, not that for ancient times. According to many scientists, this is precisely this eruption and the tsunami resulting as a result of it led to the disappearance of the critical culture - one of the most mysterious ancient civilizations on Earth.

In 1755, the city of Lisbon was almost completely erased from the face of the Earth by a terrible earthquake, fires arising from his result, and a terrible wave, surging for the city afterwards. 60000 people died, many were injured. Sailors from ships that came to the port of Lisbon after the catastrophe did not recognize the surrounding area. This trouble has become one of the reasons for the loss of portugal of the title of the Great Sea Power.

30 thousand people became victims of the Tsunami of 1707 in Japan. In 1782, disaster in the South China Sea took the lives of 40 thousand people. Krakataau (1883) also caused the occurrence of the tsunami, with which the death of 36.5 thousand people is connected. In 1868, the number of victims of huge waves in Chile amounted to more than 25 thousand. 1896 was marked by the new tsunami in Japan, which took more than 26 thousand lives.

Alaskan Tsunami

An incredible wave was formed in 1958 in the Bay of Lituya in Alaska. The root cause of its occurrence was also an earthquake. But there are also other circumstances. As a result of the earthquake from the slopes of mountains on the coast of the Bay, a giant landslide came up, which made about 300 million cubic meters. m stones and ice. All this collapsed in the water of the bay, causing the formation of a tremendous wave, reaching the height of 524 m! The scientist Miller believes that the largest tsunami in the world happened before that.

At the opposite coast, the blow of such power was collapsed that all vegetation and mass of loose rocks were completely demolished on the slopes, the rock base was exposed. Three ships, which were in the Gulf of Gulf, had a different destiny. One of them sank, the second crashed, but the team managed to escape. And the third ship, being on the crest of the wave, was transferred through the braid that separated the bay, and thrown into the ocean. Only a miracle of the sailors did not die. Then they recalled how during the forced "flight" saw below the vehicles of the tops of the trees grew up on the spit.

Fortunately, the shores of the Bay of Lituya are almost desertless, so such an unparalleled wave caused tangible harm. The largest tsunami cost without great human victims. It is believed that only 2 people died.

Tsunami at the Russian Far East

In our country, the Pacific Coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands includes a tsunamasy zone. They also lie in the seismically unstable area, where the devastating earthquakes often occur, and volcanic eruptions.

The largest tsunami in Russia was recorded in 1952. Waves that reached the height of 8-10 meters collapsed on Kurile Islands And Kamchatka. The population was not prepared for such a turn of events after the earthquake. Those who, after the cessation of underground jog, returned to the surviving houses, for the most part, did not get out of them. The city of North-Kurilsk was almost completely destroyed. The number of victims is estimated at 2336 people, but perhaps they are much more. A few days before the 35th anniversary of the October Revolution, the tragedy was silent for years, only rumors went about her. The city was transferred to a higher and safe place.

The Kuril Tragedy became the basis for organizing a tsunami alert service in the USSR.

Lessons of the past

The largest tsunami over the past 10 years have shown the brittleness of life and everything that is created by a person before the swelling elements. But they also allowed to understand the need to coordinate the efforts of many countries to prevent the worst consequences. And in most areas affected by the tsunami, work was established to prevent the population about the danger and the need for evacuation.