Architecture of ancient Greece. Athens: the main architectural monuments of ancient Greece

Planning travel to GreeceMany people are interested not only comfortable hotelsBut also the fascinating history of this ancient country, the integral part of which is the objects of art.

A large number of treatises of famous art historians are devoted to precisely ancient Greek sculpture, as the fundamental branch of world culture. Unfortunately, many monuments of that time did not survive in their original form, and are known at later copies. Studying them, you can trace the history of the development of Greek fine art from the Homerian period to the era of Hellenism, and to allocate the brightest and well-known creations of each period.

Aphrodite Miloskaya

The world-famous Aphrodite from Milos island refers to the Hellenistic Period of Greek Art. At this time, by Alexander Macedonsky, the culture of Eldlas began to spread far beyond the Balkan Peninsula, which was noticeably displayed on the visual art - sculptures, paintings and frescoes became more realistic, the faces of the gods on them possess human features - relaxed postures, an abstract look, a soft smile .

Statue of Aphrodite, or as it was called the Romans, Venus, made of snow-white marble. Her height is a little more human growth, and is 2.03 meters. The sculpture was discovered by the possibility of a conventional French sailor, which in 1820, together with the local peasant, was fucked by Aphrodite near the remnants of an ancient amphitheater on the island of Milos. With its transportation and customs disputes, the statue lost his hands and pedestal, but the entry of the masterpiece indicated on it was preserved: Jesander, the son of a resident of Anti-Menida.

To date, after a thorough restoration, Aphrodite is exhibited in the Paris Louvre, attracting millions of tourists every year with its natural beauty.

Samofratsky's Nika

The creation time statue of the goddess Victory Niki refers to II century BC. Studies have shown that Nika was installed above the sea coast on a sheer cliff - her marble clothing fluttering as if the wind, and the slope of the body personifies the constant movement forward. The finest folds of clothing cover strong body Goddess, and powerful wings are spinning in joy and victory celebration.

The statue has no head and hands, although individual fragments were discovered during the excavations in 1950. In particular, Karl Lehmann with a group of archaeologists found the right hand of the goddess. Nika Samofratsky is now one of the outstanding exhibits of the Louvre. Its hand was not added to the overall exposure, only the right wing was subjected to restoration, which was made of plaster.

Laocoon and his sons

The sculptural composition depicting the deadly struggle of Laocon - the priest of God Apollo and his sons with two snakes sent by Apollo to the retaliation for the fact that Laocoon did not listen to his will, and tried to prevent the entry of the Trojan horse in the city.

The statue was made of bronze, but its original did not live to the present day. In the XV century, a marble copy of the sculpture was found on the territory of the "gold house" of Nero, and by order of Pope Julia II was installed in a separate niche of the Vatican Belvedere. In 1798, the statue of Laocoon was transported to Paris, but after falling the board of Napoleon, the British returned it to the previous place, where it is stored to this day.

The composition depicting the desperate suicide struggle of Laocoon with the divine punishment, inspired many sculptors of the era of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, and spawned a fashion on the display of complex, vortical movements of the human body in visual art.

Zeus from Cape Artemia

The statue found by divers near the Cape Artemias is made of bronze, and is one of the few objects of art of this type that has come down to this day in pristine form. Researchers disagree in judgments about the belonging of the sculpture specifically Zeus, believing that she can depict the god of the Seas of Poseidon.

The sculpture has a height of 2.09 m, and depicts the Supreme Walnut God, who brought the right hand in order to rinse the lightning in the righteous anger. Lightning itself is not preserved, but according to numerous figures of smaller size, it is possible to judge that it had a flat, strongly elongated bronze disk.

From almost two thousand years of stay underwater, the statue almost did not suffer. Only eyes disappeared, which, presumably, were from ivory and inlaid with precious stones. See this work art can be in the national archaeological Museumwhich is in Athens.

Statue of Diadenumen

A marble copy of a bronze statue of the young man, who himself marks himself to the diadem - a symbol of sports victory, probably decorated the venue in Olympia or Delphi. Diadem at that time was a red woolen bandage, which, along with laurel wreaths, awarded the winners of the Olympic Games. The author of the work is a policlet, fulfilled it in his favorite style - the young man is in a light move, his face displays complete calm and concentration. The athlete behaves like a well-deserved winner - he does not show fatigue, although his body requires rest after the struggle. In the sculpture, the author managed to very naturally convey not only small elements, but also general Body, competently by distributing the mass of the figure. The complete proportionality of the body is the peak of the development of this period - classicism of the V century.

Although the bronze original has not been preserved to our time, its copies can be observed in many museums of the world - the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, Louvre, Metropolitan, British Museum.

Aphrodite Brasus

Marble sculpture Aphrodite depicts a goddess of love, which was exposed before adopting his legendary, often described in myths, a bath returning to her virginity. Aphrodite in the left hand holds removed clothing, which gently goes to standing alongside the pitcher. From the point of view of engineering thought, such a decision made it possible to make a fragile statue stable, and gave the sculptor the opportunity to give it a more relaxed pose. The uniqueness of the Afroditis of the brass is that this is the first famous sculpture of the goddess, the author of which decided to portray her nude, which at one time was considered unheard of audacity.

Legends go, according to which the sculptor Prapkitel created Aphrodite in the image of the beloved - Frini's heterlers. When her former fan, Etheias, he raised the scandal, as a result of which Prapkitel was accused of unforilized blasphemy. In court, the defender, seeing that his arguments do not make impressions of the judge, drowned with Frinne clothes to show those present that so the perfect body of the table simply could not hire a dark soul in themselves. Judges, being adherents to the concept of calocation, were forced to completely justify the defendants.

The original statue was exported to Constantinople, where he died during a fire. Before our time, many copies of Aphrodite came to our time, but they all have their differences, as they were restored according to verbal and written descriptions and images on coins.

Marathon young man

The statue of a young man is made of bronze, and presumably depicts the Greek God Hermes, although some prerequisites or his attributes in the hands or clothing of young men are not observed. The sculpture was raised from the bottom of the Marathon Bay in 1925, and from that time the exposition of the National Archaeological Museum was replenished in Athens. Due to the fact that the statue has been under water for a long time, all its features are very well preserved.

The style in which the sculpture is made, gives the style of the famous sculptor of Praxitel. The young man stands in a relaxed pose, his hand rests on the wall, which had a figure.

Discus thrower

The statue of an ancient Greek sculptor Mirone has not been preserved in its original form, but is widely known worldwide due to bronze and marble copies. The sculpture is unique in that it was first captured by a person in a complex, dynamic movement. Such a bold decision of the author served as a bright example for his followers, which, with no less successfully created art objects in the style of "Figura Serpentinata" - special techniques depicting a person or an animal into a often unnatural, tense, but very expressive, from the observer point of view, pose.

Dolphic cat

The bronze sculpture of the eager was discovered during the excavations of 1896 in the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi, and is a classic example of ancient art. The figure depicts an ancient Greek young man that controls the wagon during Pythiy Games.

The uniqueness of the sculpture is that the inlay of the eye is preserved by precious stones. The eyelashes and lips of the young man are decorated with copper, and the headband is made of silver, and presumably also had an inlaid.

The time of creating a sculpture, theoretically, is at the junction of archaic and early classics - its posture is characterized by stiffness and the lack of any hint of movement, but the head and face are made with quite large realism. As in later sculptures.

Athena Parfenos.

Majestic statue of the goddess Athena It has not been preserved to our time, but there are many of its copies restored according to the ancient descriptions. The sculpture was completely made of ivory and gold, without the use of stone or bronze, and stood in the main temple of Athens - Parthenone. A distinctive feature of the goddess is a high helmet decorated with three ridges.

The history of the statue creation did not cost without fatal moments: on the shield of the goddess sculptor fidi, in addition to the image of the battle with Amazons, placed his portrait in the form of a weak old man, who lifts a heavy stone with two hands. The public of that time ambiguously regarded the act of Fidiya, which cost him his life - the sculptor was sharpened in prison, where he brought abacus with life with the help of poison.

Greek culture has become the founder for the development of the visual art of the whole world. Even today, considering some modern paintings and statues can be found the influence of this ancient culture.

Ancient elda She became the cradle in which the cult of human beauty in its physical, moral and intellectual manifestation was actively brought up. Residents of Greece That time not only worshiped the many Olympic gods, but also tried to like them as much as possible. All this is displayed in bronze and marble statues - they do not just pass the image of a person or deity, but also make them close to each other.

Although very many of the statues did not reach modernity, their exact copies can be seen in many museums of the world.

The cradle of modern European civilization is fairly considered ancient Greece. This state had a noticeable impact on the development of many spheres of human life - science, medicine, politics, art and philosophy. Some monuments Ancient Greece Preserved to this day. It is about them, as well as about the history of the once great power will we are talking In this article.

Ancient Greece and its historical importance

Under ancient Greece, historians understand the aggregate of civilizations, which existed for about 3,000 years: from the third millennium to our era to the i century of our era. The very concept of "ancient Greece" in the territory of the modern state is not used. In this country, this civilization formation is referred to as Ellosa, and its inhabitants - Hellenes.

The description of ancient Greece should begin with its importance and roles in the historical development of the entire Western civilization. Thus, historians rightly believe that it was in ancient Greece that the foundation of European democracy, philosophy, architecture and art was laid in ancient Greece. The ancient Greek state was conquered by Rome, however, together with this, the Roman Empire borrowed the main features of an ancient Greek culture.

The real feats of ancient Greece are not world-famous beautiful myths, but discoveries in science and culture, philosophy and poetry, medicine and architecture. It is worth noting that the geographically, the territory of ancient Greece does not coincide with the boundaries of the modern state. Under this term historians often imply expanses of other countries and regions: Turkey, Cyprus, Crimea and even the Caucasus. Monuments of ancient Greece have been preserved in all these territories. In addition, the ancient Greek settlements (colonies) at one time were scattered along the shores of the Mediterranean, Black and Azov seas.

Geography and map of ancient Greece

Ellade was not a single, monolithic state education. No one dozen of individual cities - states were formed on its foundation (the most famous of them are Athens, Sparta, Piraeus, Samos, Corinth). All states of ancient Greece were the so-called "policies" (in other words, cities), with adjacent land. Each of them had their own laws.

Central core of ancient Eldla is or rather, his south part, Western tip of Asia Minor, as well as many islands located in this region. Ancient Greece consisted of three parts: Northern Greece, Central Greece and Peloponnese. In the north, the state bordered by Macedonia and Illaria.

Ancient Greece is presented below.

Cities in Ancient Greece (Policy)

What did the city look like in ancient Greece?

It is impossible to say that they had a chic and luxurious look like this often love to illustrate in the pictures. In fact, this is a myth. Elegantly and pompous in the ancient Greek polishes looked only the main public buildings, but the houses of ordinary citizens were very modest.

Housing people were deprived of any comfort. Historians suggest that they even slept on the street, under the portica. The network of urban streets was careless and ill-conceived: the sun's rays did not get into most of them.

The worst thing was in Athens, which many travelers of that time responded with contempt. Nevertheless, comfort penetrated with time in the housing of ordinary Greeks. Thus, the real revolution in urban planning and planning of the streets at the time was made by the architect of Miletsky Pypoda. It was he who first drew attention to the location of houses in the city and tried to build them in one line.

Architectural attractions of ancient Greece

Now it is worth staying on another important question: what left us ancient elda, if we talk about material monuments?

The sights of the ancient Greece are temples, amphitheaters, the remains of social structures - are preserved in many European countries. But most of them, of course, it is on the territory of the modern state of the same name.

The most important monuments of antique material culture are the ancient Greek temples. In Hellad, they were built everywhere, because it was believed that the gods themselves live in them. These world-famous sights of ancient Greece are noticeably allocated against the background of the remaining architectural monuments of ancient Eldla, the remains of Greek acropolis and other ancient ruins.

Parthenon

Perhaps the most famous monument of ancient Greek architecture is the Temple of Parthenon. It was built in 432 BC in Athens, and today is the most recognizable tourist symbol. modern Greece. It is known that the construction of this majestic Doric Temple was led by architects Kallikrat and Ytin, and he was built in honor of the goddess Athena - the patroness of the Athenian Acropolis.

Before our time pretty well preserved central part Parthenon with fifty columns. In the center of the temple you can see a copy of the sculpture of Athens, made at one time from ivory and gold with fida - the most famous ancient Greek artist and sculptor.

The frieze of the central facade of the building is generously decorated with various images, and the church's frontones are wonderful sculptural compositions.

Temple Hera

The most ancient in the age of the ancient Greece is the temple of the goddess Gera. Experts argue that it was built back in the sixth century BC. Unfortunately, the construction has been preserved not so good as Parfenon: at the beginning of the fourth century, it suffered greatly from the earthquake.

The Temple of Ges is in Olympia. According to the legend, the residents of the Eldid were presented with Olympians. The foundation, steps, as well as several preserved columns - all that remained from the Grand Construction today. You can only represent how it looked in those ancient times.

At one time, the temple of the ger decorated the statue of Hermes. Today, the sculpture is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. It is known that the ancient Romans used as a sanctuary. Today, this place is famous in the first place that the Olympic flame is lit here on the eve of the next Olympiad.

Temple Poseidona

The temple of Poseidon, or rather his remnants, are located on it was built in 455 to our era. Only 15 columns are preserved to this day, but they also speak eloquently about the majesty of this facility. Scientists have established that on the site of this temple, still long before construction, there were already other cult structures. Approximately dates them by the VII century BC.

Everyone is well known that God Poseidon in ancient Greek mythology is the Lord of the Seas and Oceans. Therefore, it was not by chance that the ancient Greeks were chosen place for the construction of this temple: on the sheer coast Aegean Sea. By the way, it was on this place that the king of Age rushed from a climbing cliff, when he saw the ship of his siblos to the Tereus with a black sail.

Finally...

This is a real phenomenon in the history of European civilization that has enormous influence on development. european Culture, science, art and architecture. The sights of ancient Greece are numerous majestic temples, the remains of the Acropolia and picturesque ruinswhich in large quantities have survived to this day. Today they attract a huge number of tourists from all over the world.

The history of architecture and culture of ancient Greece is divided into three periods. 1. An ancient period - Archaic. Relaxing the invasion of Persians, freeing its lands, the Persians got the opportunity to create freely. 600-480 BC. 2. The heyday period is a classic. Alexander Macedonsky conquered huge territories with different cultures, the eclectics of these cultures was the cause of the decline of Greek classical art. The heyday occurred after his death. 480-323 years BC. 3. Late period - Hellenism. This period ended in the thirtieth year BC, when conquering ancient Egypt, the Romans, who was under Greek influence. Greece is a country with a great architectural past, which paid a lot of attention to the construction of temples. The Greeks in the construction of the ancient temples still in the era of Archaika replaced the tree with white marble and yellowish limestone. Such material not only looked noble, but also differed with its centuries-old strength. The image of the temple resembled the ancient dwelling of the Greeks, which in its form was similar to the rectangular structure. Next, construction continued to all the well-known logical scheme - from simple to complex. Very soon the layout of each temple has become individual. But some features still remained unchanged. For example, there remained a steady base of temples. The temple was premises without windows that surrounded in several rows of columns, and the statue of the Divine was standing inside the building. The columns supported the duplex roof and overlap beams. The people were not allowed to enter the temple, only priests had the right here, so everyone else admired his beauty outside. Greek temples are different in their compositions, stylistic elements in each are used in a special way. 1. Distil - "Temple in Antah." The earliest type of temple. Consists of a sanctuary, front facade - loggia, limited by the edges of the side walls (Anti). Two columns were installed on the front frontton between Anti. 2. Stretch. It has similarities with ants, only on the facade is not installed, and four columns. 3. Amphiprostil or double shatter. On both facades of the building there are portico with the 4th columns. 4. Peripter. Meets most often. The columns surround the temple around the perimeter. Six columns are located on both facades

5. DEPTER. Type of church, on the side facades of which there were two rows of columns. 6. Pseudodipter. Same as a deter, only without an inner row of columns. 7. Round peripter or Tolos. The sanctuary of such a temple has a cylindrical shape. The temple is surrounded by columns throughout the perimeter. In Greek architecture, the types of columns and friezes were distinguished, which received the names of orders. The earliest-doric-connected to the culture of Doriytsev who lived in Mainland Greece. In the Doric Orders, powerful and short, tight, the columns with flutes end with a square abacus and do not have the base. Ionian order developed in island and lowland Greece. Ionian columns, thinner and elongated, rest on the database and are completed by the capital carved from the rectangular block. The cap is formed by two curls (volitions). In most of the temples that have reached our temples, a Doric and Ionian Orders are applied. Corinthian order appeared in Athens in the 5th century BC. e. The column is crowned with a magnificent capper, which is the curly shoots of acanta. This warrant has been widely used in the era of Hellenism. In construction, exceptional attention was paid to natural conditions, the greatest artistic fitting of the building into the surrounding landscape. The noble forms of architecture of ancient Greece are striking and in our time. Although everything was very simple from a constructive point of view. Only two elements were used: carrying part (beams, jumpers, plates) and carrier (walls and columns).

Many different structures wearing social character were erected: pallets, stadiums, theaters, residential buildings. The theaters were built on the slopes of the hills, the audience layers were made across the slope, the stage platform was at the bottom. Residential buildings were built in such a way that a small rectangular courtyard was obtained in the center. The main monuments: Greece Pearl, of course, Athens. In addition to the acropolis with the temples, Parfenon, Erehechteion with a portico of the Caryatid, the church of Nicky Apteher, in the city and the surrounding area there are many live witnesses of antiquity - propylene, the temple of Hephasta (Tesoveion), a monument to Lisicrat (334 g BC). Wind Tower - Built in 44 BC The meteorological station - bears the features of not Greek democracy, but Roman imperial architecture. Temple of Gera in the Pestum (V c) and the temple of Hephasta in Athens (Tesheon) - the two most fully survived monuments. Other monuments of ancient Greece survived a lot more - amphitherators. Condivated in the mountain slopes, they resist the destruction harder and amazed with their beautiful acoustics. Amphitherators in the epidavra, delphes, Athens, empty now, were once the same crowded, as cinemas and supermarkets now. Theaters at that time were also religious, not entertaining, structures.

23. Art of the Aegean World. Chronology. Geographic framework. The overall characteristics of the phenomenon. Bibliography issue. In the development of the culture of peoples who lived with the Mediterranean Sea, the Aegean culture played a major role. It developed on the islands and shores of the Aegean Sea, in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, for almost two thousand years, from 3,000 to 1200 BC. Simultaneously with the art of Egypt and two-frequencies. The center of Aegean culture was the island of Crete. She also captured the Cycladic Islands, Peloponnese, where the cities of Mycenae, Plos and Tirinf were located, and the west coast of Malaya Asia, in the northern part of which was Troy. Aegean culture is also called Creoto-Mycena. In Cretan architecture, extensive palace complexes prevailed. Among them, the Knos Palace is allocated (pl. About 16 thousand kv.m.) throne room It was decorated with an emblem in the form of bilateral secocira-Labris sacred in Crete. With its majestic architecture resembled the ancient Egyptian temples by the halls and open courtyards. In the center is an extensive rectangular courtyard, having a ritual value. The courts with verandas, gallery, pools, colonnades, stairs were adjacent to the yard on all sides. A distinctive feature of Cretan architecture was the lack of symmetry in buildings. In the construction of palace interiors, wooden columns played a significant role. They narrowed to the bottom without the capitals, the color of the columns is red. All covered with zigzag patterns - strengthened the impression of the pictorial and dynamic solution of space. There is a bathroom, water supply, underground rooms - a labyrinth. Painting fresco in the form of friezes or panels. The life of its inhabitants was depicted: solemn processions, ritual dances, people collecting bright flowers, cats, hunting on pheasants, fish among algae. Images are dynamic, colorful, ornament curled, spiral, splash waves, wind. For mina art Characteristic of the speaker, he is alien to the frozen pose self-profitability. Truthful transmission of human movement. The image of the figures of people-fragile, with a thin waist, male figures painted brown, female - white. Bright, major paints dominated paintings. For Criton, nature was sacred because of her divinity. All Divine perfectly, but nature is full of special beauty. Therefore, the Christians were often portrayed instead of the gods blooming meadows. The role of trees, herbs, colors, in this world was great, without them no human deeds thought. Small plastic Crete, as well as painting wears exquisitely decorative, dynamic character. These are animal figures (goats and goats, bull, figures of elegant women). Ceramic vases are distinguished by fine artistic taste. Perfections reached the metal processing wizard.

24. The art of the Minoan era. Chronology. Geographic framework. The overall characteristics of the phenomenon. Bibliography Question Mary Epoch 2600-1100 BC. The English archaeologist Arthur Evans, who launched the palace of the legendary king Minos in Knosse, called the last one of the era and developed during its unique civilization. Three phases: 1) Rannunovina (2600-2000 years BC), 2) Middle Oryamina (2000-1600 BC) and 3) Latenignant (1600-1100 gg. BC) . About 1900 BC. There is a significant flourishing on the island. At this time, the first palaces in Knosse, Fest, Malia, Arkhana, Choshos and Kidnonia arise. Militans's deceased had special honors. The tombs found during the excavations were domed or carved in the rock - chamber, but a large number of burials are also found in Rasseks, in small caves and on the coast. Deaders were placed on wooden stretchers or in sarcophages of wood, clay or stone, and the funeral gifts were put next to them - the items used or at all their deceased during life. Initially, Midway used a type of writing, resembling Egyptian hieroglyphic (each sign marked with an image of an animal or subject). The little miners began to use the "Linear Letter A", consisting of simplified images, and, finally, after 1450 BC. And the establishment of the domination of the Ahetsev received the dissemination of the "linear letter B" the highest creations of the Minoans were created in the field of visual art, which is characterized by the originality, grace and liveliness. Special heyday reached the architecture, the most significant samples of which are palaces in Knosse, Fest, the closure and Malia. You should not lose sight of the Palace Construction in Arkhana, the Palace in Agia-Triad, the luxurious villas of the nobles and landowners and the simple dwellings of peasants and artisans. Special mention deserve frescoes, decorated the walls of palaces and villas. When after 1700 BC. Palaces were rebuilt, their walls were painted by magnificent scenes representing human images, landscapes, animals, ritual or funeral processions, competitions, etc. The architecture of the tomb and the picturesque decor of sarcophagus are also wonderful. The characteristic works of Mina art are ceramics and a vase painting. Famous Vases of Style "Camares", characterized by juicy paints and characteristic motifs. Finally, small mineral plastic, metal products and jewelry art are known for many shape masterpieces.

25. Art Mycene. Painting. Architecture, decorative and applied art. Features. Monuments Mycean culture was formed under the strong influence of Cretan, acquiring, however, the features that distinguish her monuments from the monuments of Crete. Murals in the neighboring Tirinf's mixes are more schematic, less picturesque than in a bone. Cretan magic ease disappeared along with an incomparable Cretan grace and fine skill. The new features of Myckee artistic genius are particularly obvious in the architecture and monumental sculpture. Unlike Cretan mycken palace buildings are surrounded by the fortress walls. Cyclopeous masonry, called so for the huge sizes of stones, to raise that only fabulous giants, give up several primitive, but impressive appearance. It is also characteristic of Mikten, and for tyaring. Powerful stone walls are not allowed to spread to individual buildings of the building, as it happens in the Palace of Palace, they collect the building together, turning it into a military fortress, where the central room dominates - Megaron - with four inner columns that support the roof and focus framing. Megarona kings in Mycuen and Tirinfofa, straight-line in terms of palace isolated buildings, consisting of open hay with two pillars, front room and a hall with a focus in the middle, are considered prototypes of the first Greek temples. The gate leading to the Ahasey Citadel had an impressive look. Entrance to the Acropolis Mycen - the famous lion gates - was decorated with a stove of golden-yellow stone with a picture of two liones, leaning on the front paws on the pedestal with a column resembling Cretan. The lioness breathe confident power, which Cretan art did not know. Mikhana ceramics in technical terms is better than Cretan: thinner the walls of the vessels, stronger paint, the image of the plot pattern seems negligently, but the drawing itself, which served in Crete's ceramics is only a decorative pattern, has now become an expressant of a complex artistic idea. As in Cretan Vases, the image of marine motives are especially frequent here, but octopuses, Caracatites are frozen and schematized, gradually turning into a geometric ornament. Myckene and tyaring masters loved strict symmetry, sketchiness of forms. The features of the clarity and the finishes of the form, tectonics and closets have been outlined in this ancient Greek art. They will be shown in the plans of the temples similar to Megaron, in the early appearance of monumental painting, in some plots, composite receptions, ceramic techniques. Despite differences in the device, the interior of Mycena Palaces was typically Cretan. Here the walls covered the frescoes, however, the artists showed much less ingenuity and imagination than before. Battle and hunting scenes prevailed in the mixes. The frescoes told about the life of the kings and aristocracy and did not report anything about the usual people. Craftsmen of this period were released linen fabric, potters, along with amphoras and hydrodes, made baths from terracotta and many other vessels. It was also the case with furniture. Stone tables of different types are mentioned: an ebony, gold and silver, elephant, ivory. Round, with spiral ornament, with different number of legs and so on. At the beginning of the XII century BC. e. The states of the Aegean world come into decay. Movement begins from the north of the new wave of Greek tribes - Doriytsev. This wave destroys the foci of Aegean culture for several centuries suspending the development of realistic art.

Besides the Palace in Knosseos (Knossos) on the north shore about. Crete, on south Bank The islands opened the Palace in Fest (Phaistos), near him - a country villa, or the "Small Palace", in Agia Triad with the remnants of the XVI painting. BC e.

It took several centuries before the Dorian tribes that were from the north in the 12th century BC, to the 6th century BC. Created highly developed art. Next, three periods followed in the history of Greek art:

1) Archaic, or an ancient period - from about 600 to 480 before AD, when the Greeks reflected the invasion of the Persians and, having freeing their land from the threat of conquest, got the opportunity to create freely and calm again;

2) classic, or a heyday period - from 480 to 323 years BC - the year of the death of Alexander Macedonsky, who conquered huge areas, very dissimilar in its cultures; This corpure of cultures was one of the reasons for the decline of classical Greek art;

3) Hellenism, or late period; It ended in 30 BC, when the Romans won the Egypt under the Greek influence.

Greek culture has spread far beyond its homeland - on Malny Asia and Italy, on Sicily and other islands of the Mediterranean, to North Africa and other places where the Greeks founded their settlements. Greek cities were even on the northern coast of the Black Sea.

The greatest achievement of Greek construction art was temples. The most ancient ruins of temples belong to the archaic era, when instead of a tree, a yellowish limestone and white marble began to use a yellowish limestone as a building material. It is believed that the prototype for the temple was the ancient dwelling of the Greeks - a rectangular structure with two columns before the entrance. From this simple building, various types of temple types have grown over time. Typically, the temple was standing on a stepped base. He consisted of premises without windows where the statue of the Divine was located, the building was surrounded into one or two rows of the column. They supported overlapping beams and a double roof. In a female interior, the statue of God could only have priests, the people saw the temple only outside. Obviously, therefore, the main attention of the ancient Greeks paid the beauty and harmony of the appearance of the temple.

The construction of the temple was subordinate to certain rules. Sizes, parts relations and the number of columns were accurately installed.

Three styles dominated Greek architecture: Doric, Ionian, Corinthian. The oldest of them was a doric style, which was already in the era of Archaika. He was courageous, simple and powerful. He got the name from the Doric tribes that created it. Today, the preserved parts of the temples of white color: the colors covered with their colors over time appeared. Once their friezes and eaves were painted in red and blue.

Ionian style arose in the Ionian region of Malaya Asia. Hence he has been penetrating the Greek regions itself. Compared to the Doric Ionic Style Columns, more elegant and slim. Each column has its base - base. The middle part of the capitals resembles a pillow with spiral corners, so-called. Volutes.

In the era of Hellenism, when the architecture began to strive for greater pomp, most often began to use Corinthian capitals. They are richly decorated with plant motifs, among whom the images of the leaves of Akant are dominated.

It happened so that time spared the oldest doric temples mainly outside Greece. Several such temples have been preserved on Sicily Island and Southern Italy. The most famous of them - the temple of the god of the Sea of \u200b\u200bPoseidon in Pestum, not far from Naples, which looks somewhat heavy and sham. From the early Doric temples in Greece itself, the temple of the Supreme God of Zeus in Olympia is most interesting in the ruins - sacred city Greeks, from where the Olympic Olympics leads.

The heyday of the Greek architecture began in the 5th century BC. This classical era is inextricably linked with the name of the famous State Worker of Pericles. During his rule, grandiose construction work was launched in Athens - the largest cultural and art center of Greece. The main construction was carried out on an ancient fortified hill of Acropolis.

A - Fragment of Parfenon, B - Clothes, B - Fragment of the Capitals of Erehechteion, G - Golden Comb, D - Vase, E - Chair, W - Table.

Even in ruins can be represented as the Acropolis was beautiful. Up on the hill led wide marble staircase. To the right of it on the elevation, like a precious box, put a small elegant temple of the goddess of Victory Nick. Through the gate with the columns, the visitor came to the square, in the center of which the statue of the patroness of the city, the goddess of the wisdom of Athens, has risen; Further, Erehechteion was seen, a kind and difficult temple according to plan. His distinctive feature is a side of the portico, where the floors were supported not columns, but marble sculptures in the form of a female figure, so-called. Caryatids.

The main construction of the Acropolis is the temple of Parfenon dedicated to Athena. This temple is the most advanced design in doric style - almost two and a half thousand years ago were completed, but we know the names of His creators: their name was Yktin and Callicrat.

Propilenes are a monumental gate with columns in a dormic style and a wide staircase. They were built by architect Men's character in 437-432 BC. But before entering these majestic marble gates, everyone involuntarily turned into the right. There, on a high pedestal of bastion, once guarded the entrance to the Acropolis, the temple of the Goddess Victory Niki Aptereos, decorated with ionic columns. This is the work of the Kallicrat architect (the second half of the V century BC). The temple is lightweight, air, extraordinarily beautiful - stand out for its white on the blue sky.

The goddess of Victory Nick was depicted a beautiful woman with large wings: the victory is beaten and flying from one opponent to another. The Athenians portrayed her blindly, so that she would not leave the city, who recently won the great victory over the Persians. The devoid of the wings of the goddess could not fly more and should be forever remained in Athens.

The temple of Nicky stands on the ledge of the rock. He is slightly turned toward the propellant and plays the role of a lighthouse for the processions of the rolling rock.
Immediately, Athena Warlitsa, the spear of which welcomed the trampoline from afar and served as a beacon for navigators, was proudly rising. The inscription on the stone pedestal was reading: "Athenians devoted from victory over the Persians." This meant that the statue was cast from bronze weapons taken from the Persians as a result of victories

In the temple stood the statue of Athena, washed by the Great Sculptor Fidi; One of the two marble friezes, a 160-meter ribbon of the slaughterhouse, represented a festive procession of Athenian. In creating this magnificent relief on which about three hundred of human figures and two hundred horses were depicted, fidi participated. Parthenon has been standing in ruins about 300 years old - from the age of 3rd as in the 17th century, during the siege of Athens, the Venetians, the Turks regulated there arranged a powder warehouse in the temple. Most The reliefs of those who survived after the explosion, at the beginning of the 19th century, were engaged in London, in the British Museum, Englishman Lord Eldin.

At the beginning of our Millennium, when in the division of the Roman Empire, Greece went to Byzantium, Erehechteyon turned into a Christian temple. Later, the crusaders, who took advancing athens, made the church by the Duccian Palace, and in the Turkish conquest of Athens in 1458 in Erehechteyon staged a harem of the fortress. During the liberation war, 1821-1827, the Greeks and Turks alternately precipitated the Acropolis, bombarding its structures, including Ereheheton.

In 1830 (after the proclamation of the independence of Greece), only foundations could be found on the site of Erechteyon, as well as architectural decorations that lay on Earth. Means for the restoration of this temple ensemble (as well as on the restoration of many other structures of the Acropolis) gave Heinrich Schliman. His closest associate Verderpfeld carefully measured and compared the ancient fragments, by the end of the 70s of the last century he was already planning to restore Erehetion. But this reconstruction was subjected to strict criticism, and the temple was disassembled. The building was reinstated under the guidance of the famous Greek scientist P.Kavadias in 1906 and was finally restored in 1922 /

As a result of the conquests of Alexander the Macedonian in the second half of the 4th century BC. The influence of Greek culture and art has spread to extensive territories. New cities arose; The largest centers were developing, however, outside Greece. Such, for example, Alexandria in Egypt and Pergamm in Malaya Asia, where construction activities received the greatest scope. In these areas, an ionic style was preferred; An interesting example was a huge tombstone of the Maliazia Malzol Malzol, ranked seven wonders of light.

It was a funeral chamber on a high rectangular base, surrounded by colonnada, a stone stepped pyramid was treated above her, crowned with the sculptural image of the quadriga, which was ruled by Malsol himself. According to this construction, they later began to call by mausoleums and other large solemn funeral facilities.

, Builders are unknown, 421-407 BC Athens
, Building Iktin, Kallikrat, 447-432 BC Athens

In the era of Hellenism, the temples paid less attention, and they were built by the colonnades of the area for walking, amphitheaters under open sky, libraries, different kinds of public buildings, palaces and sports facilities. Additional houses were improved: they became two - and three-story, with large gardens. Luxury was the goal, various styles mixed in architecture.

Greek sculptors gave the world of works that caused admiration for many generations. The oldest sculptures known to us arose in the era of Archaika. They are somewhat primitive: their fixed pose, tightly pressed against the body of the hand, the right back look dictated by a narrow long stone unit, from which the statue was carved. One leg is usually advanced forward - to preserve equilibrium. Archaeologists found many of these statues depicting naked boys and dressed in falling free folding outfits of girls. Their faces often revive the mysterious "archaic" smile.

In the classic era, the main case of sculptors was to create the statues of gods and heroes and decorate the temples with reliefs; This was added secular images, for example, the statements of statesmen or winners in the Olympic Games.

In the beliefs of the Greeks gods look like ordinary people as their appearance and lifestyle. They were depicted as people, but strong, well-developed physically and with an excellent face. Often people portrayed naked to show the beauty of a harmoniously developed body.

In the 5th century BC. Great sculptors Miron, fidium and a policlet, each in their own way, updated the art of sculptures and brought it to reality. Young nude athletes of the Polyclet, such as his "Dorifina", relieve only one leg, other freely left. Thus, it was possible to deploy the figure and create a sense of movement. But worthwhile marble figures could not be given more expressive gestures or complex postures: the statue could lose their balance, and fragile marble - break. These dangers could be avoided if casting the shapes from bronze. The first master of complex bronze castings was Miron - the creator of the famous "discobol".

	Amessandr (?), 120 BC Louvre, Paris	Assandr, Polydor, Athenor, OK.40 BC. Greece, Olympia
IV. BC e., National Museum, Naples	Policlet 440 BC Nat. Museum Rome	OK. 200 BC e., Nat. Museum Naples

Many artistic achievements are associated with the glorious name of Fidia: He led the works on the decoration of Parfenon by friezes and frontal groups. Gorgeous his bronze statue of Athena on the Acropolis and 12 meter heights covered with gold and ivory statue of Athena in Parfenon, later disappeared without a trace. Such a fate was minted from the same materials a huge statue of Zeus, squeezing on the throne, for the temple in Olympia - another of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

No matter how admired us sculptures created by the Greeks in the heyday era, today they may seem a bit cold. True, there is no coloring reviving them in his time; But even more for us alien to their indifferent and similar to each other. Indeed, the Greek sculptors of that time did not try to express any senses or experiences on the faces. Their goal was to show perfect bodily beauty. Therefore, we admire even those sculptures - and there are many of them - which during the centuries were badly damaged: some even lost their heads.

If in the 5th century BC An exalted and serious images were created, then in the 4th century BC. Artists leanned to the expression of tenderness and softness. Heat and the thrill of life gave a smooth marble surface to Praxitel in his sculptures of nude gods and goddesses. He also found the opportunity to diversify the postures of statues, creating an equilibrium with the help of appropriate supports. His Hermes, the young messenger of the gods, relies on the trunk of the tree.

Until now, the sculptures were calculated on the viewing of the front. Lisipp made his statues so that they could be viewed from all sides - it was another innovation.

In the era of Hellenism in the sculpture, the thrust for pomp and exaggerations increase. In some works, excessive passions are shown, in others, excessive proximity to nature is noticeable. At this time, began to diligently copy the statues of the previous time; Thanks to the copies, we know today many monuments - either irrevocably dead, or not yet found. Marble sculptures, transmitting strong feelings, created in the 4th century BC. e. Scas.

His greatest known to us is to participate in the decoration of the sculptural reliefs of the Mausoleum in Galicarneas. Among the most famous works of the Ellinism era are the reliefs of the Great Altar in Pergamam depicting the legendary battle; Found at the beginning of the last century on the island of Melos, the statue of the Goddess Aphrodite, as well as the sculptural group "Laocoon". She depicts the Trojan Priest and his sons who were strangled by snakes; Physical torments and fear are transferred by the author with ruthless believing.

In the works of antique writers, it is possible to read that painting also flourished in their times, but almost nothing has been preserved from the paintings of the temples and residential buildings. We also know that in painting, artists sought to elevated beauty.

A special place in Greek painting belongs to paintings on the vases. In the ancient vases on a naked red surface, black varnish silhouettes of people and animals were applied. They scratched the needle of the outline of the details - they appeared in the form of a thin red line. But this reception was inconvenient and later began to leave the figures in red, and the gaps between them were painted black. It was more convenient to draw parts - they were done on a red background with black lines.

The Balkan Peninsula was the center of the ancient Greek culture. Here, as a result of the invasions and movements of the Ahasey, Dorian, Ionian and other tribes (received common name Ellina) There is a slave-owned form of economy, strengthened various areas of the economy: craft, trade, agriculture.

The development of economic relations of the Ellinsky world contributed to its political cohesion; Enterprise seating that settled new lands favored the spread of Greek culture, its renewal and improvement, the creation of various local schools in a single bed of generallylline architecture.

As a result of the struggle of the demos (free population of cities) against the generic aristocracy there are states - policies in the management of which all citizens take part.

The democratic form of the board contributed to the development of public life of cities, the formation of various public institutions, for which the halls of meetings and peters, the buildings of the Council of Elders and others were built. They were placed on Square (Agore), where the most important city affairs were discussed, trade deals were discussed. The religious and political center of the city was Acropolis, located on a high hill and well fortified. Here, the temples were built the most revered gods - patrons of the city.

Religion occupied a large place in the public ideology of the ancient Greeks. The gods were close to people, they endowed human advantages and disadvantages in exaggerated sizes. In the myths describing the life of gods and their adventures, household plots of the Greeks themselves are guessed. But at the same time, people believed in their power, brought them victims and built temples in the image of their homes. In the iconic architecture, the most significant achievements of Greek architecture are concentrated.

Dry subtropical climate of Greece, mountain relief, high seismicity, the presence of high-quality scaffolding, limestone, marble, which are easy to process and modeling in stone structures, determined the "technical" prerequisites of Greek architecture.

The town planning completion area received in the Hellenistic period of portico, providing shelter from the sun and rain. The feud and the beam design of these elements of buildings was the main object of constructive and artistic developments of ancient Greek architecture.

Stages of the development of ancient Greek architecture:

• XIII - XII centuries. BC e. - Homeric period, alone and colorfully described by Homer's poems
• VII - VI centuries. BC e. - Archaic period (the struggle of slave democracy against a childbirth nobility, the formation of cities - policies)
• V - IV centuries. BC e. - Classic period (Greco - Persian Wars, the Epoch of the Flource of Culture, Explanation of the Union of Policy)
• IV century BC. - L c. AD - Hellenistic period (the creation of the Empire of Alexander Macedonsky, the spread of Greek culture and her flourishing in the colonies of Malaya Asia)

1 - Temple in Antah, 2 - Prompt, 3 - amphiprostil, 4 - peripter, 5 - Dageter, 6 - pseudo-gallery, 7 - Tolos.

Architecture of the Homeric period. The architecture of this period continues Cryto - Mycenaean traditions. The most ancient residential houses, isolated from brick - raw or boob megarona, had a rounded wall opposite to the entrance. With the introduction of a frame, molded brick and dashest stone blocks of standard building sizes became rectangular in the plan.

Archaic period architecture. With the growth of cities and the formation of the policy, there is a slave-owned tyranny, based on the support of the public. There are various forms of public institutions: symposia, boilsters, theaters, stadiums.

Along with the city temples and sacred sites, generallylline sanctuations are being built. The planning composition of Sanctuary took into account the complex relief conditions and the nature of religious ceremonies, which were primarily cheerful holidays with solemn processions. Therefore, temples were placed taking into account their visual perception by the participants of the procession.

The peristil type of a residential building is finally approved in the Hellenistic fields. It is still preserved is an isolated dwelling from the external environment. Rich houses had pools, generously decorated with painting, mosaic, sculpture of the interiors. In the landscaped yard were arranged cozy places For recreation, fountains.

Greeks built well-equipped harbor, lighthouses. The story has kept the descriptions of giant lighthouses on about. Rhodes and on about. Faros in Alexandria.

The Rhodic Lighthouse was a huge statue of copper, depicting Helios - the God of the Sun and the patron saint of the island - with a burning torch, silent the entrance to the harbor. The statue was built by Rhodes OK. 235 BC e. In honor of his military victories. Nothing has been preserved from it; It is not known even what she was height. Greek historian Philon calls the number "Seventy-elbow", i.e. about 40 m.

The Republican Stroy of Rhodes contributed to the extraordinary colorful of art. To judge the Rhodes Sculpture School, it is enough to mention the world-famous work "Laocoon".

Alexandria is the capital of Hellenistic Egypt, a part based by Alexander Macedonian Power. At the end of the IV century. BC e. Here the largest scientific center is organized - Museyon, where prominent Greek scientists worked: Mathematics Euclidean (III century BC), astronomer clawedy ptoleum (II century), doctors, writers, philosophers, artists. With Museyon, the famous Alexandria library was created. The city was standing on the highways of the Greeks trading with eastern countries: It has placed large port facilities, comfortable bays.

On the northern tip about. Faro forming a protected harbor in front of the city at the end of the III century. BC. A lighthouse was built in the form of a high multi-tier tower with a pavilion, where a bright fire was constantly maintained. According to historians, its height was 150 - 180 m.

In the era of Hellenism, Greek culture penetrates the most remote corners of the civilized world. Cultural exchange contributed to the extensive conquest of Alexander Macedonian.

The architecture of ancient Greece for a long time determined the focus of the development of the architecture of the world. In the architecture of a rare country, the general tectonic principles of state systems developed by the Greeks, details and decor of Greek temples were not used.

The viability of the principles of ancient Greek architecture is explained primarily by its humanism, deep wellness in general and details, the ultimate clarity of forms and compositions.

Greeks were brilliantly solved the task of the transition of purely technical design problems of architecture to artistic. The unity of artistic and structural content was brought to the heights of perfection in various order systems.

The works of Greek architecture are distinguished by a surprisingly harmonious combination with a natural environment. There was a great contribution to the theory and practice of construction, in the formation of the environment of a residential building, to the system of engineering services of cities. The basics of standardization and modularity in construction, developed by the subsequent era, developed by architecture.

Literature

• Sokolov G.I. Acropolis in Athens. M., 1968brunov N.I. Monuments Athenian Acropolis. Parthenon and Erehechteion. M., 1973. Acropolis. Warsaw, 1983.
• History of foreign art. - M., "Fine Arts", 1984
• Georgios Dontas. Acropolis and his museum. - Athens, "Klio", 1996
• Bodo Harenberg. Chronicle of mankind. - M., "Big Encyclopedia", 1996
• History of world art. - BMM AO, M., 1998
• Art Ancient Mira. Encyclopedia. - M., "Olma-Press", 2001
• PAVSANI . Description Eldlands, I-II, M., 1938-1940.
• "Pliny about art", per. B. V. Varek, Odessa, 1900.
• Plutarch . Comparative life position, t. I-III, M., 1961 -1964.
• Blavatsky V. D. Greek sculpture, M.-L., 1939.
• Brunov N. I. Essays on the history of architecture, vol. II, Greece, M., 1935.
• Waldgauer O. F. Antique sculpture, ig., 1923.
• Kobylin M. M. Attic sculpture, M., 1953.
• Kolobova K.M. Ancient city Athens and his monuments, L., 1961.
• Kolpinsky Yu. D. Sculpture of ancient Eldla (album), M., 1963.
• Sokolov G. I. Antique Sculpture, Part I, Greece (Album), M., 1961.
• Pharmakovsky B.V. Art ideal Democratic Athens, GG., 1918.

Monuments of architecture of ancient Greece - part world Heritage mankind, attractions that attract the attention of tourists. The ruins of ancient temples are scattered throughout the Peloponnese and the islands of the Aegean Sea.

Unfortunately, the time had little spared religious buildings. The ancient temples themselves are sophisticated and openwork, in Greece, earthquakes are frequent, and local Herostrats tried to look for glory to the helicate. Christianity that came to replace the paganism was not very careful about the memory of pagan ancestors. Not very contributed to the conservation of the heritage of antiquity and Muslim dominion on the territory of modern Greece.

Only after the liberation wars of the beginning of the XIX and the beginning of the 20th century, Greece took the territory distantly close to the ancient borders. Attention to the architectural heritage of antiquity was drawn only from the second quarter of the XIX century. Studies, excavations, restoration and conservation of monuments begins.

Pearl of Greece, of course, Athens. In addition to the acropolis with the temples, Parfenon, Erehechteion with a portico of the Caryatid, the church of Nicky Apteher, in the city and the surrounding area there are many live witnesses of antiquity - propylene, the temple of Hephasta (Tesoveion), a monument to Lisicrat (334 g BC). Wind Tower - Built in 44 BC The meteorological station - bears the features of not Greek democracy, but Roman imperial architecture.

Temple of Gera in the Pestum (V c) and the temple of Hephasta in Athens (Tesheon) - the two most fully survived monuments. Basically, the monuments of ancient Greece are picturesque ruin.

We know about most temples only on the mentions of the ancient historians and the scanty results of the excavation.
Other monuments of ancient Greece survived a lot more - amphitherators. Condivated in the mountain slopes, they resist the destruction harder and amazed with their beautiful acoustics. Amphitherators in the epidavra, delphes, Athens, empty now, were once the same crowded, as cinemas and supermarkets now. Theaters at that time were also religious, not entertaining, structures. They were dedicated to the gods, and the scene's views were worship.

Byzantine civilization left in Greece Monuments of fortification - an ancient fortress in thesaloniki, Mistra Fortress, the Venetian Fortress of the Metoni and Religious - the Temple of the Virgin Ekatamdapiliani (IV c) on the island of Paros, Church of Dimitri in Arte (IX B), Panagia Temple in Fesaloniki (1028 g) , Kapnipperia in Athens (XI B), Church of St. Sophia on the rock over the most sea in Monevasia. You can admire the paintings of the XIV century in the monastery of Christ the Savior in Verria.

You can see modern buildings: Cathedral of St. The apostle Andrei was built in Patra from 1908 to 1974, the Cathedral of Nectarius Eginsky on O. Eagyn 1994. All of them are worthy of continuents of the majestic ancient Greek architecture.