Architectural design of the hotel. Hotels with rich history

08.07.2020

Architectural and planning organization of hotels - an important factor in their functioning, features of architecture, much more distinct planning hotel facilities, significantly allocates them against the background of the structures of another functional profile.

The architecture of the hotel to a certain extent acts as a factor of his self-task. Separate hotels with the originality of the architecture expressed in the form of the structure, the facade, the height of the building, the use of building materials are known worldwide - one of the highest hotel "Westin Rotterdam" (Netherlands), Hotel Royal Olympic Hotel (Greece) with terraces on Glass facade with planting decorative trees, etc. Together, the features of the architecture play the role of a cultural and aesthetic factor of building territory - the construction of the hotel harmoniously complements the local architectural color or creates the architectural opposite of local architectural planning and a certain aesthetic discomfort.

The architectural and planning features of the hotel are an important economic factor in their development. With the type of planning and development, the costs of improvement of the surrounding area, deductions for the use of land plot (land tax, rent, etc.), care and repair of the building and others are significantly connected.

The architectural and planning characteristics of the hotel affects the features of equipment institution by engineering and technical means, an important security factor for guests and work for staff. In large hotels there is a need for additional security measures, due to human, natural, technical factors.

Together, the architectural and planning organization of hotels is also exposed to a number of factors, including the main: historical type of building, place in urban development, nature of the natural landscape, hotel category, economic, ethnic features of the region.

Most modern hotels are built in the 19th centuries., Especially intensively, their construction was carried out after World War II. The expansion of the network of hotel enterprises, including significant sizes, was explained by the growing value of tourism, business activity, wide use of new technologies and materials, before reinforced concrete, in construction.

In the architectural style of European and American hotels in the late XIX, early XX centuries. A characteristic feature is the desire to give the facade of the buildings of a representative species, which is evidence of comfort and high economic profitability of the accommodation. In the design of the exterior composition, a significant number of architectural and decorative elements were used, which met the requirements of the elevated monumentality of the facade. The mosaic of the facade composition was binding to the use of classic elements - columns, arched transitions, torn frontones, which emphasized the construction of the building and were not inferior to the palaces of the second half of the XIX century. The architecture of hotels built during this period (Piccadilly Hotel (London), Victoria (Amsterdam), Premier Palace (Kiev), Grand Hotel (Lviv)) corresponded to the then aesthetic preferences of Europe. The interior used new principles of planning and finishing materials. Then it was formed typical for modern hotels the first floor planning scheme: in the center there was a lobby with a front staircase, right there, or in a semi-basement, a restaurant, administrative and economic premises were located on the other floors - residential rooms. Hotels of this period in the architectural and planning composition of the appearance, layout of residential and non-residential premises, size, as a rule, differ significantly from the buildings of hotels built after World War II.

The architecture of modern hotels built from the mid-60s of the XX century. binds to the general urbanization process. In the architecture of placement institutions, this process is reflected in the construction of multi-storey architectural forms designed to maintain a large number of guests. An example is the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas (USA) designed for 5505 seats, today is considered the largest hotel in the world. Construction of this hotel used reinforced concrete, in the outer facing - glass, the inner space is rationally planned, equipped with a complex system engineering communications, various types of food institutions, enterprises of auxiliary service.

Significant distribution acquire hotel complexes - hotels consisting of two and more spatially divided buildings with a system of institutions of diffraction infrastructure support - nutrition, game, entertainment, exhibition and other institutions. Special influence is celebrated atrium-type hotel complexes characteristic of outstanding business centers, resort centers and gambling centers. Atrium type of architectural and planning forms of hotels was launched with the construction of Hyatt Regency hotels in 1967 p. In Atlanta (USA). The hotel has a square shape with an internal atrium (yard), blocked at the level of the 22nd floor with glass overlap. Floor galleries, elevator hall with glass elevator cabins are distinguished in the space of the landscaped atrium. The internal space of the atrium is organized as a miniature town with recreation areas, restaurants, shopping facilities, sports grounds, etc.

A significant role in the architectural and planning organization of hotels plays their location in urban development: in the city center, on its outskirts, a number of outstanding objects of urban infrastructure (monuments of history and architecture, departmental institutions, cultural institutions, etc.)., In the suburban or park zone recreation.

The location of the hotel in the city center causes the need for organic compliance with the architectural ensemble of the street, square, neighboring buildings. Together, the hotel building is often the main architectural accent in the development of the microdistrict, is allocated by the storey, the originality of the architecture, which emphasizes the prestige of the hotel complex.

The construction of the hotel in the central closure of urban development causes a compact form of construction. Configuration of the building site determines the selection of the planning type of placement establishment. Most hotels in the central part of cities are characterized by a multi-storey, the base of the building often has a rectangular, trapezoidal shape, the shape of a tribal.

Economic factors are reflected in the rationality of designing the construction of the hotel, in particular at the planning structure of residential floors, rooms, premises for service personnel, elevator and staircase halls, horizontal and vertical communications, links between floors and rooms within one floor, ultimately at time spent , ease of use of premises of various functional groups.

The hotel buildings are located in the historic part of the city must correspond to its architectural type. For example, the building of the hotel "K + K Hotel Central" is located in the historic part of Old Prague, near the powder tower, is identical to the architectural composition with a residential building of the XVII-XIX centuries. Separate hotels can be located in architectural monuments, or included in the architectural and tourist complex of the city. For example, Hotel "Eisenhut" in Tauber (Germany) is exclusive in terms of location in the monument of late-country architecture of the XV-XVIII centuries.

The location of the hotel in the city or suburban recreation area leads a combination of the architecture of the building with the features of the surrounding natural landscape, contributes to the unification of business relations and rest. In particular, the Hotel "Duin Kruidberq Country Estate", located in the National Park near Amsterdam (Netherlands), among the picturesque forest on the lake coast, combines unique features of the local natural landscape and pseudo-style architecture.

In places with limited building space, construction technologies are used when the first floors have reduced dimensions, and the length of the length and the area of \u200b\u200bresidential floors increases. For example, in the 11-storey Du Lac hotel in Tunisia (Tunisia), every next floor hangs over the previous one.

The urban development has led to the development of compact multi-storey (cylindrical, conical forms) of centralized planning hotel buildings. Such architecture, for example, has a 36-storey tower-hotel "Holiday Inn" in Ausburg (Germany). Rooms in the hotel are located from the 1st to the 11th floor, public premises - on the latter or in basement and basement floors. Such a planning scheme is typical for most of the hotels of the tower type.

Different goals of tourist travel caused the emergence of multifunctional hotels combined with institutions of other targets: administrative and trading institutions, educational and congress centers, concert and exhibition halls, etc. In particular, such a combination is characteristic of the Center for International Trade in Moscow, in whose structure Two hotels (apartment and atrium type), business center with the exhibition and congress hall, offices and trade facilities. Tourist complex "Kievskaya Rus" in Kiev covers two hotels, travel agency and congress hall.

Hotels are located in tourist and wellness areas among natural landscapes are characterized by direct links of architectural and planning forms with the surrounding relief. The nature of the natural landscape predetermines the choice of architectural forms, among which distinguish:

- Architectural forms that fit in the landscape, for example, a hotel for tourists and sportsmen "FJELLGARDEN" in Sweden consists of four buildings in the form of hills, which in appearance resemble snow hills;

- opposition to the architecture of the tourist hotel landscape or relief. According to this approach, two dominance options are used: the first accent is the landscape - the hotel "Blue Bay" in the Crimea, in the second accent there is a hotel, for example, the hotel "Rock" in Crimea, a clearly expressed its size in the relief of the natural landscape;

- Submission of the architecture of the landscape - in this approach, natural forms of the landscape and architectural forms are harmoniously merged. For example, the architecture of Steigenberger Hotel Gstaad-Seanen (Switzerland) repeats the relief with a complex of closed buildings of different heights, the composition of the roofs of which reproduces the silhouette of the surrounding ridges.

Hotels within the tourist and health centers with other tourist institutions are often combined into tourist complexes. According to the specialization distinguish the following types of tourist complexes: the youth tourist complex - includes a tourist hotel, a tourist base, a tourist station, a tourist camp; Tourist and sports complex - tourist hotel, tourist base, sporting camp; Mining and Sports Tourist Complex - Tourist Hotel, Tourist Base, Ski Station; Water Surface Tourist Complex - Tourist Hotel, Water Base (Actle, Flotel), Water Station (Botell).

In Russia and the CIS, interesting hotel projects are rare - for all obvious reasons. Several hotels, however, are. In our selection - ten Russian designer hotels, two in Georgia and one in Azerbaijan and Ukraine, the cost of living from 2350 to 30,000 rubles per night.

Barvikha Hotel & Spa

Where: Russia, Barvikha, Rublevo-Uspenskoye Highway, 114/3
When open: end 2008.
Architecture / design: Antonio Chitterio, Ekaterina Rutkovskaya
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 30,000 rubles. For two room (breakfast included)

The hotel's building would fully fit into the exhibition town "ESCPO", which, as you know, always design the most architects. At the same time, it is perfectly inscribed in the surrounding landscape - and here we have the mind not only the most expensive village of Luxury Village in Russia, where the hotel is located, how many nearby pine forests: the facades of the hotel facades become a continuation of them. In the interior, the natural materials are also dominated (wood, marble, flax) and colors (chocolate, vanilla, sand), and furniture made by B & B Italia on Antonio projects chitterio specifically for the hotel, does not shout about its exclusiveness, but is organically included in the space. // Barvikhahotel.com.

11 mirrors.

Where: Ukraine, Kiev, ul. Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 34a
When open: november 2012.
Architecture / design: Anatoly Kirik and Marina Leo
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 18426 rubles. For two room (breakfast included)

In the work on the project of this hotel, his owner Vladimir Klitschko became for the designers Anatoly Kirik and Marina Leo the same as Stalin was for Jofan: an ideologist and actually co-author. What speaks only in favor of Boxer: The hotel became the only one in the CIS, which included the international association of Design Hotels. In addition, in 2012, he was awarded International Hotel Award in the nomination "Best Little Hotel". A narrow eleven-story building with a granite facade combines modern design and architecture of the XIX century. The hotel's interior is dominated by mirrors and glass - and therefore the air and lightness, which in large capitals always in short supply. // 11mirrors-hotel.com.

Rooms Hotel Kazbegi.

Where: Georgia, Stepantsminda, ul. Vakhtanga Gorgasali, 1
When open: summer 2012
Architecture / design:
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 8469 rubles. For two room (breakfast included)

From the village of Stepantsminda (until 2007, Kazbegi) will start ascent to the second top point of the Caucasus Mount Kazbek, which in all its glory rises above the village. Nata Gunberidze and Keti Tranny from the Rooms Bureau came up with a convincing reason not to leave the village. Mountains, which through panoramic windows of all rooms included in the hotel's space and design it, of course, tighten all the attention of the hotel's guests. The interior seems to be only framing this grandiose picture: natural wood, stones, light and air, homemade comfort, non-contrary to modern conciseness, - if there is a place, more consonant KazBek, then only a tent under his vertex. // RoomShotel.ge.

This panorama deserves separate attention.

W St.petersburg.

Where:Russia, St. Petersburg, Voznesensky Avenue, 6
When open: june 2011.
Architecture / Design: Vladimir Grigoriev / Antonio Chitterio
How much is the night worth:on Booking.com - from 14 160 rubles. For the room for two (breakfast is not included)

The W network hotels have some permanent, which does not change from the city to the city (for example, branded W-bed), and a variable in which the author's style of designers and architects is expressed. In this case, before the Italian designer Antonio, Chitterio also stood the task of entering the hotel in a cultural and historically saturated urban context. Chitterio with a task brilliantly - literally: in the color scheme the chrome and gold dominate - coped. Restrained beauty, straight lines and open spaces, characteristic of St. Petersburg, form the interiors of the hotel W, in which the Dome of Isaacia and other types of city penetrate through huge windows on the rights of the most important details. // wstpetersburg.ru.

JW Marriott Absheron Baku Hotel

Where: Azerbaijan, Baku, Area Azadlyg, 674
When open: december 2012
Architecture / design: REARDONSMITH Architects.
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 10 007 rubles. For a room for two with a single bed and from 12 508 rubles. For the room for two with a double bed (breakfast is not included)

It cannot be said that the architectural solution of the hotel is amazing with its novelty and courage, but, perhaps, it should look like a lifetime monument to a successful commodity economy: glass, symmetry and ascension over the city. Specialists of the British office of REARDONSMITH, with all evidence, acted as part of the order - and are located in this progressive bed with all possible elegance. And although the rooms at JW Marriott Absheron are quite standard for a five-star hotel, without interior revelations, in the lobby and other public spaces, the designer managed to solve the most difficult task. Namely - say the word luxury so that it does not sound abruptly. // marriott.com.

Grand-Hotel & Spa Rodina

Where: Russia, Sochi, ul. Grape, 33.
When open: july 2006.
Architecture / design: Mateo Tun, Domus Aurea Design Interiors Group
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 23 200 rubles. For two room (breakfast included)

A vivid example of acute, and therefore spectacular, mismatch and content: minimalism in the packaging of Stalinist architecture. Residential premises decorated Court decorators Queen Netherlands Beatrix - Suzanna Loggy and Patrick Bruges from Domus Aurea Design Interiors Group. Every detail of the interior of all forty rooms of the hotel they have developed specifically for "homeland". However, there is, however, the meaning bunch between the external and internal - public spaces with marble floors and crystal chandeliers, designed by the Italian Mateo Tuna, move the bridge from Stalin's neoclassicism to modern ideas about beauty and comfort. // Grandhotelrodina.ru.

Rooms Hotel Tbilisi.

Where: Georgia, Tbilisi, ul. Kostava, 14.
When open: october 2014.
Architecture / design: Nata Dzhanberidze and Keti Tranny (Rooms Design Bureau)
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 19395 rubles. For the room for two (breakfast is not included)

The second network hotel called in honor of the Rooms Design Studio, which was engaged in the design of both hotels. Rooms Hotel Tbilisi is located in the heart of the Georgian capital in the building of the former SAMSHOBLO typography. Thanks to the efforts of Nata, Janberidze and Keti, tall concrete ruins acquired Lofovo-Bohemian chic. Key interior finishing components - wood and leather. Plus, each number (all of them 141) is decorated with handmade wallpaper, including with silkographic patterns. Many vintage objects are placed in the halls and rooms - they give the hotel atmosphere. // RoomShotels.com.

DoubleTree by Hilton Moscow - Marina

Where: Russia, Moscow, Leningrad Highway 39, Building 1
When open: october 2014.
Architecture / design: bureau ADM, Archburo Frontarchitecture Together with Martin Hulbert Design
How much is the night worth: on the hotel's website - from 12,000 rubles. per room with two single beds and from 13 500 rubles. For the room for two with one large bed (breakfast is not included)

Located on the banks of the Moscow River, the hotel is designed by the ADM bureau for strict standards of the Hilton brand, in practice, meaning extremely simple forms and direct corridors. For the inner design answered the architectural studio Frontarchitecture. The interiors are made in warm colors and furnished with natural materials. // Hilton.ru.

Mriya Resort & Spa

Where: Russia, Crimea, Yalta, p. Last landslide, General Osprakova Street, 9
When open: august 2014.
Architecture / design: Norman Foster
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 7,099 rubles. For two room (breakfast included)

This year-round resort, which includes a five-star hotel (408 rooms and 14 villas), medical and SPA centers, designed the famous Norman Foster - the author of Wiembli Stadium and Millennium Bridge in London. In September 2016, the complex, in shape resembling or elegant flower, or an alien ship, recognized as the best World Travel Awards in Europe - Oscar analogue for the tourist industry. // Mriya.me.

Boutique Hotel "Rodniki"

Where: Russia, Vladimirskaya oblast, Alexandrov, 80 km from Moscow MKAD
When open: february 2013
Architecture / design: Mikhail and Dmitry Gonevichi from Atrium architectural bureau
How much is the night worth: on Booking.com - from 21,000 rubles. For suite with a bedroom and a living room and with a terrace overlooking the forest (breakfast included)

A complex consisting of 6 cottages (2 rooms in each), a spa center and restaurant, contrary to stereotypes about Russian country hotel Do not look like a hut, nor on the estate. The buildings of the asymmetric form made of concrete and glass with beveled roofs are made in modern style. In the interior decoration used mainly stone, wood and shingles. Each room is equipped with warm floors, a fireplace, a dressing room and a terrace with a garden. The hotel also has a complex with a Finnish bath and Japanese Bay Furako. // Rodniki-Hotel.ru.

Want to engage in hotel business? Is there a general concept and business plan? You can go directly to the hotel design stage.

Designing hotels (hotels) is one of the most significant stages preceding the construction of an object of any scale and destination.

As a basis for the design of the hotel, a concept designed at the stage of compiling a business plan is taken. Design allows you to get a complete picture of how the hotel will look outside and what will be inside.

Plans include not only the architectural design of hotels, the calculation of the number and area of \u200b\u200brooms, the placement of the lobbyistic bar, but also the layout of all required zones, the general style solution, selection of furniture, alignment of the necessary equipment, placement of engineering networks and communications. This rule remains unchanged for a country hotel and for the resort area. Designing a regular hotel, Eco or a spa hotel requires a coordinated work of a large team of specialists: from builders and technologists to designers and architects. All important is: from the selection of finishing materials before the definition, there are enough 50 seats for the restaurant at a hotel for 60 rooms.

Working design of hotels from the team "Filisa"

Our team on your application will hold all the stages of hotel design by 2, 3, 4 and 5 stars, including the development of architectural and planning solutions.

Our clients receive a full and exhaustive package of drawings and plans corresponding to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 16.02.2008 No. 87 "On the composition of the project documentation sections and the requirements for their content."

The presence of this package of documents allows you to easily obtain permission to build hotels, as well as hotels with a swimming pool or other additional services.

The work of our company involves the following steps:

Hotel Master Plan Development

The development of the Genplane of the hotel includes sections that make it possible to conduct conciliation procedures in the shortest possible time and start working associated with the change in the site landscape. We perform:

development of the planning scheme of the land plot. This drawing implies an indication of all objects placed on the site;
planning, landscaping solutions, plans for planting plants, placement of lighting devices;
plans for the construction of all buildings and structures with detailed description all stages;
land plan;
plan for the placement of engineering communications, connecting to main networks;
design of landscape, improvement of adjacent territory, including vertical layout;
development of a plan of sanitary protection zones with the rationale of boundaries for each capital facility;
development plan for the protection of buildings and structures from natural cataclysms, including from a large volume of storm, floodwater, when lifting groundwater, from earthquakes, etc.;
binding to roads and unions.

Hotel Design Hotel

If the hotel's project must be submitted to state expertise, work is carried out in 2 stages:

Hotel Design - Stage "P";
The development of the hotel's working documentation is the RD stage.

In addition, projects for connecting engineering networks, fire alarm systems are being developed. For seismic areas, special attention is paid to issues of sustainability and reliability of buildings. In the first stage, the drawings of all buildings are being developed, including technical annexes and premises.

Mandatory attention is paid to the organization of movement of transport, placement of recreation areas and landscape design. For each of the hotel buildings, the statement of materials is drawn up indicating volumes.

Design and construction company "Familis" specializes in the development of hotel projects: from level 2 stars up to 5 stars with complex additional services at the hotel. There is experience in solving all possible problems accompanying the design of hotels, accommodation of entertainment institutions. Each of the company's specialists is responsible for a separate stage of work, but all together make up a coordinated team, able to prepare a project of any complexity and appointment .. because each type of architectural solutions has its own specifics. And everything is physically known to know. And we chose our direction - the development of original and unique solutions for hotels and hotels.

Passage of procedures approval

The specialists of our company will not only develop a hotel project that will be held without comments and improvements to state expertise, but will help with the passage of mandatory examinations and approvals in government instances if necessary.

The advantages of designing the hotel from Familis Company

So that all our projects have been qualitative, satisfy all customer needs, we have developed the "5E" rule

We always remember the cost! The investor should not only be in construction, but also to make a profit. We believe that unnecessary and inappropriate pathos should not ruin customers. But our projects are not boring!

Ecology - above all! We do not use materials with formaldehydes, harmful volatile substances. When designing Eco, we use only natural materials. Our hotels are always Eco! When developing projects, the landscape features are taken into account on the site. We do not destroy the existing to build a new one!

Payment of utilities will take the lion's share of the entire profit received from the hotel. We care about the energy efficiency of all buildings and structures. Savings - Your Additional Profit

Your customers will always be comfortable and in the rooms and lobby and on site. We will help us correctly decide on its visual positioning in the eyes of your audience. For the hotel "Aesthetics" - an important component of success!

Your staff gets comfortable jobs, and customers - to relax. There will be no premises "just in case" on your facility. Everything will work for you!

Realized hotel projects

View all hotel projects in the section "Our Projects" section.

Want to minimize expenses, do not pay for unnecessary "beams" and get an optimal project? Contact the company "Familis".

Hotel Ukraine is one of the seven Stalinist high spirits of Moscow. The hotel building was built by an accelerated pace to International Festival Youth and students, which was scheduled for 1957. Hotel Ukraine in Moscow initially included 1,000 hotel rooms and 254 apartments.

The outer part of the building is decorated with obelissal, vases from wheat sheaves, decorative walls from five-pointed stars. For the interior of the hotel is also characterized by a magnificent decorative design of marble and picturesque plaffones. Hotel Ukraine 206 meters high with a spire consists of three parts. central part Hotels include 34 floors.

The hotel is located in an important, from the point of view of urban planning, the location of the roads of the Moscow River on the Embankment of Taras Shevchenko. The building was erected even before the construction of the Novo Arbatsky bridge and the active development of the adjacent part of the Kutuzovsky Avenue.

The height was supposed to become a vertical, noting the beginning of only the laid Kutuzovsky Prospect. According to the general plan for the reconstruction of Moscow, 1935, the projected prospectus was supposed to be called a prospectus of the Constitution and it was supposed to pass by the Poklonnaya Mountain through the Soreomilovsky district to the center. Now it is a new Arbat and Kutuzovsky Avenue.

Architects Hotels "Ukraine"

The architect of the Ukraine hotel was A. Mordvinov, more specialized in the flow and speed construction of new quarters of Moscow. His ideas more met the solution to problems with the catastrophic lack of living space for citizens of Moscow.

Therefore, to work on the project of the Ukraine Hotel, he attracted just the liberated architect V. Oltarzhevsky, who participated in the work on the project of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow and was repressed in the 1930s on indentation charges.

After the death of I. Stalin, the architects of the skyscraper had to justify for its construction. With the filing N. Khrushchev, an incredible criticism began as structures, so the architects of it created. Most of the architects who participated in the work on highlights and including the hotel Ukraine lost the Stalinist premiums and high positions. Architect A. Mordvinov was dismissed with the post of President of the Academy of Architecture of the USSR.

Construction of the Ukraine Hotel in Moscow

In front of the architects and builders of the hotel, Ukraine stood a difficult task. The bank of the Moscow River is not the most successful place to build a highly right building. The project of the building assumed that the foundation of the entire structure should go to a depth of 11 meters and 6 meters below the level of groundwater.

Solutions of such a difficult task in those years there were two or already well-known soil freezing system or water supply using the pump network device. More than 900 pumping facilities were provided for the drive of groundwater in the pit.

Hotel Ukraine received such a name only at N. Khrushchev, before that at all stages of architectural planning and construction, the project was called the hotel building in Doroomilylovo.

Fully architectural ensemble was completed only in the late 60s, when the appearance of the Arbat Square and the New Arbat was finally established. The Embankment of Taras Shevchenko and the Square broken on it successfully complemented the appearance of the hotel Ukraine.

Engineers, planning the prospectus of the Constitution, assumed to build it at home three times less than the elevated. However, in connection with the criticism of the project N. Khrushchev, buildings were erected on Kutuzovsky Prospect, the hotels of Ukraine catching up by the hotel and significantly squeezing her appearance.

In the magazines of that time they wrote that "Sky threshing grown on the sides new routeThe hotel spire was lost in their gray, which looks like a seedling of medium sizes, drawn from under the asphalt of the new Arbat. "

In 1957, at the time of discovery, the Ukraine Hotel was considered the largest in Europe. Stalin's high-rise restaurant also in his own way was the landmark of Moscow. From above, the whole structure is a rectangle, one side of which is the main element - a high-rise building directly the hotel itself, and two long and symmetrical sides constitute residential buildings.

The golden shade of the limestone suburban, used for the facing of the building, emphasizes the wealth of the facade. The majesty of the structure is emphasized by color mosaic in the high-altitude part of the building, wide use of bas-reliefs and volume sculpture.

One of the legends of Stalinist heights suggests that the projects of the Pyramids were based on the projects of all buildings. And indeed among the design drawings, Ukraine has a drawing reflecting the idea of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid.

The harmonious perception of height contributes to their proportionality. The architect of the Ukraine Hotel A. Mordvinov laid a versatile pyramid for the project. The architectural image of the altitude embodied the universal principles of harmony.

Interior of the Ukraine Hotel in Moscow

The hotel company Ukraine has been designed and equipped with the highest standards of that era. Equipment for the preparation and heating of air was almost silent. In the building, a general dust system was provided.

In the building, several restaurants and shops were provided. The halls of the restaurant were performed in a typical Stalinist architecture. A closed rectangular architecture, monumental enfilads did not completely combine with a restaurant function.

One of the European hotel guests in Ukraine wrote that "Breakfast in the restaurant's hall, felt the whole degree of gravity of the building, pathos, excessive pompousness, and his own insignificance." According to I. Stalin, it was such feelings that had to arise from all visitors to the Moscow height.

Large dimensions of the halls and individual elements of the restaurant were completely disproportioned by a person, and even more so sitting. The use of expensive materials in decoration, elite fabrics and dishes made meals not just an uncomfortable event, but a very dangerous ritual. One awkward movement of the guest and for the spoiled tablecloth or dishes needed to pay a large fine.

It is impossible not to mention the post of KGB on one of the floors of the building. Soviet government could not allow such an object as a hotel in Ukraine, which hosts including foreign guests and located within walking distance from the MFA building did not have special equipment for listening to conversations and observing guests. And as is well known to the equipment, a post with duty officers of a specialized department has begun.

Reconstruction of altitude

In 2005, the Ukraine hotel building in Moscow was put up for auction. The Moscow government was forced to sell the building, since he did not find a co-investor, ready to invest almost 60 million dollars in his reconstruction. More than 20 little-known companies participated in the auction. The Biscuit Winner was the company Biscuit LLC, which paid 275 million dollars for a high-rise building.

Reconstruction has undergone the building completely. Updated were internal decor elements, facade, including 73 meter spire. During the reconstruction, one of the eight decorative towers fell on the restaurant's building. There were no victims in PE, since everything happened at night.

During the analysis of the destroyed design, the architects and experts agreed that the collapse occurred due to the use of poor-quality building materials during the construction of Ukraine in 1950. But despite this, further exploitation is considered safe.

Today, the height not only performs its main appointment as one of the best hotels in Moscow, but is also a bright attraction of the city. In 2010, the renewed alight began to receive guests under the Radisson Royal brand (Radisson Royal). The building management was entrusted to the group The Rezidor Hotel Group. New hotel Radisson Royal entered international Network Radisson Hotel.

One of the conditions for the reconstruction of the Ukraine hotel in Moscow was the preservation of its historical appearance and the inner decor. Now in the pompous halls of the skyscraper are located:

Restaurant "Tatler Club" A. Novikova.
Bifbar "Junior".
Restaurant "Veranda".
Restaurant Iranian cuisine "Farsi".
Restaurant Italian cuisine "Bono".
Mercedes-Bar.
Karaoke bar "Troubadur".
Restaurant for two Romantic.

Self high point Buildings - a glass veranda under the spire of the Ukraine hotel, or as it is now called the Radisson Royal Hotel, it takes the restaurant "Romantic". At almost a 200 meter height, there is a superbly decorated table and two most comfortable chairs, only for two.

And the main decoration of this restaurant is not its snow-white decoration and a romantic setting, but of course, look! View of Moscow from the center and to the outskirts. By the way, the Bono restaurant, located near, is among our two ratings "The most expensive restaurant of Moscow" and "Panoramic restaurants of Moscow".

The restaurant kitchen fully corresponds to the height of the restaurant itself, each dish is unique and is a masterpiece of culinary skills. Dinner in this an unusual place It is remembered for life, and the story of the evening spent on one of the highest and unusual roofs of Moscow will be transmitted as a family legend.

Diorama Moscow - Capital of the USSR

Hotel Ukraine in Moscow not only performs its feature on reception of guests, but also is the hall for a large number of objects with artistic value. In the main gallery of the first floor there is an amazing historical exhibit - Dirama Moscow - the capital of the USSR. Dirama is a miniature Moscow of the 70s. Dirama is a monument not only cultural and historical, but also a masterpiece of art panorama.

Dirama surprises a very high level of accuracy. Layouts of depicted objects are characterized by special reliability. The diorama is made on the scale of 1:75, which allows you to consider in detail the entire center of the then Moscow.

The total area occupied by the diorama is 306 square meters. m. And equipped with mechanisms reproducing the corresponding day of day. Dirama was created in the art workshop of Efim chealica for the National Exhibition in the United States commissioned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR.

Dirama was exhibited in many countries of the world, giving the opportunity to commit virtual journey For the iron curtain in the capital of the Soviet Union. Diorama at the exhibition in Leipzig won a gold medal as a work of high art.

In the USSR, Dioram was exhibited at the VDNH and in one of the exhibition complexes of Moscow. In 2007, specially for the reconstructed hotel in Moscow, at auction, the diorama bought new owners of the construction. In 2010, restoration work on the diorama was completed and now it is exhibited for Furnishing.

Poker Hotel Ukraine in Moscow

The wharf of Ukraine in Moscow, located on the Embankment of Taras Shevchenko opposite the Square in front of the hotel. The pier as the embankment was built in 1961 to the 100th anniversary of the death of the Ukrainian poet T. Shevcheno, complementing the architectural composition of the structure. The pier is equipped for disembarking and planting passengers. Radisson Hotel, Radisson Hotel is customary to call the pier, despite the fact that in the river fleet a more common term - a pier.

Near the pier do not stop the "River Trams" - walking boats of the capital shipping company committing regular river walks on Moscow river. Wharf Ukraine Hotel is intended only for parking lots of Flotilla Radisson Royal. From the berth of an updated hotel, the Radisson Cruise on the Moscow River on modern and comfortable yachts begins.

Flotilla Radisson Royal

In 2009, 5 magnificent pleasure yachts were launched on water, designed by special order for Radisson Royal:

Ferdinand.
Scarlet.
Celabriti.
Capel.
Bon Voyage.

Skinny yachts were surprised and admired not only by traveling, but also Muscovites, with surprise who obributed for a smooth sliding of the boats along the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Moscow River. The ride on a walking ship from Flotilla Radisson was basically entertainment for foreign tourists. But in recent years and Muscovites have become increasingly buying tickets for cruises in Moscow River.

In 2013, Flotilla Radisson Royal replenished with advanced yachts with 1 class salons and open decks, allowing you to experience a journey through the water stroit of Moscow-River: enjoy the sun, oncoming wind and splashes of waves:

Butterfly.
Montana.
Felicitis.
Primaver.
Beauty.

Cruises for Moscow-River from the berth Radisson Royal are held every day round year. The boats are equipped with all the necessary equipment to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers. Panoramic glazing of all yachts of Flotilla Radisson Royal allows you to admire the center of Moscow without any interference. Open decks are beautiful place For photo shoot.

On all ship are restaurants and bars, in which you can enjoy dinner and admire different panoramas of Moscow.

The architecture of metropolitan buildings allows to determine exactly a decade when and with which ruler they were erected. Not all residential buildings, built in the last century, lived to our times. What can not be said about hotels. In this material we will look at five "hotel heroes" in various categories, the "life path" of which can tell about political and historical milests in the development of the city of Moscow.

Five Star - Hotel "Moscow"

Hotel "Moscow", which occupies the whole quarter, has become one of the first hotels built in Soviet Moscow. A massive building plays a dominant role in the formation of the area directly adjacent to the Kremlin. "Moscow" is characterized by complex architectural plastic, designed to agree on the structure with neighboring Kremlin and the building of the Historical Museum. The construction of the hotel was conducted from 1933 to 1935 by the project of architects L. Savelyev, O. Stapran and A. Schuseva.

Okhotny row, who was considered at the beginning of the 20th century, one of the most unsanitary regions of the city became the first Moscow region underwent the indigenous reconstruction in the 1920s. What is not surprising: after all, there are numerous shops and restaurants. The Soviet authorities decided to "clean up" the city center, and at the place of trading rows to build something monumental. In 1922, it was planned to build a palace of labor. A satisfaction competition for the best project did not lead to embodied results. By virtue of financial difficulties, construction was postponed. However, the work on the reconstruction of the development began: in the same year, Alexander Nevsky chapel was demolished at Manezh Square, in 1924 there was a mass demolition of trading shops in the southern part Okhotny row (mainly wooden buildings). In 1930, the Church of Paraskeva Friday was demolished, and the entire market trade was transferred to color boulevard.

The initial project of the Mossoveta hotel (design name), made in the late 1920s by young architects O. Stipran and L. Saveliev, was solved in the spirit of constructivism and was part of an obvious contradiction with the established historical appearance of the district. The harsh asceticism of a massive building was not linked to the Kremlin ensemble, the building of the Okhotny row, Tver and Mokhovaya streets.

Option Savelyev

As a co-author, designed to correct "errors" of the project, Alexey Shushev was invited. The frame of the building by that time has already been completed, and contributed to significant changes possible. However, Shauses with great ingenuity and tact there is a change in the project, adding a concise decor in the spirit of neoclassicism, without violating the constructivist basis of the building project.

General Plan (Shchusov)

As a result, a strict and monumental eight-column portico appeared with a height of six floors with an open terrace, spacious arcade loggias in the center of the main facade, numerous balconies. The corners of the building were accented by turrets. The building itself has acquired a large plasticity thanks to a more pronounced membership of the main facade.

Especially for the hotel architects there were 18 sets of furniture from different breeds of trees. And on December 20, 1935, the first visitors were able to see the entire luxury of the first Soviet hotel.

Plan number

They say that some citizens' premieted by the trip to Moscow so afraid to make the interior of the rooms that they slept right on the floor. In addition to workers and collective farmers, Alexey Stakhanov, Valery Chkalov, Demyan Poor, Georgy Zhukov, Lyudmila Celikovskaya, Mikhail Zharov, Arkady Raykin, Yuri Gagarin, Boris Yeltsin, and Robert de Niro became the last "star" living.

At the same time, Shchushov performed the sketches of the second stage of the hotel, but it did not reach the construction of new buildings. The 10-storey building leaving the area of \u200b\u200bthe revolution (the facade on the building of the Lenin Museum), and the 6-storey, facing theatrical square, began to build only in 1968. To carry out the project, it was necessary to demolish a number of buildings that adjacent to Moscow from the East, including the old hotel "Grand Hotel". Architects A. Boreletsky, D. Solopov and I. Rozhkin In general, the compositional ideas laid down by their predecessors. The second stage of the hotel was commissioned in 1977, to the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution; Thus, the building of the hotel "Moscow" was taken by a whole quarter. However, the decor of new buildings turned out to be further in the drawing; The 6-storey building was generally solved in the spirit of an ordinary concrete box, which contributed, in the opinion of some specialists, sharp dissonance into the theatrical square ensemble.

Lovers of drinking probably got the facade not only in old soviet filmsBut also on the label of vodka. According to the legend, put the building of the State Security Invited there. It was believed that such vodka consumes the authorities and creative individuals, and accordingly, according to Chekists, they someday will stop at the hotel, which they often see on the table. And there they can already listen and draw conclusions.

In 1942, the People's poet of Belarus of Yanka Kupala died in Moscow. He slipped on the marble staircase and fell into a staircase span from the 10th floor. The police considered it an accident, although the people went rumors that the NKVD put her hand to this death. And when in 2003 the hotel began to disassemble, rumors went that, the secret bunker of Beria was found on the sixth floor: it was one and a half meters thick, so the builders had to work pretty to disassemble this shelter. Under the building, an explosive was discovered, which was laid at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, to blow up the hotel if the Germans get to him.

But then the hotel did not have to destroy. It began to do 60 years later, when the building was recognized as an emergency. The last guests received a voucher for accommodation in the new hotel during the week. The authorities promised that the gift would be used already in 2010.

Hotel "Moscow" on the USSR postage stamp, 1946 Building of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (left) and a fragment of the Moscow hotel on the USSR postage stamp released to the 800th anniversary of Moscow

There is a legend that I. V. Stalin personally argued the final project of the hotel, represented by Shushus, and this circumstance was the cause of the noticeable asymmetry of the main facade of the building. The architect for approval has prepared a project of the main facade with two options for design. Both options were combined in one drawing and were separated by the axis of symmetry: the stringent version was depicted on the right side of the drawing, on the left side - option with large quantity Decorative details. Stalin put his signature in the midst: to clarify what Iosif Vissarionovich was meant, none of the designers decided, and Shchiov implemented both options in one facade, literally in accordance with the approved drawing. Allegedly for this reason, the main facade risals differ from each other. This is nothing more than a beautiful legend. Stalin did not put signatures under the projects. In fact, everything turned out to be much more prosperous: the signature under one of the options of the facade, separated by the axis of symmetry, put Shushev. Next, the drawings left the builders who did everything like in the picture. At that time, parallel to the construction of the building were erected forests that hid a mistake until their dismantling.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe complex will be 183,000 square meters. The project of the new building on the site of the destroyed hotel was developed by architect GUP Mosproekt-2. M. V. Procohina "V. V. Kolosnitsyn. The customer of reconstruction is OJSC Decamos.

Four stars - Space Hotel

The Cosmos Hotel Complex was built for servicing the XXII Summer Olympic Games held in Moscow in 1980.

Hotel "Cosmos". 1980s

The architecture and design of the building overlooking the VDNX and the monument "Cosmos Conquerors" were developed jointly with the team of Soviet and French architects (V. Andreev, T. Zaicin, V. Stacel - Mosproekt-1; O. Kakub, P. Zhuglё, S. Epstein - France).

The hotel included: 1718 standard rooms for 2 beds, 53 two-room rooms, 6 fourth room and about 3,600 catering facilities.

When planning premises had to strictly adhere to the Soviet standards, which were not only very different from Western, but also were much stringent. The French firm "SEFRI" was engaged in the construction of the building.

The official opening of the hotel took place on July 18, 1979. There were many prominent political figures, businessmen, pop stars. Selically invited singer Joe Dassin.

"Cosmos", in contrast to the "dawn" and "tourist" similar to it, is a twenty-five-storey building, resembling the shape of the horseshoe.

During the hotel's Olympic Games, an Olympic press center was located. Also in the hotel there were many other mass events: the Festival of Youth and Students, the TV shows "Morning Star", "Song of the Year", a contest "Crystal Lady", and in 2004, a project "People's Artist-2" project was held in the Space Hotel. Among the guests of the hotel were such famous personals as: Joe Dassin, Alla Pugacheva, Harry Kasparov and others famous people.

Also "Cosmos" became famous for the fact that Tõnis Miggi performed the song "Olympiad 80" at the main entrance to the hotel.

And in the movie "Day Watch" Hotel was the headquarters of the Dark Forces. Part of the shooting was made in the hotel.

However, despite the fact that the hotel developers argued that the security of the object could not be doubted, in 2010, an employee of a cleaning company, which ensured the purity in the hotel hairdresser, was welded in the elevator mine alive. The tragedy occurred when she descended on the elevator on the ground floor with garbage bags. When the elevator doors opened, suddenly broke through the main heating tube. The temperature of the fluid (water with the addition of special additives) in the tanks at the time of the accident was about 130 degrees. A powerful boiling water jet found unhappy. The woman died on the spot. The headshore accident occurred as a result of the failure of the valve.

Currently, Russian and foreign tourists and business people, participants of the exhibitions, who pass on the WVC, are stopped at the Cosmos Hotel, all who are convenient for the location of the hotel.

Three stars - Izmailovo Hotel

The history of the Izmailovo Hotel is closely connected with the history of the city of Moscow. In 1980, Moscow was chosen by the Center for Olympic Games. The city expected a large influx of foreign athletes, fans and reporters attracted by spectacular games and competitions of the central sports event of the year.

It was decided to build a hotel in the green district of Moscow - Izmailovo.

Above the construction project "Izmailovo" Hotel, a large team worked: Architects D. Burdin and Y. Rabaev, E. Okodelov engineer, the famous sculptor Z. Tsereteli and many others.

As a result, in Moscow, in four years, a worthy architectural monument was built, for the work on which the authors were awarded to gloomy.

Despite the fact that participation in the 1980 Olympic Games was boycotted by most capitalist states, guests and participants gathered a lot.

According to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe creators, the hotel and tourist complex was to be associated with the Olympic games at all levels: in the spatial embodiment, and in the color execution. Olympic rings were taken as the basis - the symbols of the earth's continents. That is why the Izmailovo Hotel is a complex of five high-altitude buildings in 30 floors each, two of which are connected by the ends. And the names of the buildings were given by the letters of the Greek alphabet: Alpha, Beta, Vega, Gamma Delta. The buildings of the complex were located around the square, on which the concert hall was built.

They called them to Russian manner - "ABVGD-YKI". All 5 buildings could simultaneously place up to 10 thousand people, which was recorded in the Book of World Guinness Records. Of course, in the construction of such an object of international importance, advanced technologies of the time were initially laid out, the internal interior of the hotel and equipment corresponded to global safety and service standards.

Thus, the hotel system of heat supply in its capacity is not inferior to the three district boiler. During the construction of "Izmailovo", innovative developments of Soviet scientists were also applied: a system of automatic numbering of numbers, mechanical rehabits. Developers also implemented a fundamentally new ventilation and air conditioning system, sprinkler fire extinguishing.

After the Olympic Games, Izmailovo was transferred to the office of the USSR hotels and the corps opened to accommodate ordinary citizens and guests of the capital. Later, the hotel complex took more participants in mass and all-union international events - Games of Goodwill, the Festival of Youth and Students, the Spartakid of the Peoples of the USSR. According to the Soviet classification of the level of service Izmailovo corresponded to the level of intertersvis.

After the collapse of the USSR, the reform period began, and the Izmailovo hotel complex did not escape the problems of that time: centralized management of the hotel complex and budget financing ceased. It should be noted that the management of Izmailovo hotels has taken not the worst decision - the company was incorious and exposed to a privatization pledge auction, and not completely, but by corps. Such a move allowed potential buyers it is more profitable to privatize hotel buildings in parts. Thus, Izmailovo in the structure of the hotel business in the 90s began to be positioned as 5 independent hotel enterprises. This separation in commercial and economic activity exists now, but Muscovites still perceive the "ABVGDEK" who loved them as a single hotel complex.

Currently, all buildings of the hotel and tourist complex "Izmailovo" international Certification Correspond to a three-star service level.

Two stars - Hotel "Slavyanka"

Hotel "Slavyanka" is also a hotel "with history". This year she turned 77 years old, most which she was known as the Central House Hotel of the Soviet Army (CDSA), becoming "Slavic" only in 1995.

It was built on the site of the demolished Church of John the Warrior on the Female. The place itself was associated with the army.

Many famous military leaders, in particular, A. I. Pryshkin, I. N. Kozhenub stayed at the Slavyanka Hotel at different times. During the Great Patriotic War, there were the most distinguished front-line women, who came to the capital for receiving government awards, which had rehabilitated after treatment in hospitals. At this time, in the history of the hotel there were moments when clamshells stood even in the corridors. Future generals and marshals of our army were quite a lot of nights. The French pilots "Normandy-Neman" lived here.

Combat comrades could find lost fellow soldiers. Often there were meetings of the heroes of defense of the Brest Fortress. Many testimonies of random meetings of veterans who thought they would no longer see.

The current leadership of "Slavyanka" would like to have a corner of the hotel history, but not yet find many important documents. For over 60 years, the hotel was a structural division of the Central House of the Soviet Army, but in the documents about it - not a word. Only orders for personnel are preserved.

Muscovites and guests of the capital, who passes by a gray seven-story building, at the entrance to which the sculptures of the pilot and tanker are in the form of the 30s of the last century, believe that inside the Military Hotel Non-Military has changed since its opening.

The leadership of the "Slavyanki" even addressed the film crews of the historical film with a request to shoot in old interiors. What was the surprise of the director when it turned out that from the hotel-hostel, which she was for many years, from the old pre-war and post-war situation now actually nothing left. Is that only the sculptures at the entrance that became the bright attraction "Slavyanka" and near which they love to be photographed as domestic guests and foreigners.

And today in Slavyanka, we are glad to every guest, but a special attitude here, of course, to military personnel and members of their families. For visitors - 305 comfortable rooms of various categories. Hotel Slavs is a convenient location: in the city center, close to the Theater of the Russian Army and the Olympic Sport Complex. At the same time, accommodation prices are available to many.

Congress Hotel - Iris Congress Hotel

For the name of Svyatoslav Fedorov, for many decades, the concept of progress in medicine has been connected. In the sixties, he began to solve the problem of the problem most complicated in the medical and social aspects - the replacement of a magnificent lens artificial. And at the end of the seventies, the world was offered another innovative technology - the deliverance of patients from myopia with cuts ("notches") on the cornea.

After multifaceted experimental studies, Svyatoslav Nikolayevich conducted the first in the USSR successful implantation of an intraocular lenses, thereby opening the new direction in science. The following decades have proven the prospects of the scientific direction chosen by him. Only in Russia S.N. Fedorov and his students were held about 1.5 million such operations.

However, few people know that Svyatoslav Fedorov was involved in the opening of the first world-class network hotel in the USSR.

In 1989, he decided to build a microsurgery of the eye with MNTK chic hotel For rich foreigners who came to Moscow in order to make an experience in their eyes. French company Bouygues was invited to design and build a hotel.

The IRIS project was the first for the company in Russia. In the future, Bouygues had many successful projects in the Russian Federation - construction shopping centers "Atrium" and "Mega White Dacha", as well as the reconstruction of the main building of Moscow State University in Moscow, the buildings of the hotel Hyatt in Yekaterinburg and others.

Fedorov assumed that foreign citizens would be more willing to come to the USSR, if they are offered all the conditions for living at the highest level.

The hotel's architecture was unique to Russia. The exterior lining of the hotel many have been associated with coastal hotels in world resorts.

In addition, for the first time at the hotel, a huge atrium was implemented, with a dome, in shape resembling an eye iris. And the hotel itself had the shape of the human eye.

ACCOR's French network was attracted to the management of the hotel. It was one of the first foreign operators on the emerging Russian market. The French managed the hotel under the Luxury-brand Pullman IRIS 5 * which in early 1991 opened its doors for the first guests.

Some name of the object was associated with the Latin word "Iris", which means a rainbow shell of the eye, others deciphered as the capital letters of the names of the wife Fedorov - Irena and his most - glory.

In 1993, the management company replaced the brand of hotels to a more democratic - Sofitel IRIS 5 *.

Many citizens at the time of deficit came to IRIS to familiarize themselves with French cuisine, as the champs-elysees restaurant operated on the first floor, in which it was possible to enjoy oysters and "Beaujola".

However, after the collapse of the USSR and the success of Japanese physicians in the field of ophthalmology, Fedorov's plans collapsed as a card house. IRIS did not see the influx of rich guests with weak vision. And in 1998, the ACCOR network came out of the project, and the hotel, the construction of which was conducted on credit funds, after the tragic death of Fedorov left the hammer.

However, with the development of the hotel business in Russia, it became clear that the hotel, the location of which is far from the center of the city (Korovinskoye Highway, house 10), can not be referred to as "five-star". The hotel changes the owners who convert the management system, seeking to find Iris niche on the market. The hotel is renamed Iris Congress Hotel.

Emphasis at the conference and events became salvation for the hotel's economy. Positioning in such angle made it possible to double the revenue of the object. The new owner of Amtel Properties appeared in the mid-2000s, strengthens the emphasis on the provision of Congress Services.

And the fact that the registry office works next to the hotel is "Iris Congress Hotel" orders for wedding celebrations and other holidays. Since in the ratio of quality and services provided with "Iris" few of the capital's hotels can compete.

An interesting fact is that in one of the halls of the Fedor's hotel, conceived, to build an operating room. And by legend managed to spend several successful operations in it.

For all 20 years, well-known people became the guests: prominent politicians, scientists, musical groups, the stars of domestic and foreign pop, famous coaches and athletes - participants of the Formula 1 race, famous football, basketball and hockey teams.

And now the hotel retains its individuality and history. So, unique architecture And the interiors attract attention not only guests, but also film figures - feature films and series are regularly removed in the hotel walls.

Hotel Fund Hotel 201 Room, including 20 double rooms "Suite" and one presidential. The Iris also includes: a fitness center, 12 conference rooms and meeting rooms, a multifunctional transforming room with a scene, a business center, parking and several splashes for barbecue.

Anastasia Kremenchuk