Latvia - country of forests. It ranks 4th in the European Union in the territory covered with forests.

In the past Latvia (Latvian republic) He was part of the USSR as an allied republic. FROM August 21, 1991. She is an independent state.
Latvia is bordered by Estonia, Russia, Belorussia and Lithuania. Washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga.

State symbols of Latvia

Flag - a rectangular cloth of three broken horizontal strips: burgundy, white and burgundy In the ratio of each other as 2: 1: 2. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1: 2.
According to the legend, the Red-White-Red Flag of Latvia is one of the oldest in the world. His story originates from the time of battle of Knights-Middle Maresers with Lethal Nearby from Venden in XIII century According to the legend, the basis of the flag was the white cloth, in which they carried a deadly wounded leader of the Latvian tribe from the battlefield. The warriors raised the cloth soaked with blood from two ends as a banner, and it led them to victory.

Coat of arms - Crossed and semi-Russian on the azure, silver and draver shield. In the Lazorian field depicted stylized golden rising Sun With divergent rays, in silver - looking to the left of a wormal lion, in a red field - looking to the right silver griffin holding in the right paw blade. Over the shield, three arcuctors are golden five-pointed stars. The shield support raised wormland lion and a silver griffin, standing on the green branches, an accused ribbon.
There are three varieties of the coat of arms: Large, small expanded and small coat of arms.
Big coat Used by the President, Parliament (Seimas), Prime Minister, Cabinet, Ministers, Ministries, Supreme Court, General Prosecutor's Office, Bank of Latvia, as well as diplomatic and consular missions of Latvia.

Small augmented coat of arms Used by committees and commissions of the Parliament and the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as institutions that are in direct subordination of these authorities.

Small coat of arms Used by other government agencies, local government agencies, as well as educational institutions on official documents.

Brief description of modern Latvia

Capital - Riga.
Largest cities - Riga, Daugavpils, Liepaja, Yelgava, Jurmala.
Form of government - parliamentary republic.
Head of State - President elected for 4 years.
Head of the government (Cabinet of Ministers) - Prime Minister.
Territory - 64 589 km².
Population - 2 201 196 people. Latvians make up 76.97% of the population, Russians - 8.83%, Belarusians - 1.4%, Poles - 2.6%, Lithuanians - 1.2%, Jews - 4.9%, Germans - 3.3%.
Official Religion - not. But the prevailing number of Latvians - Lutherans, Russian-speaking - Orthodox, Poles - Catholics. Society tolerant to various religious movements.
Economy - The share of services sector in Latvia GDP is 70.6%, industry - 24.7%, agriculture - 4.7%.
Basic export goods Latvia: Electrical machines and equipment, machinery and mechanisms, iron and ilied steel, lumber, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel products, primary products from iron and steel, forest-round, knitwear and textiles, non-ferrous metals and their products.
Russia remains traditional trading partner of Latvia.
Official language - Latvian. Among national minorities, discontent causes the lack of official status in the Russian language, native for 37.5% of the population.
Currency - Latvian lat.
Education - The education system is divided into the main, secondary and higher. The state provides secondary education. Mandatory education is 9 years old, then the choice of school education can be continued to 12 years.
Grade 1 begins with 6 or from 7 years. The main formation is calculated for 9 years. In secondary education, there are two types of programs: the total average (its task is to prepare for further studies, it is designed for 3 years) and a professional average educational program (oriented to receive professional qualifications). In the Latvian education system, a system of centralized exams was implemented (a single state exam, USE).
Climate - Moderate, natural cataclysms are rare.
Ecology - In general, favorable. In 2012, Latvia ranked second in the world (after Switzerland) in the Environmental Index.

Culture of Latvia

Literature

In fact, the original Latvian literature began in the XIX century, when Latvians began to receive higher education, as a result of which a full-fledged national literature was created. Famous poets of this time - Janis Rainis (Yang Pilelecans) and Aspasia (Elsa Rosenberg).

In the USSR, a lot of attention was paid to the translation of national literature into Russian. In this regard, the names of Latvian writers became known Lacisa, Warp, Magic, Sudrab Calp, Kepe, Ziedonis, Grigulis, Skuin, Vaziethisa and etc.

Music

The Latvian National Music School began to form in the second half of the XIX century. One of its first representatives became composers Carlis Baumanis (1835-1905), author of the text and music of the Latvian hymn, and Janis Tsimze (1814-1881), which collected and processing folk music. Among the musical genres, choral chores, in 1873 G. passed first song festivalwho has become traditional and held every five years.
The main opera area of \u200b\u200bthe Latvian SSR was the State Opera and Ballet Theater. On his scene, classic and modern operas were put on, including the newest compositions of Latvian composers.

World Fame Winched Modern Musicians: Composers Janis Ivanov, Paul Dambis, Maya Einfelde, Arthur Greenups, Imanats Kalnynsh, Romulads Kalsons, Raymond Pauls, Romuald Kalsons, Imansaris, Conductors Arvid Yanons and his son Maris, Singers Carlis Zarinsh, Ingus Petersons, Samson Isyumov, Alexander Antonenko, singers Heine-Wagner's ghermen, Issa Galante, Pianists Arthur Ozolins, Ilze Chumbina, Vestuts Shimkus, violinists Baiba Skreida, Jea Gruubina-Bravo, Valdis Zarins and Gyuton Kremer, piano duet Nora Novik and Raffi Charajanyan, Cellistic Eleanor Testel, Organists Talivadis Decsnis, Yveta Apkalne.

- Outstanding violinist and conductor, laureate of many international violinist competitions. In the repertoire of the Cremerary Creeda of Classic (Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach) and modern composers.

Sport

The most popular sport is hockey, then basketball, football, volleyball, tennis, cycling, bobsley and San Sit.

Natural attractions of Latvia

Waterfall on the Venta River

The widest waterfall of EuropeLocated in Kuldiga. Its width depends on the amount of water (on average 100-110 m), but in a flood can reach 279 m. Height from 1.6 to 2.2 m. The thresholds of the waterfall form an intricate zigzag line.

Cave Gutmana

The largest cave of Latvia and the entire Baltic States. Located on the right bank of the Gaui River in the Gauja National Park near the city of Sigulda.
The walls of the cave are composed of red sandstone, formed in the Devonian period (about 410 million years ago). The cave flows out the stream flowing into the Gaoi River. The depth of the cave is 18.8 m, width 12 m, height 10 m.

White dune

It is one of the most beautiful coastal Dunes of Latvia with a beautiful view of the Vidzeme coast. There is a special observation deck, where you can relax. From a white dune along the sea coast, a pedestrian trail of a solar sunset is 3.6 km long. A white dune overlooks the mouth of the River Icup.

Buldurian Dendrological Park

BULDURI - Part of Jurmala, 20 km from Riga. It is called this place by the name of the owner of the estate of Johanna Buldrinka, who lived in the XV century. On the territory of Bulduri is the Dendrological Park. In the park is collected by the richest collection of colors and trees.
At the beginning of the XXI century. Near the bridge through Lielupe, a shopping center and aquapark were built.

Waterfall on Aleccupite

Waterfall in Kuldiga, at the very source of Alekhupit, which flows from the Venta River. Height 4.15 m, width 8 m. Is Second Waterfall in height in Latvia. Above the waterfall is a bridge, as well as the mill dam. It is believed that it was built in XIII B.. Together with the castle. In the XVII century It was reinforced to rotate the wheel, which crossed the first paper mill in the Kurzeme.

Gauja (National Park)

The largest National Park in Latvia. It covers an area of \u200b\u200b917.45 km² in the valley of the Gauja River, a few kilometers from the city of Valmiera. Founded in 1979 and is the oldest National Park of Latvia.

The park is especially known thanks to the clutches from Devonian sandstone, located along the banks of the Gauja River. In some places in the Sigulda area, the height of these Utops reaches 90 meters. The southeastern part of the park is a popular holiday destination residents of Riga, and the northwestern part to a greater degree of environmental zone.

The territory of the park includes several historical buildings: Turaid castle, Lielustrapea (Castle and Church), Ungurmuya Manor. 47% of the park is covered with forests, mainly fir and pine. In the park there are many lakes, the biggest of which is Ungurs.

Keemeri (National Park)

Based in 1997 Includes a large Kemerian swamp, Lake Kayar, the Valley of the Slotsen River, Sulfur Sources of the Balley of the Hall (Green), ancient mainland dunes, a sandy beach with coastal dunes and Lake Valgum. It occupies a territory of 38165 hectares, of which 1954 ha falls on the Riga Bay.

Chalk (Cape)

A strategically important cape located in the extreme northern tip of the Kurzeme Peninsula in the historical and geographical area of \u200b\u200bKurland. It has a strategic location at the entrance to the Riga Baltic Sea Bay. Known also thanks Light of the ring (since 1875). Translated from Livsky means "sharp angle" (cape form).

UNESCO World Heritage Site in Latvia

Old Town (Riga)

The oldest part of the city on the right bank of the Daugava River. Old Riga is famous for its cathedrals and historical buildings. A significant part of Riga's attractions is concentrated in the old Riga, where the streets are still lined with a cobblestone and where the medieval flavor of the city is felt. In the 80s of the XX century. The authorities of the city with rare exceptions banned traffic on the territory of Old Riga.

Sights of Old Riga

Cathedral of the city of Riga, his symbol and one of the main attractions. He is the largest medieval temple of the Baltic countries. The name of the cathedral comes from the Latin "Domus Dei" ("House of God") and "D.O.M." (Abbreviation from DEO Optimo Maximo, "Evregular Greater God"). Currently, the main church building of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia. Was founded in 1211
Numerous restructuring led to a weakening of various architectural styles. From the Gothic period, the North Portal of the Church, the former main entrance is preserved. In addition to Gothic and Baroque, here are fragments in the Renaissance and Romanesque style. Due to the flooding of Riga Street for centuries, gravel was added, as a result, the floor level in the temple is significantly lower than the street level, as a result, the feeling arises that the cathedral is located in the lowland.
The attractions of the Cathedral also include a memorial stone of small guilds (XIX century), a baroque thread (approx. 1641) and the grave of the first bishop of Livonia Minehard von Zegebrag.

Lutheran Church of St. Peter

The oldest cult facility of the city is first mentioned in 1209 g. The church is famous for its original, recognizable spire (the total height of the Tower of the Church of 123.5 m, of which 64.5 m falls on the spire). It was built as the People's Church: merchants, artisans and other residents of the city took an active part in the collection of funds for construction. The church operated one of the oldest schools of the city. Created by B. Gothic Style.

Saint Jacob Cathedral

Brick monument Gothic, fourth largest church of Riga, main catholic Church Latvia, Cathedral of the Riga Archdochy. For several centuries and until the middle of the XX century. He was the Cathedral Lutheran Church.

A sample of the transition period from the nominaries to the Gothic. First mentioned B. 1225. The windows of the Riga Church of St. Jacob covered stained glasswhich were created in the XIX century.

House with black cats

Building in the central part of the old town of Riga, built in 1909 Architect Friedrich Sheffel in the style of late rational modern. It is one of the most "legendary" buildings in the old town.
There is anyone not a proven legend that the rich homeower Bloother (Plum), displeased with the fact that he was not allowed to become a member of the Riga Large Guild, the representative body of the Riga merchants, took an act of psychological retaliation. He ordered sculptural images of black cats with curved backs and placed them on pointed turrets of his proficient house, located on the opposite side of Mestar Street. These cats were rooted by tails in the direction of the windows of the work office of the Elders of the Great Guild. There was a lawsuit against the billion, but legal measures could not be achieved from the bluer so that the cats unfold. Not immediately the cats managed to deploy the "right" perspective.

Large and Small Guild

The big guild was formed in 1354In the same year, a small guild appeared, this is not a coincidence: until that time, Rigan had a single guild of citizens, called the guild of the Holy Cross and Trinity, and in 1354. It was split into two - the guild of craftsons (small) and the merchants guild (greater).

Unlike a small guild, uniting handicraft managers under its roof, a large guild took only Riga merchants in its rank.

Powder tower

The only preserved tower, an element of the Urban Strengthening of Riga, which is a branch of the Military Museum of Latvia. For the first time in the chronicle source mentioned in 1330 In connection with the conquest of the city by the troops of the Livonian Order. Especially for Master Eberhardt von Memheim, a gun was done in a fortress wall, through which he poured into a newly conquered Riga. It was decided to improve the fortification system of the city, the tower was erected, which called the features of the surrounding relief - sandy.

Riga Castle

Currently, the residence of President Latvia. One of the most significant buildings of the Latvian capital in the historical and cultural plan.
The history of the castle goes back to 1330When its construction started the limits of the city of Livonian knights displaced.

House of Chernogolov

Architectural monument XIV. The building was repeatedly rebuilt. During World War II, it was destroyed. Recovered today.
In the end XIII B.. There was a brotherhood of St. George, in which young unmarried foreign merchants took. Initially, his patron was sv. George is a patron of knights and warriors, later - St. Mauritius (his symbol is a black head - he was in the coat of arms of the Brotherhood) and the name of the Blackheads was entrenched behind them. The corporation was completely secular.

Three brothers

Architectural complex. A characteristic sample of medieval riga architecture. In the complex, three brothers each of the buildings shows different periods of development of the construction of residential buildings of medieval Latvia. Today, there are a state inspection on the protection of cultural monuments, the Union of Architects of Latvia, the Latvian Museum of Architecture and the editors of Latvijas Architektūra magazine.
Most old brother (White brother) built about 1490 g., middle-brother - in 1646., the youngest (Green brother) - at the end XVII century

Swedish doors

Swedish doors worn in the Riga fortress wall in 1689 The legend says that the building where the gate is now, belonged to a rich Riga merchant. In order not to pay constantly grant when importing goods to the city, he took and drove this passage. These are the only city gates of Riga, survived in its original form.

Latvian National Opera

The building was built in the city center in 1863. As the 1st city (German) theater, but after 20 years a large fire happened, as a result of which the building in 1885-1887. rebuilt.
IN 1919. The Latvian National Opera, which had not had permanent location, moved to the theater building. The first performance took place on January 21, 1919, it was the formulation of Richard Wagner "Flying Dutchman."

Riga Central Market

One of the oldest and largest markets in Europe and in America, characterized by the original design. In the designs of the pavilions, the features of the functional modernity, the style of neoclassicism, which was common in Riga to the war, is a manorial pompous style traditionally served wealthy Riga merchants and entrepreneurs. Some details of the facades are decorated in the Art Deco style. Under the pavilions, underground storage facilities and refrigeration units are equipped.

Riga Museum of Aviation

Large Museum Aviation Technology in Latvia and one of the largest in Europe. Presented the largest collection of Soviet aircraft outside the CIS. He leads his story with the formation of the young pilot club. F. Candar B. 1965. Officially was opened in 1997 at the initiative of V.P. Talpa, a former military engineer of the Navy of the Black Sea Fleet. For the placement of the museum was allocated the territory of Riga International Airport.

Other attractions of Latvia

Monument of freedom

Installed in 1935. In memory of the fallen fighters for the independence of Latvia. Sculptor Carlis Hall, Architect E. E. Stallberg. It is a vertical monument with a height of 42 m. Made of gray and red granite, travertine, concrete and copper. The base has 13 sculptures and bas-reliefs depicting the pages of the country's history, from the legendary hero of Lachplesis to the Latvian red shooters.
At the top of the main pilon, the height of 19 m is worth a 9-meter figure of "Freedom" - a young woman holding on elongated hands Three stars, symbolizing the three provinces of Latvia: Kurzeme (Kurland), Vidzeme (Liflandia) and Latgale (Latgali).
The facade of the monument was carved by the inscription: "Tēvzemei \u200b\u200bun brīvībai" ("Schiction and Freedom").

Rundale Palace

Country residency of the Dukes of Kurlenia is 12 km north-west of Bauski in the village of Pilsrundal. Lined in the style of the baroque F. B. Rastrelli for E. I. Biron. Laid in 1740 g., Completed in 1768
The palace ensemble consists of the building of the palace with the stables and other economic buildings, to which the French Gardens of 10 hectares, closed on all sides by the canal, behind him - a hunting park (34 hectares).

Currently, the chore and the garden adjacent to it are a museum. It is also used for receiving high-ranking foreign guests by the President of Latvia.

Riga Motormuzia

Car Museum in Riga, exposures include more than 230. Car, motorcycles and mopeds XIX. to end XX century. Motormuza presents sports and military vehicles, cars of Latvian production, limousines and cars of the 30s (including the Molotov car, Brezhnev limousine).

Art Museum (Riga)

One of the oldest museums of Riga. The meeting of the museum is over 52,000 exhibits separated by two extensive collections: Latvian and foreign art. The Latvian Art Collection is the largest in the world and reflects the history of the development of painting, graphics and sculptures in Latvia from the middle of the XVIII century. until now.

Latvian Ethnographic Museum

One of the largest open-air museums in Europe. Was created B. 1924open to visitors to 1932. Located in a picturesque place on the shore of the Yugl Lake, aside from the city buildings, almost on the border of Riga.
On the territory of 84 hectares is 118 residential, economic, public wooden buildings built in XVII - XX centuries. In different historical regions of Latvia.

Jurmala

Jurmala - the largest city resort Latvia and Baltic countries. In the Concert Hall Dzintari, the KVN music festival and the international competition of young executors "New Wave", as well as the Yurmalina Festival, Ashland, and other concerts and festivals are held every year.

Daugavpils.

The second largest and significance of the country of the country after the capital of Riga. First mentioned B. 1275. The historic center of Daugavpils (building the city center of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries.

Historical Center

Daugavpils Fortress (Dinaburgskaya)

Fortification, located on both shores of the West Dvina River (Daugava). Monument of urban planning and architecture of state importance.
Construction was started in 1810. By order of the emperor Alexander I. On the eve of war with Napoleon I in order to strengthen the Western border of the Russian Empire. Supervised the work of the Military Engineer General E. F. GEKEL. During the war 1812 The fortress was damaged. IN 1830. Dynamague Fortress due to the Polish uprising was translated into martial law. 2 June 1833 G. In the presence of Emperor Nicholas I and the highest clergy of Russia, the consecration of the fortress took place.
IN 1863. In connection with the Polish insurgency, the fortress was again translated into martial law. Construction work in the fortress continued until 1878, although the main volume was completed in 1864
In the city installed entertaining sculptures, for example, Sculpture of the turtle, a volatile mouse monument, sculpture of the cat, etc.

Liepaja

City in the southwest of Latvia on the Baltic Sea coast. The third largest city of Latvia after Riga and Daugavpils and an important non-freezing port.
Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Anna.

It has a unique organ, the third largest in Latvia.
Orthodox Marine Cathedral of St. Nicholas. The first stone was laid by King Nicholas II.

Liepaja is the center of culture and sports, there are various sporting events: the international chess tournament, the World Rocket Modeling Championship, the Basketball Championship "Līvu Alus", one of the stages of the International Tennis Tournament "Davis Cup", the annual July Ranzema, Liepaja Games Vikings, which organize the Association of Bogatyurians of Latvia, International Orientation Competitions (Kāpa) and "Sport Weekend", during which every Liepajacan can take part in a beach volleyball, football, streetball, minigolph, florology, cycling and relay.

Liepajai Sports Center

Yelgava (East. Name Mitava)

Based in 1573. Located on the River Lieleup.

Mitava (Yelgavsky) Palace

The largest baroque Baltic Palace, built in XVIII century By project B. Rastrelli As the frontal urban residence of the Dukes of Kurlenia and Semiglia in their capital Mitava (now Yelgava).

Simeon Cathedral and Anna

The Cathedral of the Latvian Orthodox Church in the city of Jelgava, consecrated in honor of St. Simeon's God Approach and St. Anna Growing. It has a snack in the name of St. Alexia, the man of God. IN 1711 Peter I at the conclusion of the marriage of his niece Anna Ioannovna with the Kourneda Duke Friedrich Wilhelm demanded that the Orthodox church of the Orthodox church demanded from him. It was completed.

In September 2010, a multifunctional sports complex was opened Zemgal Olympic Center. At his stadium, he holds his home matches to the Yelgava football team, and in the gym for sports games - basketball and volleyball.

House of fairy tales "Undina"

Located near the station Dubulta. Undine in Western mythology is called mermaid.
The main goal of "Undines" is to take care and revive fairy tales, ethical values, folk traditions, crafts. The house of fairy tales love to visit creative people: artists, poets, musicians, artisans, everyone tries to leave something about themselves as painting, threads, sculptures, crafts, songs.

History of Latvia

Until the XII century The territory of Latvia was settled by the pagan tribes of the Balts, Finno-Ugroms, Slavs, Livov. Liva paid tribute to Polotsk Princes, others - the Kings of Sweden. From the second half XII century On the territory of Eastern Latvia, Russian missionaries preached the Christian faith in the Orthodox version, but the locals reluctantly moved away from pagan beliefs. In the era of crusades of Christians Western Europe They went to convert to Christianity and northern pagans.
IN 1201. Riga was founded. Riga due to its geographical location has always been an important trading region (through her land in the past, part of " Ways from Varyag in Greeks ").

In the picture: I. Aivazovsky "Varyazhskaya Saga - the path from Varyag in the Greeks"
Riganese actively participated in the Reformation, in 1517. Idea preacher arrived in Riga Luther Andreas Button. Most of the burghers willingly adopted a new teaching. In 1530, Nicalas Ramm first transferred passages from the Bible to Latvian.

IN 1558 On the territory of Livonia invaded Ivan groznyj. Preposition - non-payment of Dani for 300 years. IN 1583 Russia lost the war. The territory of Livonia was divided between the Polish-Lithuanian Grand Principality, Sweden (North of the current Estonia) and Dania (she got the isle island, now Saaremaa); The land of the Order to the north of the Western Dvina became the duke duke, managed by Poland, and the land to the south became the Vassal State of the Commonwealth - Kurland Duchy.

John Vasilyevich Great, Emperor Russia, Prince of Moscow

XVII century It is the time of the formation of the Latvian nation as a result of the consolidation of individual peoples. IN 1638 Georg Manselius was drawn up the first Latvian dictionary "Lettus", in 1649 Historia Lettica was printed (Latvian history) Paulus Einhorn.
XVIII century IN 1721 According to the results of the Northern War, Liflandia departs the Russian Empire. Riga became part of Russia in fact already in 1710
When the first section of the Commonwealth 1772 Latgalia departs Russia. With the third section of the speech by compulciated in 1795. Kurzeme and Zemgale leaves the Russian Empire.
XIX century War with Napoleon in 1812 Partly tapped the territory of Latvia.
IN 1817-1819. Fortieted right was canceled in the Kurland and Lifelard province.
IN 1861 The first on the territory of modern Latvia entered railway Riga Daugavpils. IN 1862. The Riga Polytechnic Institute was opened. From the middle of the XIX century. Increased growth of the national self-awareness of the Latvian. At the end of the XIX century. Stormy industry begins.

The Russian-Baltic Wagon Plant, the Penix Carriage Plant, the Fenix \u200b\u200bCarriage Plant, the conductor's rubber products plant, produced the first cars and bicycles in Russia. Engineering and metalworking are becoming leading sectors.
XX century The active struggle for the independence of Latvia begins. IN 1915 Germany occupies Kurzeme, industry from Latvian cities is evacuated, great destruction in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils), the creation of Latvian rifle parts. They were used in the future to suppress anti-Bolshevik uprisings in a number of cities (Yaroslavl, Murom, Rybinsk, Kaluga, Saratov, Novgorod, etc.)

IN 1918-1920. There is a civil war in Latvia. The main members of the conflict: National Bourgeois Government K. Ulmanisa, Having supported by Entente, and Soviet power supported by Soviet Russia. Prophetic formations were involved in the war, from among the military personnel of the German army, the Ostseei Germans who support their Russian White Guards and White Guards, who joined the Antante.
December 22 1918. Lenin signed the "Decree of the Council of People's Commissar on the recognition of independence of the Soviet Republic of Latvia."
May 15 1934. occurs MessageIn the hands of K. Ulmanis focuses absolute power in the country.
August 23 1939 The Third Reich and the Soviet Union signed an "nonsense agreement" (also known as the "Molotov-Ribbentrop Covenant"). A secret additional protocol on the division of Eastern Europe countries on the spheres of German and Soviet interests was attached to the contract. Latvia fell into the sphere of influence of the USSR).
June 15. 1940 A attack of the military units of the USSR on the border guards of Latvia in Maslenka took place. The next day, the Soviet Commissioner of Foreign Affairs V. Molotov read out the ambassador of Latvia F. Kotsinshu Ultimatum of the USSR Government, in which the resignation of the Latvian government and the introduction of an unlimited contingent of the Soviet Armed Forces in Latvia. The government of K. Ulmanis decided to take ultimatum and resign.

Sejm proclaims Latvia by the Soviet Republic (Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic). In the first wave of repressions (until June 22, 1941) beyond the limits of Latvia 17,000 people (including about 4,000 citizens under the age of 16), shot up to 400 people. During World War II, by mid-July, the entire territory of Latvia is occupied by the Wehrmacht. IN 1941-1943 The battalions of the "Auxiliary Security Police", regular police battalions, volunteer battalions are formed, these formations participate in police and punitive operations in Latvia, Belarus and Russia. From september 1941 Latvian police battalions took an active part in sabotage and punitive seals to the territory of the Pskov region, Belarus, destroying the civilian population and partisans. During the Second World War, 162 people remained from 80 thousand Jews of Latvia. For 1941-1944 Only the "Latvian Auxiliary Security Police" or, as it was also called "Arais" team, destroyed about 50 thousand Jews.
October 13, 1944 Parts of the Red Army enter Riga.
Until 1991. The Latvian SSR is located as part of the USSR. Industry is developing in the republic (WEF, Radio Engineering, RAF, Lyme). During this period, many party leaders of Soviet Latvia were nominated for senior posts to Moscow, among them a member of Pelsh, A. Ya., Head of the KGB of Latvia Pugo B. K., and others.
August 21, 1991. Latvia becomes an independent state.

Latvia became a member of the European Union in 2004 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.

Latvia

Latvia is a small country from the Baltic Sea with an ancient history and traditions. There are tourist objects that will interest anyone. If you want to enjoy nature - there is a calm Riga Bay, and the open Baltic Sea, and natural parks, and fast rivers, and lakes, on the shores of which extensive forests are preserved. For a tourist who is fond of history, medieval castles and ancientlylast culture are of interest. If you want to combine entertainment with obtaining new knowledge, you can visit the old Riga, where you will find not only wonderful monuments of architecture, but also a variety of clubs and restaurants. In Latvia, there are beautiful churches - and ancient, and modern. And, of course, going to Latvia, do not forget to ask for events that are scheduled for this time! You can enjoy both traditional Latvian holidays and the most diverse cultural and entertainment programs that continue all year round.

So, a little about Latvia ... This little Baltic country is located in the northeast of Europe on the Baltic Sea. Its territory is only 64,589 sq.km. The capital of the state is the city of Riga (the number of residents of a little more than 700,000 people). Riga is located at the location of the Daugava River in the Riga Bay. The biggest cities: Daugavpils, Yelgava, Jurmala, Liepaja, Rezekne, Ventspils.

Latvians inhabit this land for two thousand years. The Latvian people have formed in the merger of the ancient Balt tribes of Latgalls, Zemgavov, villages and Kurys with the Baltic Finnish peoples - Estonians and Livami. The official language of the Republic of Latvia is Latvian, but Russian, English and german languages. Perhaps no other nation in Europe takes care of the own identity as Latvians. They have many national characters. In addition to traditional - flags, coat of arms and anthem - in Latvia there is a national flower (chamomile), two national trees (linden and oak) and a national bird (white shaking).

The time zone coincides with Kiev.

Latvia currency: National Monetary Unit - Lat, in which 100 Santimov. Lat is the only legitimate payment facility in Latvia. Exchange of lats to other currencies and back free and ubiquitous - currency can be exchanged in banks or exchange points ("Valutas Maina") in hotels, post offices and train stations. The amount of currency exchange is not limited and is made without the presentation of any documents. Latvia is one of those countries in the world, where cash is used quite widely, i.e. About 30% of cash turnover. In Latvian hotels, restaurants, cafes and in large stores, you can pay international Cards Eurocard, Mastercard, Visa, JCB, Diner Slub, American Express, Eurocheque, issued by Latvian banks with electronic cash cards, as well as get cash around the clock in banks and ATMs of Latvia . Travel-checks tourists can be calculated only in large cities and major resorts.

The diverse cultural heritage of Latvia includes as archaeological evidence of history and buildings of various historic periods - Sacred, military and others historical monumentsSo the work of many artists, musicians, writers and scientists. Also in Latvia in large areas, types and biotopes are preserved, which in other European countries are rarely found or even almost disappeared. Coastal wet lowlands, wet forests, large and intact swamps, as well as natural and semi-exceedy meadows are considered the natural wealth of national and international importance.

Riga - the capital of the country is a modern, European city with a rich, more than an eight-year history. Riga was one of the most significant cities of the Hanseatic Way, her story is inextricably linked with Sweden, Germany, Russia. The city, which has absorbed the traditions and culture of the Great countries, the city, which has always retained his face. Perhaps this is the only city in Europe, where the temples of five different religious denominations are located. The Dome Cathedral and the Holy Church of St. Peter - Lutheran Temples, the Cathedral of St. Yakova - the location of the Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, the beautiful building of the Riga synagogue is the only Jewish temple, which survived after the raising of the fascists in the 2nd world war. These and other cult buildings are open to visit tourists, and on the Tower of the Church of St. Peter there is an observation deck, from where you can see the whole city from a bird's eye view. We must certainly visit the organ concert at the Dome Cathedral. Concerts take place in summer 2 times a week - on Wednesdays and Fridays, in winter only on Fridays. The beginning of concerts at 19 o'clock. The cost of tickets from 2 to 5 lats. You will learn about this and many other things by visiting the official website of the city http://www.rigatourism.lv/ru/channels/tip/default.htm guidebooks are usually called 6 attractions that are required for visiting tourists in Riga. The first and, of course, the main city with the famous Dome Cathedral, beautiful churches of St. Peter, St. Jacob, sv. John, built in the XIII century. The central part of the city is included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list. The second "highlight" of Riga is whole streets and quarters with unique buildings in modern style or, as it is called here, "Yighdstil". The most visited by the connoisseurs of this architectural style Albert Street. Other interesting sights of Riga - Ethnographic open-air museum, the monument of freedom, fascinating the view of passersby House of Chernogolov, Museum of cars with deposited Rarity cars Stalin and Brezhnev. In order to save on transport and museums in Riga, it is worth purchasing information tourist centers or at the Riga Card card. It gives the right of free travel on city transport and visits about 20 museums of the city within 1, 2 or 3 days. The cost of a one-day card for adults is 8 lats, for children 4 lats.

Jurmala - the biggest and most famous seaside resort Latvia, just 20 km from Riga. It is believed that tourist Latvia has also been particularly famous thanks to this popular Baltic resort from the Soviet times. The thirty-tiller band of the Golden sandy beaches of the Gulf of Riga Bay, Pine Forests, the picturesque shores of the River Lielepair and at the same time a moderate climate, fresh air-powered air and mineral springs Attract numerous vacationers here. One of the most significant events of Jurmala is considered the International Music Competition "New Wave", which takes place here every year. The opening ceremony, competitive speeches and gala-concerts of the New Wave traditionally take place in the concert hall "Dzintari", the main place for holding all summer events. On his open stage platform, almost all European and world stars of the last century were performed. Jurmala is proud that she fell out the opening of new stars.

Among the most significant architectural monumentsTourwaline castle in the vicinity of Sigulda, Rundale Palace (Biron Palace), and Catholic Basilica in Aglona are distinguished.

For all holidaymakers in Latvia in winter, we recommend a trip to Sigulda for a whole day. This city is considered one of the most picturesque corners of Latvia - "Latvian Switzerland". Sigulda - Heart national Park Gaui, was founded near Turaid Castle (construction of 1207). Until our days, only ruins and protective walls with towers are preserved. You can take a walk in the vicinity of the castle, admire the views from the cliff. The city is not so far from Riga - 53 km. Less than an hour - and you in Sigulda - the main thing ski resort Latvia, a place of active, extreme rest for people who love winter sports. Here are specially equipped and illuminated by skiing, slagistic and sun tracks. Amateurs scrolling sensations Can fly on a balloon and tarzanka over the abyss. Here is the most famous bobslery route where various international competitions are held. Only the most bold can ride along it, and only with an instructor. And the memories from the exciting descent will remain in your life!

To enjoy the beauty of Latvia, you first need to get here. There are many opportunities, and they are suitable for various travel styles, as well as planned road expenses. If the aircraft is the most acceptable for you, you can use the services of Riga Airport. The airarshrutes connect Riga with the largest cities of Ukraine, allowing you to travel quickly and conveniently. From Odessa to Riga regular flights airlines Air. Baltic and Aerosvit, but only in the summer. Riga Airport is relatively close to the city center, so you will quickly find yourself in the heart of the city. You can also go by bus or on a personal car, after the path inspected neighboring countries. This path, of course, will take longer, but you will have the opportunity to receive an idea not only about the largest cities of Latvia and cultural facilities, but also about the nature and landscapes of the country. If you wish to enjoy the sea journey, you can get to Latvia on the ship. In Latvia, there are several port cities that not only provide a maritime message, but also offer interesting tourist objects.

Latvian cuisine from those called simple and satisfying. Unlike inhabitants of Western Europe, the soups are occupied by the Latvian on the table: dairy, bread, sweet (for example, from blueberries with dumplings). National dishes: Aukshta Zupa "(Cold beetter), onion clock (a huge freshest bipfshtex under a special onion sauce), gray peas with a spicker, whipped cream and bread soup. Like coastal people for cooking national dishes Latvians are widely used by fish: crank casserole, casserole from herring with boiled potatoes ("Padinhsh"), herring fried with onion sauce, herring, roasted on coals, etc. From drinks the most important for Latvians, as well as guests of Latvia, is beer. The revived beer production of "ALDARIS" produces a lot of varieties of light and dark beer, to taste and saturation not inferior to the best world varieties. There are in Latvia, of course, the beer of famous European brands. It is the same as the local one. Only few chooses him. Lovers of stronger drinks can be primarily recommended by the products of the world famous plant "Latvijas Balzams". Vodok and liquors of this quality in other countries still search! Especially advise you to try the cumin vodka ("Kimenu Degvins") and tomato vodka. And "Riga Black Balsam" has been a business card of Latvia for many years. To eat or dine in Riga, for example, it is not difficult - there are many cozy restaurants with very temperate prices. The most popular and known in the city of Lido restaurants. The most beloved Rijanis and tourists three-storey complex Lido Krasta is located in the city center on the banks of Daugava. The complex decorated in folk style has its mill, ponds, brewery, a small children's entertainment park. Delicious and satisfying dinner with freshly brewed beer will cost only 5-7 lats here.

What to bring from Latvia: wood products, ceramics and, of course, amber, famous Riga Balsam, chocolate candies of the famous confectionery factory Laima. Good knitwear, especially from cotton. Many high-quality products from Scandinavia countries. But remember - the removal of amber and artistic values \u200b\u200bis limited.

VAT and Tax-Free. Return of VAT (18%) is possible, subject to purchase in one store for one day in the amount of at least 59 lats (including VAT) and receiving the check "Tax Free" from the seller. At the same time, the purchased goods cannot be used on the territory of the country (factory packaging should be saved), before receiving customs printing on the check. The goods mentioned in the check must be removed from Latvia no later than three months from the date of registration. The check is presented in a special cash register "Cash Refund" on the territory of Riga International Airport, sea Port. or in ground customs clauses. The return amount is usually 12-15% of the purchase price. When leaving the train to the check, it is only affected by printing, and the return of VAT is carried out by mail (by transferring to the specified account or sending a bank check).

Latvia -Information about the country

About country:
Latvia is a small Baltic state, is considered the most heart of the Baltic. Latvia is trees and hills alternating with grain fields, plains and dense forests, picturesque shores of rivers and cliffs, in which water skillfully cut the mysterious caves. It is located between Estonia and Lithuania. From the west, Latvia goes to the Baltic Sea, and in the east borders with Russia and Belarus. This is the bottom of the smallest European countries, the territory of the country from north to south - 210 km, from the west to the east - 450 km. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 64,600 km². Latvia has a fairly extended coast (500 km) with a beach from the snow-white coast surrounded by pine forests. Latvia is a lot of rivers, lakes and water bodies, there are more than 2000 lakes and 12,500 rivers and streams on its territory.
Riga - the capital of the country in which everyone can feel the unique spirit of the Middle Ages, the taste of Latvian national Kitchen And beautiful, smiling people on the streets. In Latvia, cities with rich historical past - Rezekne, Jelgava, Bauska, as well as Kuldiga, Cēsis and Ludza are preserved - the three oldest cities of the country.

On the years:
In the spring, the country blooms, the air temperature rises above 15 degrees. In the summer, the resorts of the Baltic coast, Latvia enters visitors to its snow-white beaches in Jurmala, deserted beaches of Kurzeme, picturesque lakes, in the summer you can admire the nature, removing the wooden house, or putting a tent, in Vidzeme you can do horseback riding, or wielding a river kayak Gauja.
Winter in Latvia is wet and cloudy, but often snow falls, then you can admire unique in the beauty of the landscapes. Riga in the snow is very beautiful, and unique, narrow streets, tiled houses catchy snow. During the New Year and Christmas, when the city acquires a colorful festive atmosphere, which makes this time the best for dating the city.

About nature:
Very beautiful nature of Latvia, the extended coast of snow-white sand, surrounded by pines, hilly landscapes, gentle slopes - perfect place For skiers. The fields were formed due to the cutting of the forest, constant kosba or grazing. Natural fields make up only one percent of Latvia. The fields described 360 species of higher plants, but only 60 species meet often. Swamps occupy 10% of the territory. Most of them are located in coastal lowland and eastern Latvia.
In the Latvian forests, they grow predominantly and pines, there are also oaks, limes, maples, casings, birch and aspen. On the territory of the country there are about 1,600 species of plants and 1,400 species of animals and insects. Here you can meet wild boars, deer, beavers, wolves, foxes, fish, hedgehogs, and moles. In Latvia, more than 190 species of birds nest and multiply. Many migratory birds stop at local lakes. There are salmon in the rivers, acne, perch and cod to the sea, Crabal, herring and Salak. On the Baltic coast there are also seals and gray dolphins.

About language:
State language - Latvian. Many residents speak Russian and in German, young people speak English. Latvian rather complicated Indo-European language. In Latvia, Latgale language is distributed in Latvia in the Daugavpils region (which is officially considered a variety of Latvian language).

About the past:
2000 BC On the Baltic Coast of Latvia, the proto-Maltian peoples - Kurschi, Latgals, Zemgany and Liva are settled.
From the second half of the 12th century on the territory of Eastern Latvia, Russian missionaries preached the Christian faith, but the locals reluctantly moved away from pagan beliefs. The Germans have achieved more success on this field - in the era of crusades, the Christians of Western Europe went to Christianity and northern pagans.
In 1201, the city of Riga was founded on the site of Liv villages. For the best organization of the admission of Liv Levov and Latgal land to Lona, the Order of the Children.
The people of Livy played an important role in the history of Latvia. Livi ethnically differ from Latvian. This is the Finugor's people with contact with both Estonians living in the Baltic coast and with the famines. Lili live in small communities, in separate farms on the Baltic Sea coast. Although at the beginning of the 20th centuries there were slightly more than 2,000 people, they spread to the most part Baltic coast, Fishing are engaged. The influence of livov was so great that the Germans in the 13th century the conquered territories of Latvia called Livonia.
For the first time similar name in the form of "Anniversary" ( Lettia, Letthia., Leththia.) It is found in the Chronicle of Heinrich (1209). Initially, the Germans called the land so, where Latgals lived. The name "Latvia" came to Latvian language from Lithuanian, in which it was formed from the ethnonym of Latvians - "Latvia" ( latviai.).
In 1209, the State Education of the German Crusaders - Livonia appeared on the map of Europe. It includes the territory of the current Estonia and Latvia.
Many Livonian cities subsequently became members of the prosperous North European Trade Union - Hanza.
In 1282, Riga enters the powerful association of the Baltic cities, the Hanseatic Union. Due to its geographical location, Livonia has always been an important trading region, a part of the "Way of Varyag in Greeks" ran through its lands in the past.
In the 50s of the 16th century, Livonian wars began, which lasted about a quarter of a century.
From early 16 to the end of the 18th century, part of the Latgale region was messed up by the Poles and belonged to Poland. Because of the numerous wars, Latvia was under the rule of Russia, Poland, Denmark, Sweden.
Latvia seriously suffered after the first and Second World War, only in 1989, the first free elections are held in Latvia. In 1991, Latvia comes out of the USSR.
Latvia takes a new democratic constitution.

What is Latvian?
In Latvia, an ethnic composition is very diverse, only 58% of the population make up Latvians for more than two thousand years of living in the territory of modern Latvia. Modern Latvians as a people were formed by merging the five former nationalities - the four balt and one Finno-Ugorskaya (Latgalls, Zemgalov, villages and Kurys with the Finnish peoples of the Baltic States - Lives). Latvians often look irresistible and unfriendly because of their pragmatism, but raised with them, you will immediately understand what is a cheerful and cheerful people.

What makes Latvian on the weekend?
The weekends of Rigan love to spend on shopping in numerous shops and shopping centers, and at night, go to clubs, casinos or numerous stylish bars offering such a range of a variety of cocktails that the head goes around. In the summer of Latvians love to relax on the shore of the reservoirs with the whole family go to the beaches of Jurmala, or on the beaches of the Vidzeme coast. One of the most popular among the beaches among the Riga is the Beach of the Wetsaki. Many residents of Latvia have small houses surrounded by pine forests, on the shore of the reservoir, where they can enjoy fishing, hunting.

Interesting Facts:

• Riga is the birthplace of one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe. The date of her birth is 1357, the place is the Town Hall Square. In 1920, in Riga there were 35 pharmacies, in 1938 - 78.
• Under the dominance of Russians between 1850 and 1900, the population of the city of Riga decided!
• Geographic MapsMore precisely, their fragments often appear on postage stamps. But there was a reverse case: the brands were printed on the maps. When in 1918, Latvia received independence, lacked paper for printing their postage stamps. Therefore, the first Latvian postal signs began to print on the turnover of topographic maps, abandoned by German troops during retreat.
• On September 23, 1986, on the day of the closing of the brewing shop of the intercoleous association "Valgunde", the pit was dyed and the last bottle of beer was solemnly buried, removed from the filling line.
• The number of Latvian folk songs is over a million.
• In the XVI-XVIII centuries, a valuable pearl extracted from the Latvian rivers was supplied by the highest yards of Sweden and Russia.
• A rare language in Europe is a Livsky, Child Finnish. At Livsky, about 200 citizens of Latvia are now spoken.
• In Latvia in 2008 there were 1,200 millionaires.
• In Latvia, the largest tax on tobacco products - it is 80% of the price of cigarettes.
• Riga bread is a work of art - light and dark, with walnuts and dried apricots. This bread has a magical property - it is stored at least a month and does not worry.

What to bring from Latvia:

• Riga Balsam
• Chocolate Latvian Factory Lyme
• Metal and amber decorations
• Cosmetic line dzintars
• Knitwear products of Latvian factories
• Linen tablecloths and shawl

Latvian republic

Area: 64.5 thousand km2.

Population: 2 million 479 thousand people (1998).

State language: Latvian.

Capital: Riga (826 thousand inhabitants, 1996).

Monetary unit: euro.

UN member since 1991 enters the Council of Europe since 1995 to the European Union since 2004

Located in the north of Europe, in the Baltic States. It borders in the north with Estonia, in the East - with Russia, in the south-east - with Belarus and in the south - with Lithuania. From the west and north-west Latvia washed the water of the Baltic Sea and its Riga Bay.

Most of the population are Latvians (55.1%), whose language belongs to the Baltic group of the Indo-European family. In addition, Russians live here (32.6%), Belarusians (4%), Ukrainians (2.9%), Poles (2.2%), etc. On the territory of the country there are several historical and cultural regions (Latgal, Kurzeme , Vidzeme, Zemgalia, etc.), the specific features of which are manifested primarily in traditional culture. Many elements of life, such as craft, dwelling, food, customs and rites, have retained the features that are formed by centuries.

Like in past centresses, one-bedroom settlements are typical of modern Latvia - Wiensetas, and only in the east of Latvians live by villages. The farm consists everywhere from a residential building (most often it is a log house on the foundation from wild stone) and household buildings. But their location in the estate, as well as the dwelling layout, varies in the regions. In Western areas, residential premises were on both sides of the Seine, in which the hearth was arranged, and open. This went here the mouth of the furnace heating the room. Only baked bread in it, they prepared food on the open focus. The eastern type of dwelling is Latgale Istab, close to Russian and Belarusian sinks, has the form of two independent log cabins connected by cold hay. The furnace, similar to the Russian, is put in the room. If the traditional housing in someone else in the villages is still found, it cannot be said about folk clothes. Nevertheless, it completely did not disappear. Latvians usually wear it for the holidays of the song, used in artistic amateur activities. In addition, folk traditions are trained in ornaments adorning modern clothing, in its color scheme. A traditional female costume is a long tunic-shaped shirt, a striped or a checkered skirt, a shoulder cape. Willine. Local differences are manifested in the kitchen, coloring and ways of decoration. For example, in Vidzeme, the shirts are decorated with mere race, capes - white, headdress of girls - red wreaths embroidered with beads, married - white embroidered cape. In Zembalia, the shirt is decorated with white embroidery, skirt - special floral, and cape - woven pattern; A silk handkerchief serves as a hat. The municipal suit is characterized by metal belts, bright blue capes with decorations. Latgale suit consists of a shirt with a red pattern, a checkered skirt, a white cape with a blue-green embroidery, linen shoe covered. Girls headdress - red wreath, red wreath, in married women - a towel.

Men's folk clothes are less diverse. It consists of a shirt, linseed or woolen pants, Kaftan, Kushak. A hat with fields or a card is put on his head.

National traditions of Latvians are preserved in food. Its foundation make up flour, cereal products, dishes from beans and peas. Love here to chow from croup (praath) and vegetables (peeps), porridge, dumplings from peas and beans. On holidays prepare pies with spies, cookies, meat dishes. For example, for Christmas and the new year, a pork head is baked with a sour cabbage, the eggs are painted on Easter and they cook a jelly, on Ivanov the day (it is called in Latvia Ligo) - Yanov Cheese from cottage cheese. Traditional drinks - rusty flour shot, beer, birch and maple juice.

Wooden products are widespread. Threads decorate the backs of chairs and sleds, spindles, rods, crocks, frontones and platbands. The works of folk craftsmen are constantly demonstrated at exhibitions and fairs.

A variety of oral folk creativity of Latvians, including fairy tales, legends, jokes, riddles, proverbs, short quatrays - Dainas. Rich song folklore. From 1873. Song holidays are held regularly. Major musical instruments - Cocon (Type of Husley), Smuyogas (Village), Violin, Swirl.

The capital of Latvia Riga is located on both shores of Daugava, in the sign of it in the Riga Bay. This is the largest industrial and cultural center of the country. Here are all the main government agencies, enterprises, as well as 9 theaters (including the National Opera), 7 universities, the University, 21 Museum (Museum of the History of Latvia, Museum of History of the City and Northworthy, Art Museum, Museums of Nature, Foreign Art, etc. ).

The first written mention of the city refers to 1201 in the Middle Ages, being at the junction of land and waterways, it developed as a center for trade and crafts. This is evidenced by the names of the streets of Old Riga: Kaleya (blacksmith), Audeu (Weavka), Muzinieku (Bondar), Aldar (brewers), etc.

Here are the outstanding monuments of architecture of different eras. The unique architectural and historical values \u200b\u200binclude the Dome Cathedral (laid in 1211), in which there is a world-famous organ that is distinguished by a rich sound gamut (6768 pipes), Peter's church with the original 120-meter tower - the central element of Riga Silhouette, Riga Castle, Powder, or sandy, tower, Yana Church, etc.

Daugavpils - the second city in population, the largest industrial knot. This is the center of Latgale, located in the eastern part of the country. Aged in 1275 as a fortress city. A significant role in his prosperity plays a favorable transport and geographical position.

Liepaja is located in the west of Latvia, in the Kurzeme region, and occupies a narrow Liepaja Latviapolos of the seaside lowland, stretching from north to south between the Baltic Sea and the coastal lakes of Lieparas and Tosmares. Here, in this large center of sea fishing and fishing industry, 4 is the base of the ocean fish fleet, there is a fishing port. Along the western feature of the city stretched a gentle sandy beach. Ventspils is located on both shores of Venta, to sign it in the Baltic Sea. The first mention of him as a fishing village belongs to the X century. Until the end of the XVIII century. It was the main port of Kurzeme. His role as a shopping port is great and now. One of the attractions of the city is a unique Museum of Marine Fisheries.

The territory as a whole is flat and harsh natural contrasts has no. Picturesque sea ridges destroyed by small lakes alternate with sandy plains and wetlands. This is the Primorskaya, East Latvian, the Middle Lowland, Luban Plain and the sandy-Usmenskaya Vadina, which from the West, the North and East bends the Kurzeme elevation. Latgale and Augstegskaya hills occupy the eastern part of the country. Numerous rivers (main - Daugava) and Lakes give a special charm of the landscape. Climate - transition from marine to continental.

From the XIII to the middle of the XVI century. The territory of Latvia was part of Livonia, which was under German domination. In the middle of the XVI century. Included in compolatory speech, and in 1795 - to Russia. In December 1918, the Government of the RSFSR recognized the independence of Latvia. In early 1920, an independent Latvian Republic was formed. In 1934, a coup was committed. In 1940, the Latvian SSR was formed, which entered the USSR. In May 1990, the decision was made to the new title - the Republic of Latvia, as well as the Declaration of its independence. In September 1991, the USSR recognized the independence of Latvia.

Believers are mostly Protestants (Lutherans). According to official data, there are 491 thousand people. Latgale's population is predominantly Catholics.

In Pine Bor, on the shore of Lake Yugla in Riga, there is a open-air museum, founded in 1924. Traditional rural estates, reflecting the life and material culture of various historical and ethnographic regions of Latvia. Buildings and interior decoration are reproduced in accordance with the household decor of the XVII - XIX centuries. Concerts of ethnographic ensembles, theatrical performances, folk masters fairs are organized on the territory of the museum. This is one of those places in the country where the historical past is trying to save. The natural wealth of Latvia is protected in a number of reserves. Among them, Moritz-Sala, Greeni, Sliter - in Western Latvia, Krustkalna and Teici - on the East Latvian lowland. Reservations of the most different nature are also included in the system of objects of state protection of nature: botanical, marsh, cranberry, ornithological, geological (including the largest boulders), natural parks, protected landscapes, ponds, as well as centuries, rare and foreign trees.

Latvia - Democratic Parliamentary Republic. In 1993, the Constitution adopted in 1922 was resumed and suspended in 1934 by the head of state. Legislative authority - Saeim (one-stage parliament). The executive power is carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers led by the President. Government formed in 1997, coalition. It includes representatives of the following political associations: "Fatherland and Freedom" (Movement for the National Independence of Latvia), "Latvian Path", the Peasant Union of Latvia / Union of Christian Democrats, the Latvian Party of Green, the Party of National Reforms. The country is administratively divided by 26 districts.