Alexandrian Lighthouse Alexandrian Lighthouse - another of the seven wonders of the world of the ancient world - began its history in 283 BC. e. It was built specifically in order to illumine the road ships sailing to Alexandria, founded by Alexander Macedonian in

(Russia, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 14-20)

The front part of the manor (the main house with filties) is occupied by the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation. Free access is closed

Since I was not engaged in a close study of the history of the estate forever, it will be fair to apply to the materials of art historians I.K. Bakhtina and E.N. Chernyavskaya. In his wonderful book, "Country Manors of Moscow", they wrote: "The estate developed in the 1820-40s as palace ownership on the basis of earlier architectural and park complexes. The name of the hopeless her gave her the southern estate created in Ser. XVIII century For Prince N.Yu. Trubetsky. Next to gray. XVIII-beginning. XIX centuries. There was a manor of the princes of Golitsyn. The northernmost manor in the con. XVIII-beginning. XIX centuries. belonged to gr. Orlov and consisted of several sites. The main place here was occupied by the manor created in Ser. XVIII century P. A. Demidov. In 1796-1808 with A.G. Orlov-Chesmensky was rebuilt the house of Demidov, a set of business buildings was created, a landscaped park, in which pavilions, bridges and grotto appeared. It was this estate that became the basis for the creation of a summer Alexandrinsky Palace, intended for the wife of Emperor Nikolai I Alexandra Fedorovna.

According to the project of architect E.D. Tyurina was made to restructure the buildings, the main entrance to the estate was decorated and a gaptweath was built. Works in the park led the gardener Pelzel.
When there was no royal family in the palace, the misfortune opened for festivities. In 1928, he became part of CPKIO. In the palace in the 1920s there was a museum of furniture. From 1934 there is the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences. In the 1940s, a strip of an obscure garden along the Leninsky Prospekt was built up by residential buildings.
The territory of a palace manor stretched along Moscow-river is partly divided into four historically established plots. A park array crossed with a pond with a pond and a stone gazebo (hunting lodge) remained from the Trubetsk southern manor.

1.
2.
3. The manor is obscure. Bath
4.
5.
6. The manor is obscure. Gate of the Alexandria Palace (I.P. Vitaly). 1846
7-8.
9. Manor Nonchard Summer House
10.
11. Manor Non-piece Alexandria Palace (Postcard)

The territory of Golitsynsky estate is determined by a clear layout of the regular park. XVIII century With the multi-row main angel aimed at the Novodevichy Monastery. Two areas of the former estate estate are associated with bridges through the ravine. The southern plot is engaged in a shopping courtyard and a landscape park with pavilions, there is a front palace on the other; It is descended to the river, the terraces of the park are descended, on which in gray. XVIII century The famous Botanical Garden Prophyya Demidov, and now - Green Pkio Theater.

Alexandrinsky Palace - the work of the architecture of developed classicism - has the basis of the chamber. XVIII century, and in the decor - some details of the 1830s in the halls preserved a magnificent finish and partially palace furniture. Flegels and economic buildings have two construction periods (the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. And the 1830s) and in general correspond to the classic forms of the palace. In the most significant of economic structures, Manege, there is a mineralogical museum. The monumental gaptwathet and pylons of the entrance gate with the sculptures of "abundance" are made in the form of an amp. The cast iron fountain of the same time in front of the palace (sculptor I.P. Vitaly) was postponed here in the 1930s with Lubyanskaya Square. Remarkable on the grace of classic forms of brewed and summer houses in the park. "

From myself I note that the Bathhouse more than once became an object of anxiety for professionals and lovers of antiquity, his fate sad. The pavilion is disfigured by rework, painted in a terrible color, and might be the decoration of the park, his beautiful detail. Summer house (10.2012) is on the restoration.
With the current metropolitan authorities, the park produces a pleasant impression, large-scale improvement work is carried out here. The only inconvenience (personally for me) is crowded. Great place to stay and hiking.

Near the Garden is the Oktyabrskaya Metro Station Ring and Kaluga-Riga lines and the Leninsky Prospect Metro Station of the Kaluga-Riga line. Pushkinsky (Andreevsky) was transformed into the garden through the Moscow-River pedestrian bridge. By him, you can walk to the subway station "Frunzenskaya" Sokolnicheskaya line in 10 minutes. The garden is also a marina for motorboats that run on the Moscow River. The main entrance and entrances to the main alleys of the unbalanced garden leading to the Pushkin Embankment of the Moscow River, the Alexandria Palace, etc., are located in the Leninsky Prospekt area, d. 16, 18, 20. (from Wikipedia)

Literature:
IK Bakhtina and E.N. Chernyavskaya "Country Manors of Moscow" M., 2002, p. 52-55

Manor plan Nestechny in Moscow

1. Alexandrinsky Palace
2. Cavalier corps
3. Freinty corps
4. Kitchen Flegene
5. Guardhouse
6. Manezh
7. Stable
8. Caucasian courtyard
9. Greenhouse
10. Summer house
11. Bathroom house
12. Hunting house
13. Place of main house Manor Trubetsky
14. Place of the main house of golitsy manor
15. Gate of the main entrance

Yu.I. Shamurin Manor Neskuchny ("Moscow Region" M., 1912-1914 Tov. "Education")

At the beginning of the XIX century, there was no more popular place in Moscow than the misfortune. Here lived Count A. G. Orlov-Chesmersky; His techniques, in the summer - illumination and theatrical performances, his run and carousel, fist fights and pigeons, his inconspicuous wealth and glory of the past feats were tirelessly occupied by Moscow, from noble boyars and to street crowd ...
Even among the gigantic figures of "Catherine Orlov", Eagles-Chesmensky stands out to the amazing power and solidity of nature.
There were five giant brothers, faithful companions of Catherine II. Alexey Orlov was born in 1737; In 1749 he acted as a soldier to the Preobrazhensky regiment. A coup on June 28, 1762, which brought Ekaterina Trone, elevated eagles. Soon Alexey Orlov was produced in second majors, then received the Order of Alexander Nevsky. He was asked to observe Peter III and was the culprit of his death. According to his own explanation, his bash, playing in the leaf and quit ...

While the influence of the favorite is the influence of the favorite - Gregory Orlova, Alexey continues to receive all new gravity: in 1766, he receives in full possession of the villages of the village - the island and conversations and the annual "secret pension" in 25,000 rubles.
In 1767, Orlov go abroad with a secret order to familiarize themselves on the spot with the position of the Greeks and Slavs under the Turkish ig. On travel expenses and treatment after the suffered disease he was granted 200,000 rubles.
Then the Orlov commanded the Russian fleet in the archipelago and for the victory over the Turkish fleet in the Chios Strait received Chesmen's title. M. M. Heraskov fought the feats of Orlov in the long poem "Chesmensky fight":

Everywhere noise and moan, and Pont and the sky is trumping,
And death from ships to others, like a whirlwind, seeks.
Wherever contact you will see hell everywhere;
Disgusting lightning brilliance, there is no salvation anywhere,
The air thickened the whole, the land away trembles,
And in black whirlwind death, rotating braid, shook ...

After the victory of Orlov returned to St. Petersburg. In1774, he goes back to the archipelago. In Livorno, he treaches the mysterious princess to Tarakanov. But the star of Eagles is already rolled out; Potemkin enters into force, and, returning to Petersburg at the end of 1775, the Chesme Hero resigns.
Having finished with the service, the eagles are removed to Moscow and settles in the Kaluga oblast in Neskuchny. Offended opal, he lives in Moscow quietly, without taking this popularity that surrounded his name later. In 1782, Chesmensky marries A. N. Lopukhina. In 1785, he will have a daughter of Anna, the future heiress of his whole state. Being in Moscow in 1787, Ekaterina II visited Orlov in Neskuchny. He was invited to return to the service - he did not want.

Miss Wilimot, who visited Moscow in 1805-1806, writes that A. G. Orlov "His wealth exceeds all the Vladyk of the educated world and dries among the purely Asian luxury."
Most of all, this luxury manifested itself in the device of balls, masquerads and dinners, fireworks and festivities in Neskuchny.
"Loving truly all indigenous Russian, he pleased to leave the magnificence of the courtyard and moved to the neighborhood of the ancient sons of the Fatherland. The other most famous brothers, and a number of houses amounted to them in Moscow new street, representing a rare combination of taste, wealth and mind ... "The ability to love" all Russian "allocated Chesmensky from other Moscow facilities. At the top of the power and wealth, he managed to stay with what was born. He was not prevented as most of the Russian Bar of the XVIII century, fashion for Weschianism, on the scope of "English Camoles and the Parisian dialect." Orlova did not deliver culture, he remained a little wild man of Russia of the XVIII century with remote fun, with strong skills. "Breath, so to speak, Russian, Count Alexey Grigorievich loved all the domestic rites, morals and greasiness to the old age. Fighters, fighters, silica, spanks, dancers, horses and rises on horses, in a word, everything that only meant the courage, strength, hardness, dignity and art of Russian, glazed in his house in abundance. "

About the fun who arranged Orlov on the Kaluga field against their home, mention everyone who described the Moscow life of the beginning of the XIX century.
"After the jump in front of the arbor c. Orlova sang and danced Gypsies, of which one elderly, unusual thickness, danced in a white cafetan with golden pose and was noticeably different from others. ... This fat man seemed to me extremely skillful, even eloquent in his television. He seemed to not dance ... and meanwhile it was perfect: deftly, alone and noble. After the Gypsy dance, a fist fight was tied up ... The rivals were pre-embracing and was kissed three times. The winner was published by the restaurant serving from a singing restaurant, Gerasim, Yaroslavl, a peasant of 50 years ...
At the end of all these tries, the count of sat with her daughter into a spanned one-bar, harvested four bumps in a row, deftly picked up the entrance and, gicing the horses, got into full support in a rink circle and, having gotten him twice, turned it sharply on the road to the house and disappeared as a hurricane. "

It was in 1805, three years before the death of Orlov, when he was 70 years old!
Chesmensky traveled to Folk Gulyanya, drove in the Parade Mundire, fought by orders. "The static horse was in the Asian collection; Moreover, the saddle, the bridle and cheprak were swept on gold and precious stones. A little bit away from the count rushed his daughter and a few ladies on excellent horses accompanied by noble cavaliers. They followed the Beretors and Konya of the Count, among at least 40 people, of which many had about the factory horse in luxuriously embroidered abdomen ... Then a number of rich graphic crews stretched ... "
According to the memoirs of the Professor of Moscow University of P. I. Insurance, the contemporary of Orlova: "And so the rumor is in the lips on the lips:" Rides, rides, it will get to go! " All heads turn aside to the house of Alexey Grigorievich; A lot of curious spectators of all the title and sometimes throw the caps with the head with the heads ... "
Orlov first discharged Gypsy from Moldova to Moscow and marked the beginning of the Lovers of Gypsy singing.

In Manezh, the carousels were often satisfied with his house, gathering the highest society of Moscow. Among the languages \u200b\u200bof Moscow, the fame of Orlova was supported by their fist, goose and cocks. There was no, it seems, not a single milk fun, whom he would not give Dani Count Orlov.
Surrounded by a general worship, Orlov was sometimes rude, but the rudeness did not insult anyone and was transmitted as Curise. Many contemporaries tell how the count was removed. "In disassembled once a week, a crowded society was collected. They sang, danced, but at 11 o'clock the pipe rogue, the count risen from his place and said "heraus!" (that is, "Won!") And the travel began. "
Under the infinite deletion and latitude of Nature, Orlov Chesmensky hid great caution and calculation. "I did a lot of good and clearly, and secretly ... His kindness was not so much the result of the good of the nature of the heart, how much is the calculation of a strong mind. He was not able to hobby, was hidden and unworked, sometimes coldly treated people and had soon condensed with them ... "
His hospitality, his fun fun was a means to support the popularity of their name created by combat empires, stand in a number of the first persons of Moscow. It was quite possible an eagle: no such enthusiastic and numerous reviews of the beginning of the century are not

One of its panelists, N. Strakhov, writes: "In a word, gr. Alexey Grigorievich was not only the most famous and the most familiar Russian boyar, but also a soul, connecting the Russian nobles, the heart of crowded greasides, morals and customs, the hope of the unfortunate, the purse's purse, the staff of the chrome, the eye of a blinded, who is a wounded warrior and the doctor of the sick nobleman. "
We seeing all his life, all the crimes committed by this iron man might be sanging for something in his entire life. It seems that there was no wonder so strange the fate of his daughter, all his life to divert someone's sins, no wonder the dust of the Oryol himself did not find so long: he was buried in his estate island, but in 1831 the daughter transported his dust to Novgorod Soviet Monastery , and only in 1896 on a toolside faucet, a hardened Tsugom in 6 horses, transported back to the generic tomb in the island! ..
Heiress A. G. Orlova was his daughter Anna, born in 1785. Contemporaries say she was beautiful and inherited from the father a powerful nature and athletic addition. Life was smiling: eight years old she was made Freilina, to her services were the best grooms of Moscow; Father left her a tremendous state. Since childhood, a manty, she went on a different way. After the death of his father, she went on a mantoly in Kiev, then in Rostov. Here she obeyed the influence of the "Coffin Hieromonach" amphiloche. By the death of his confessor, the monk of Alexander Nevsky Lavra Fotius, a stern ascetic, who made a career with the help of the Orlova Countess ...

When he became the monastery of the Novgorod people of the monastery, the Council of Orlova bought himself a manor at the monastery and settled in it. She luxuriously decorated the monastery, took him huge amounts and spent all his days in prayers, in the "pussy" posts ...
Until now, she remains the same mysterious as her father. Contemporaries talked about her love for a cunning monk-Asketa Fotya, and many epigram pursued her; If you believe it, then something deeper looks like this love: some thirst for repentance, praying for someone's sins, some kind of fire of religious fanaticism. The whole sinful and magnificent life of her father fell precisely on her shoulders. She did not know peace; Her life was not a chandelness, ordinary in the noble circles of that time: she left the light, gave all his state to churches and monasteries.
In one of the churches of the Novgorod Yuryev of the monastery, there are two simple tombs: on one of them the inscription: "Archimandrite Fotius", on the other - "Countess A. A. Orlova-Chesmenkaya". And this church is built in the name of the martyrs of Foto and Anna ...

Settling in Moscow, Orlov arranged a luxurious estate in the Kaluga oblast, named by them "non-worn." This name still keeps the non-piece garden under the Alexandria Palace, which turned into a treasury from the heirs of Orlov. The location of non-pie is very beautiful: it is located on the high shore of the Moscow River. The magnificent park is drawn in the mountains, on the rocks of deep ravines, forming thousands of picturesque corners.
Orlov built in a non-pie home, rebuilt now under the palace, a number of pavilions, arbors and bridges in the park. For his festivities, he built the "air", that is, an open, theater, where patriotic allegories were given against the background of natural scenery. In accordance with all the nature of Orlov, these were noisy militant performances, glorifying Peter I, Catherine the Great, of its glorious associates and among them, of course, the Orlov-Chesmensky himself ...
By creating your luxurious Moscow region, the eagles all the time remembered his victories and state merit, and each pavilion, each structure was put in commemoration of any event of his life. The time took these memories, and only beautiful arbors and bridges remained for us!
In addition to garden buildings, Orlov surrounded its estate by extensive services, stables, built a playpen and a greenhouse. Carousel was arranged in the Manege, that is, costumed horse-drawn processes, one of the favorite entertainment of the Moscow nobility of the beginning of the XIX century.

All mentioning about non-obscure notes the luxury of tin's life, describe the wonderful "English garden", arranged in the graph of envelope, but are silent about the artistic guise of the estate; And it is hardly noisy, the time-purpose orlov appreciated the art, possessed sufficient culture to obey artists.
An Englishman Koks, who visited Moscow in the last decade of the 18th century, describes the obscure: "The house is on the edge of the city, on an exalted place; From him very good view to Moscow and the surroundings. There are many separate buildings around it. Premises of employees, stables, Berette school and other buildings are built of cobblestone; The foundation and lower floor of the Count Choir also from the cobblestone, the top is wooden and painted in green paint. "
This is an extraordinary green dwelling of Orlov with its inappropriate modesty caused the empener of Ekaterina, who visited Count Orlov in 1787 in Neskuchny.
At the beginning of the XIX century, two Barsroom houses are mentioned in Neskuchny: the old one in which the Eagle Count usually lived, as if he had departed under the city hospital, and the new rebuilt under the Alexandria Palace.

"Air" theater - covered gallery by half-sided; The scene was adapted so that the scenery was replaced by trees and bushes. "
This amphitheater existed in the 1830s, when the Directorate of Imperial Theaters arranged presentations there twice a week. In 1830, "on the highest command was dealt with" Architect Mironovsky "Distributing the Moscow Theater Directorate ... Buildings in a non-pie garden for the Arrival of the Summer Theater."
Each autumn with the end of performances theater surrendered back to the palace department. According to inventory 1830: "Summer Wooden Theater, uncovered, 35-length-length, width in the front end - by 19, in the back - on 21 sages, it is covered with a narrow tone, painted with white and wild paints." Finally, in 1835, the Summer Theater was sold on the layer "so that the place is quite purified."
The unaccomfortable garden with Orlov's column was littered with arbors, grotescas, bridges, artificial cliffs, temples, etc. Part of the buildings was lined with birch bark. With the transition of an uncommon to the palace department all these garden ventures began to collapse. In 1827, broken "Out of two arbors wooden with columns" *. In 1835, a broken gazebo on the Chinese bridge and the Egyptian gazebo.
After the death of A. G. Orlov in 1807, the disheveled, abandoned by his heiress, stood and empty. In 1812 it was not injured, but in the 1820s already lost the former greatness. Noble Moscow postponed his sympathies for the Petrovsky Park, and the former favorite place of walks, non-worn, in the late 1920s began to use a bad reputation in the noble circles and served for walking "merchant sons in long fur tails and chalets and Zamoskvoretsky Frances in Hungarian"; Here we walked "not very deft, but it's extremely unleashed young lady in the Cunavinskie Shalya, thrown on one shoulder ... Around the tavern smelled of the punch, the shrimp of kalen nuts, laughter, loud talk, of course in Russian, but with an admixture of French words Nizhny Novgorod adverch ... "

Gypsy ties stopped here. Nicholas I soon at the entry into the throne began to arrange for his wife Alexandra Feodorovna summer accommodation in Moscow. The basis was based on A. A. Orlova-Chesmenskaya for 800,000 rubles uncommon. A number of neighboring possessions were attached to him, and thus the huge area occupied by the Alexandria Palace and an unknown garden.
In 1828, the ownership of Prince Lion Alexandrovich Shakhovsky was bought. In 1842, a plot of land "Between the uncomfortable and Alexandrian gardens"From Prince Golitsyn.
With the acquisition of unfinished in the treasury, extensive restructuring, led by architects Mironovsky and Turin, began.
You can not call these restructuring distortions: they did not violate the style of the manor, but they gave it too strict, the official appearance. The palace and the surrounding area were especially injured: the fall of the artistic taste was strongly affected, which marked the era of Nikolai I. Idyllic manor, "Musuals and Gragi" shelter, although this name is hardly applicable to the noisy dwelling of Orlov-Chesmersky, The greatness of the court etiquette expelled all the dreamy and poetic.
Near the Palace built a guardhouse, the chains on the pillars, celebrating the courtyard and paths stretched everywhere. And the contrast of the palace and manor is especially felt, if you go from the courtyard to the palace to the far part of the park, which preserved a manor character! ..

The current Alexandria Palace appeared as a result of the rearrangements of the Orlovsky House. In the forms of the palace, the fall of taste was noticeably affected, noting the Nikolaev era. Its steam columns that support is not a fronton, not an attic, but cool cut-out arches are rather unusual.
Semicircular balconies with cast-iron pillars, dry straight lines of the eaves, breakdown of windows outside of all kinds of artistic settlements - all this serious inheritance is lacking in the 1830s.
Mironovsky and Tyurin worked on the restructuring of the palace. The first is known as the builder of the Synodal printing house on Nikolskaya Street and the Nikolskaya Tower, resumed to them "in the Gothic Tseus" after 1812. The Mironovsky first of the Moscow architects of the beginning of the XIX century left the classicism and began to work in the spirit of Gothic, thinking that he was returning to the forms of Old Russian architecture!
Mironovsky was not a major artist, and the unsuccessful construction of the Alexandrian Palace adds nothing and does not deliver from His Fame.

In another absolutely position is E. TURIN. The talented follower D. Gilardi, he still knows such excellent work as the university church. Tyurin was the last architect classic of Moscow; The Nikolaev decay of taste did not touch him, leaving his work at the high level of aesthetic culture, to which Bazhenov, Cossacks, Beauza, Gilardi taught us. In the same non-piecing there are several excellent works of Tyurin, fully supporting his reputation created by the university church. The more annoying becomes a failure with the Alexandria Palace.
In it, however, TURIN is more responsible than Mironovsky. So, in 1836, according to his drawing, it is arranged in the second floor, at the top of the semi-curvous (side) portals of the Alexandrian Palace, two cast iron portals *. There is no doubt that with the restructuring of the Alexandrian Palace, Tyurina's creativity strongly blended the need to be limited to small crafts, to adapt a relatively modest house of Orlov to the needs of the court life.

In general, non-piece, refined mainly by Turin, is the largest and best creation of Nikolaev architecture in Moscow. Entrance gates from Kaluga Street, Gaptwaht at the palace, gazebos in the garden, finally, huge office buildings and stables - all this, refined in the 1830s, is the last embodiment of Moscow classicism.
The entrance to the palace from Kaluga Street has been set by a massive gate. They are decorated with two sculptural groups, works Vitaly. Both of the group's decorative terms are the character of the allegory. They symbolize abundance; This is indicated by the horns of fortune. It is quite difficult to understand their allegorical significance. The fact is that the sculptors of the beginning of the XIX century considered each decorative figure to enable allegorical meaning.

At the gate of the Alexandria Palace - both the sacred fire on the altar, and Ceres, or a statue of fertility with a sickle, and a swollen figure with a brush of grapes, but all this has nothing to do with a beautiful decorative composition. Allegorism is a template from which the sculptors of the beginning of the XIX century did not want to get rid. Ipresented the human figure simply - it will be beautiful; But to handle glory or beauty in it, or love for Fatherland is already wise, meaningful, and after all, the people of that time were big fans of wisdom! ..
I. P. Vitaly (1794-1855) worked in Moscow from 1818 and to 1841. Most of its works are decorative; These are bas-reliefs on house facades, gravestone monuments, groups on the gate.
The gate with sculptural groups, very close to the gate of the Alexandria Palace, was performed by Vitaly in the 1820s for entering the educational house. There, he portrayed allegorical figures and loan, the latter because Lombard was located in an educational house. At the gate of the Alexandria Palace, he apparently wanted to give an abundance, royal luxury, maybe generosity. Be that as it may, the allegorical meaning from outside is imposed by beautiful decorative figures.

Vitaly worked very unevenly, sometimes dropping to the level of gravity, sometimes reaching the best masters of his time. Nevertheless, his work is very easy to find out: in contrast to other masters of the era of classicism, he loves small and complex details; Clarity and majestic simplicity of the composition is persistently not given. However, his decorative work is distinguished by a rhythmic, well-distributed composition, a beautiful silhouette. All these properties are in groups of entry of the Alexandria Palace, a rather typical work of Vitaly ...
They refer to the 1840s. In 1846, "made figures from burned clay, cast-iron peaks and bars in a lattice fence at the front entrance ...".

Behind these charming gates is visible at the end of the lime alley of the palace. Before its facade is an extensive round courtyard, furnished with sad cast-iron couches, connected by chains, are precisely hanging endless shackles around the yard!
The right of the palace is a small guattweakhta. All forms of its cargo and harsh. Such is the spirit of the best, most expressive, architectural works of the era of Nikolai I. This is the style of the era, a superbly pronounced architecture.
If Alexandrovskaya architecture, shefied with tenderness and harmonious beauty, was created for cozy idyllic housing, then the architects of Nicholas I seem to have ever thought about the barracks, gaptwens and in their work they reflected that fanaticism of the external order and despotism, which created military settlements and other phenomena of that The same variety!

Massive, heavy columns, steadyly supporting a huge attachment, almost equal to the height of columns, superbly express those demands of state power, official cold, which were presented to the builders of the Nikolaev reign. It is absolutely impossible to imagine a cozy house in the park in these forms, a dreamy gazebo at the pond! All decorative processing of the Gaupvakta of the Alexandria Palace is saturated with the same spirit of the impassive, official greatness, excluding everything elegant and lyrical. The lines are solid, as if all forms are poured from the non-danguable metal. Walls are deprived of jewelry; The windows are outlined by harsh geometric semicircles. On them on the smooth field of Attica rarely disassembled round wreaths - harsh front decorations, necessary, like jewelry on the military dress. Finally, at the top - the state eagle, and in the corners - a rarely applied decorative emblem - classical helmets.
This gaptwaht is one of the most advanced expressions of the spirit of Nikolaev construction. The self-appointment of the building successfully emphasizes that this last era of Russian classicism served the construction of the barracks, government agencies, the Gauptvakht and the temples erected from the official considerations due to the need for religion in the Christian state.

Dead despotism, the personification of power to which the Nikolaev architecture served, of course, can not captivate and worry, but such masterpieces of a kind, like the Gaupwahta of the Alexandria Palace, are charming with their historical indication: for understanding the epoch, they give more than many literary sources! .. ..
Despite its harsh appointment, the Gaupvakta is full of sophisticated architectural beauty. The stubbornness and originality of the scenery are round wreaths on the Attika, the state coat of arms and classic helmets in the corners - they talk about Gilli's school, the most calculated from the Moscow masters. But it is even easier for her, even severe than Gilli. Apparently, the Gaupwaht designed and built TURIN, although her elegance differences it somewhat from other works of Tyurina in Neskuchny.

To the left of the palace on the huge distance stretch the buildings of services, a whole stone city. There is a playpen, stables, greenhouses, who are still eagle.
They deserve attention to the stables. They are interesting not only colossal dimensions. The housing is stable along with a playpen surround a special courtyard. Main building They, with a dome in the middle and two side fatigues, are interesting in architecturally. The builder understood them with that sensitivity, which distinguishes the masters of the era of classicism, that there are no ordinary forms of Barsky houses and urban palaces for a stable: there is something less elegant, impressioning by its majestic simplicity.
It would seem that a stubborn adherence to the classical canon narrows the possibilities of the builder, deprives his work of flexibility; But we see, however, that the resources of the classics are infinite, which is where it is inappropriate, they create monumental forms and thus cope with the most prosaic and utilitarian tasks, not coming to their art. Stables of obscure beautiful with the proportions of their rushed walls, alien to any ornaments, the magnitude of the entire extensive composition.

When moving uncomfortable in the treasury there were services and stables of Orlov. Starting from 1834, Architect Tyurin rebuilds them and for several years leads to the present appearance. In 1834, part of the Oryol Services was adapted for the premises of the Kavalerius squadron and moved to the stable department. These restructuring have stretched several years; In 1838, Tyurin is still working on a "stable courtyard".
Stables and services of the Alexandria Palace are its largest work. They convince more than all of his other work that it was an artist who had preserved the high architectural culture of his predecessors. Building stables, he managed to stay by the artist. He thoughtfully reacted to a difficult task and found discreet and majestic forms, ideally corresponding to long lifeless buildings. There are many beautiful pieces of architecture. In addition to the central corps mentioned above, with a dome and massive rushed walls, you need to point out long structures, which focuses the road to an obstacious garden. The prospect of walls with half-colonewas and niches is leaving the distance from both sides - one of the best creations of Moscow classicism. The share of Moscow artists who accustomed to build cozy mansions and estates, rarely dropped out the tasks of such a tremendous scale!

Optical Park is the best near Moscow. It occupies a huge space on the steep bank of the Moscow River, and its location on the uneven, the pin-down surface gives rich decorative capabilities. Park is closed to the public, deserted; This is its special charm; He is inhabited by one memories, among the shadows of the past. From the end of the XVIII century, the uncomfortable played a prominent role in Moscow life: the festivities of Orlov, theatrical performances, then - favorite place Muscovites walking, shelter Roma and merry Muscovites and, finally, a historical place, surrounded by attention and care ...
The fleets of the park are thrown through ravines, envelm hills, open picturesque views of the Moscow River, to the palace, brightening among the greenery pavilions. Non-piece Park is the "English garden" in Moscow in the last years of the XVIII century: the charm of untouched wildlife is artificial; Deliberate breakthrough recesses look like natural ravines, bulk hills take the form of natural elevations; Ponds resemble natural reservoirs, and among this intactness of nature, the beauty of architectural decorations is especially captivating.
Part of the park, adjacent to the Alexandria Palace, arranged "to English manner" Gardener Pelzel in 1834. Over artificial adoptions in the Neskuchny Garden, the grotesk bridges are thrown with cast-iron grilles. They were built in 1834 the same E. Tyurin.

In the park from numerous jewelry, sometime former in it in Orlov, very little has been preserved. His tracks under the hanging maples, under the old lips we are going as snakes, then falling into the ravines, then the rich hills and choosing on the bright space, from where a gray Moscow-river is visible, clay fields behind it and a city that disappears in a gray Mol. Through the network of branches, the city is shifting as the edge of another, coarse world. Deserted, covered with sand, walkway through the corridors from maple branches, and only occasionally, unexpectedly take ahead of the column, will seem yellow with a white classic pavilion ...
On a high hill over a Moscow-river there is a small "summer house", one of those charming architectural toys, which were decorated with the parks of old estates. "Summer House" is great in architecture. Very good cozy balconies for columns stretching around both facades. Before the house there are two cast iron vases for flowers.
The bright walls of this small joyful housing are irresistible with amazing clarity, ease, clean proportions! Exactly not from stone, and white columns rose from a thounerable air, superbly measured windows ...

"Summer House" hardly built TURIN. His forms talk about an earlier artist; It is very likely that the house was built at the previous owners, at the very beginning of the XIX century.
At the descent from this hill, at an artificial reservoir, touching the steps of the stairs to the water itself, there is a small gazebo with a semicircular colonnade and a high dome. This is "Bath"; The pond, located in front of it, is the name "Elizabetan". Her walls have profasted hanging maples. White columns are beautifully reflected in the overgrown pond, and the green rocks of the ravine go round, forming a picturesque corner, the poetic motif of the noble old ...
About the "bath" in the non-bundled garden mention the estate still in possession of A. G. Orlov. However, the forms of existing now "baths" are very close to the creatures of the Tyurina. There are also documentary instructions that TURIN in 1834 "To the stone gazebo in the Neskuchny Garden" made a terrace with gatherings, lattices, benches, etc. This is the same exemplary product of classical architecture, like the "summer house", but much more original. Masterfully described the central semicircular colonnade with a high dome. For the building placed in the ravine, at the foot of green skates, it is just such an elongation, such a height, freeing a small building from attachment ...
"Summer house" and "bath", drowning in greenery, are beautiful idyllic pearls of non-pie. There are no sounds of the city. As the fortress walls separated them from the rest of the world trees.
In the desert park, as in the sleeping kingdom, fruitful, like a musical melody, images of the past, images of eternal beauty, for which there is no past, no future!

A. Alekseev Summer house in the estate hopeless

Date of construction: 1796
Architect: E. D. Tyurin
Restoration date: 1978 - 1979, 2012 - 2013.
The author of the Restoration Project: N. I. Danilenko (RBO TSTRK "Preobrazhenskoe")

The first estate on the territory of the future non-pie garden was established in 1756 by P. A. Demidov, the heir to six cast-in-smelting factories, a well-known benefactor.
For the park in the form of an amphitheater for two years, the bank of the Moscow River was aligned. It was planted about 2000 rare plants.
The next owner of the Demidov estate was the princess E. N. Vyazemskaya, whose father and her husband were prosecutor general. In 1793, the Count F. G. Orlov, General-Annef, the brother of Favorite Catherine II, became the new owner. With it, the main house, playpen and stables were rebuilt, and the garden was decorated with numerous buildings - arbors, grots, baths, sculptures. Some of them have been preserved to this day, including the summer house. The memorable board on the building reports that it appeared in the XVIII century. In the reference book you can find two dates of construction - 1796th and 1804 - 1806 (currently the second option is considered more likely).

The building in the style of classicism is built on the brow of the coastal slope. Both the main, and the park facades are decorated with four-column portico Corinthian orders, crowned with triangular frontones with semicircular windows. Through the entire second floor there are balconies with an openwork iron grille, its drawing repeats the fencing of the first floor of the park facade. Initially, there were neither attacks or balconies. It was one-story, with mezzanine. The central part was doubled, without overlapping. The valuable element of the design of the facade from the garden side is unique "Demidov" cast iron vases for flowers.

In the house, the count took guests, the oven was treated in winter (the remains of which were preserved in the basement of the building). From the house it was possible to observe the racing of Orlovsky Rysakov on the ice of the Moscow River. After the death of the count, the estate was inherited by his niece Anna.
In 1812, General A.-zh.-B is located in the estate Lo de Loriston, the former Ambassador of France at the courtyard of Emperor Alexander I, and during the war, who became General An Adjutant General of Napoleon. During the great Moscow fire, the construction of Orlov's estate was not affected.
The ball in the estate estate of Orlova Contemporaries called one of the best during the celebration of the coronation of Emperor Nikolai I in 1826.

Perhaps it was then that the emperor was like a manor on the banks of the Moscow River. In 1832, the estate of Orlov was redeemed in the treasury for one and a half million rubles, the estate of the princes of Golitsyny and Princes of Trubetski were also acquired. The latter was called the "non-worn", which received and created by the palace department at the site of the three estates of the garden. The emperor presented him as a gift to his wife Alexander Fedorovna, in honor of which the rebuilt palace of Orlovy began to be called Alexandrinsky.

According to the project of architect E. D. Tyurina, glorified the restructuring of the Grand Kremlin Palace, in the 1830s, the summer house was rebuilt. Overlapping, which turned the building into a two-story, balconies were added (this fact turned out during the last restoration work). In the summer house for the royal family, tea on the open air was arranged for the royal family (the tradition continued until 1917, although his residence in the non-bundled garden and both Nikolai, and Alexander II, with Alexander III, visited infrequently), which is why the house has a second name - tea. In those days from the balconies of the second floor, a beautiful view of the Vorobyev Mountains, a Novodevichi Monastery and the Kremlin opened.

In 1928, a military town was opened in the summer house, where visitors were taught by guns with weapons.
In 1930, the 25th anniversary of the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" was celebrated here. Later, the house began to be used to carry out various cultural events of CPKIO named after Gorky, it accommodated the library with the reading room. In order to fit the library, two wooden side extensions were made. By the end of the 1970s, they came to emergency condition, and during the restoration of the summer house on the eve of the 1980 Olympiad in Moscow were replaced by bricks.

By 2012, it became an obvious need for the restoration of a number of objects in the non-pie garden, including the summer house. The irradiated paint, rotten overlapping the roof, crepting both outside and inside the placing the plaster, cracks on the walls - all this was already rushing into the eyes.
The two-year-old building and a cheap linoleum on the floor, modern wallpaper and other elements of inexpensive interior decorations.
The restoration project was envisaged to restore the historical appearance of the building with the preservation of the elements of the Soviet period (side extensions) as not distorting appearance. The facades of the summer house were renovated, foundations and walls were strengthened, emergency wooden floors were replaced. Decorative elements made of white stone are restored - Parade portico, columns and platforms.

Pig-iron decorative lattices and cast iron vases are restored before entering. The window and door fillings are installed, taking into account the historical style of the monument. When restoring the design of the balconies, the preserved historical color of the building was discovered - grayish (white with a small addition of soot).
In the summer house, Count Orlova, who was returned by the historical appearance, is now working the photo maternity, where you can take a picture in costumes and interiors of different eras.

Literature:
A. Alekseev Moscow, which is. Best examples Restoration of the XXI century. M., 2013.

This is a view from the Sparrow Mountains on the omission of the Moscow River, filmed in the flood of 1908. We see the Novodevichi Monastery, filled meadows around (future Luzhniki), the Andreevsky monastery was left to the right, and his Mamonov Dacha is right

(NB: When you click the photo will open in full size)

So, we start! The high right bank of the Moscow River was inhabit a very long time. If you go through the embankment of the uncommon in the direction of Sparrow Mountains, and you turn left behind Andreevsky monastery, climbing, you are "trank" in the fence "Institute of Chemical Physics. N.N. Semenov ", located in the buildings of the estate" Mamonov Dacha "(the owner of which was Dmitriev-Mamonov - the owner also misfortune Dubrovits and the founder of the" Order of Russian Knights ").

At this place already in the VIII-VII centuries before the Nativity, Christ was the real city of Dyakovsky culture - "Mamonovo Site" (most historians leaning towards the fact that it was threatened Finns, but no one knows for sure). Our house stands in the fields next to this city. Have you noticed how much in mislept deep ravines? In archeology, this is considered one of the signs that people at this place lived very long, cut down the forests under the fields, which then blurred streams for a long time.

In the Middle Ages, non-followed in history, although the Crimean Brod was located near him (on the site of the modern Crimean bridge), which was used by Tatars during raids to Moscow. Perhaps that is why the lands were not settled here for a long time. In the XVI century, the Don and Andreevsky monasteries appear next to appear, as well as the royal residence on Sparrow. In the XVII century, somewhere near (in the area of \u200b\u200bmodern Yakimanka, closer to October Square) Minin is griming Hetman Khodkevich, and Poles fled past the "Leninsky Prospect".

Fragment of the beginning of the XVII century. A gray circle marked an approximate place of the future "summer house". The fortress wall of the earthly city passes along the modern garden ring, on the right in the river's radiation is the Novodevichi Monastery

The story of the most dishepnight begins in the XVIII century with the nobility of the near Moscow estates. Modern disqualified was divided into several big usourss, I will tell you about the three main.

The time of the construction of our house in different sources is different - or 1796, or 1804. One knows exactly - at this point in the estate in the Moscow River owned the Orlich family. These were the most brothers that helped Catherine II to climb the throne, it is also likely that they "helped" Peter III "move away to that light."

The estate of Oryol included only a part of the modern non-piece garden: the territory belonging to the Russian wound, as well as the entire garden to the south to about the "bathroom house" (inclusive). The "summer house" was used as a tea gazebo - a kind of "slag" with an Orlov estate.

Portrait of P.A. Demidov. D.G. Levitsky. 1773 year

To the eagles, the most famous owner of this "plot" was Proophilia Akinfievich Demidov, the son of the famous Siberian industrialist. As often happens, the son of the industrialist of Botany and gardening were more interesting to the heavy industry. Even on the front portrait, it stands with watering can and flowers. Father's plants he sold, and he created Botanical Gardens on the revenue capital and helped orphans (founded the Demidov Commercial School in Moscow, made thousands of donations to Moscow University, made millions of deposits in the construction of a Moscow educational house). Demidov was also known for its baits and eccentrics, somehow, for example, he sent instead of finances the educational house promised by the Board of Trustees, violin on the number of participants in this Council, obviously hinting that they could earn themselves. Catherine II responded about him as a "banging bolt."

In his estate, Demidov created one of the first botanical gardens in Russia. The amount of work can be submitted by learning that in the process of creating Demidov 700 people 2 years have been engaged only by aligning the territory under the garden and instillation of ravines. The garden was located on the territory between his three-story stone palace (now the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and the shore of the Moscow River (theater of music and the drama of Stas Namina).

This garden was described in 1781 by Academician Pallas.

"... the garden of this not only has no one like this in all of Russia, but with many in other states, the glorious botanical gardens will be comparable to be both rare and many plants contained in it ..."

With the name of Demidov and the Garden, one of the legends about the appearance of the name "Neskure" is connected. Irritating to visitors who broke out flowers in his garden, he invented instead of plaster statues to place on the flower beds with the colors of smeared by the chalk of the warders, which were dying all who intended to break a rare plant. Stories about talking statues attracted even more visitors to the garden. It is possible that it was at this time that the current name arose is an obscure garden (although I am for a version with the Manor Trubetsky, which will tell below).

Boring Garden

1. The Demidov Palace, built in 1756 by the architect P. Iest. Later, the main house of the Orlich estate. Under Nicolae I - Alexandrinsky Palace. Now the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

2. Fountain "Boys" of the sculptor Ivan Petrovich (Giovanni) Vitaly. He was transferred in 1934-36 from Lubyanskaya Square, where he stood since 1835.

3. Manege, built under Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, now Mineralogical Museum.

4. "Summer house" A.G. Orlova Chesmensky.

5. "Bathroom House" in the Non-Comfortable Garden.

6. Entrance gates to the Alexandrinsky Imperial Palace, sculpture of authorship Vitaly.

7. Entrance to an uncommon garden.

8. Arbor-Rotond in honor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow.

9. "Hunting house" N.Yu. Trubetsky on the edge of Andreevsky ravine

After the death of Demidov, the estate acquired Vyazemsky. The garden slowly came to the launch when the estate bought for himself Fedor Grigorievich Orlov, Brother Grigory Grigorievich (Favorita Catherine) and Alexey Grigorievich Orlova-Chesmensky.

He liked the lands on Big Kaluga (most likely, the dacha "pigeon", the 2nd Upper Mikhailovsky Ave., 2), on which the brothers Alexey and Ivan lived. And he decided to buy an estate in the neighborhood in 1775.

"Uncle Graf Fyodor Grigorievich does not live with us more, but the uncle Graf Alexei Grigorievich, who bought a place to build a house."

The coup participant, General-Annef, Kavaler George II degree - Fyodor Orlov, having retired, was engaged in unknown, managed to rebuild the main house and, perhaps, planned the construction of the "summer house".

Portrait of Fedor Grigorievich Orlova. D.G. Levitsky. 1785 year

Most likely, his brother, who fell in madness, died in the house in Nesuboy, the first favorite of Ekaterina II (and the father of their extramarital son - Alexey Bobrinsky).

Despite the fact that Fedor Orlova left five extramarital sons and two daughters, he won his "legitimate niece" - 11-year-old Anne Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya.

In 1796, her father - Alexey Grigorievich Orlov-Chesmensky joined the real possession of the estate. The most active coup participant, the winner with Chesme (this is near the modern Izmir in Turkey), the kidnapper is printed with cockroaches from Livorno (remember the picture of Flavitsky), by this time it has long been suspended from politics. But in 1796 Paul I suits the reburial of the Father - Peter III. Knowing about the role of Alexei in the coup and, perhaps, the murder of his father, he ordered that to bear the imperial crown before the burial procession. Eyewitnesses recalled that the count "went into the dark angle and the explosion was crying ... I hardly found out, and even with great difficulty convinced him to take the crown into the trembling hands." After that, Alexey left Russia with his daughter and returned only after the death of Paul.

Returning, the eagles are engaged in the decoration of the park, the second, more likely appears, the date of the construction of the "summer house" - 1804-1806.

Petra III rebelief in 1796. The burial procession (fragment). Against the background of the procession, the Tsarskiy Skipometer and a large imperial crown, which, according to Paul I, carried Count A. Orlov, Prince PB Baryatinsky and PB Passek - Participants of the Murder of the Emperor

"The Garden of Count in Neskuchny was located on the half-one, divided into a lot of tracks, hills, valleys and cliffs and waspressed by ordinary buildings in the form of temples, shopped, arbors; All monuments and buildings in this garden resembled the feats and victories of the graph. "

"In the summer, not a single holiday, not one Sunday, without any celebrations and holidays in the garden in the garden."

At the same time, along with the "summer house" on the shore of the Ekaterininsky pond, a "Bathhouse" was built, and next to the palace (Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences) built the building of the Manege (Mineralogical Museum) and stables. It should be reminded that Alexey Orlov was not just a passionate lover of horses, it was at his plants a new breed was replaced - Orlovsky Rysakov. His daughter Anna hit the whole of Moscow with his "Djigitovka" on the holidays in Neskuchny, the pike of apples on all at all. Alexey Orlov died here in 1808, he was buried nearby, in the Don Monastery. Anna was shocked by the death of his father.

"... who did not knew the dotol of sadness and grief, the death of the parent, lost feelings and remained fourteen hours without signs of life. Only she put on a black dress, as in the presence of others came to icons and surviving knees, sobbing said: "Lord! You took my mother, whom I did not know, now you want to take my father, be me instead of mother and father, guide all the actions of my life. "

Lubyanskaya square. Fountain Vitaly "Boys", which in 1936 moved from Lubyanskaya Square and put in front of the Alexandan Palace

After that, she terminated the engagement with his fiancé and chose a religious path, though not accepting the monastic tonsure to death (although there are other hypotheses). By the end of the life, Anna Orlova-Chesmensky lived with his oath monastery in Novgorod, where Alexei, Gregory and Fedor Orlovy transported the remains.

The Great Fire of 1812 did not damage the "May House", as the manor was called. Then, he chose her for "apartments" General Loriston. That Loriston, whom Napoleon sent to Kutuzov, demanding "the world by anything".

Ambassador Count Loriston in Kutuzov's bet. N.P. Ulyanov

After the war of 1812, the most prominent event in the "May House" (misfortune) was the ball, this Anna Alekseyevaya Eagle-Chesmensky in honor of the coronation of Nikolai I and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna (Fritriki Louise Charlotte Villegelmins Prussian) in 1826.

"Ball, this current month, by Anna Alena Alekseyevnya-Chesmenskaya, is completely different in another taste than the holiday of Prince Nikolai Borisovich Yusupov. This is what is called in the field of graceful Grandioso; This is such a ball that only the dominated sovereign could give. Imagine the hall of 80 Arshin length, and you will not be surprised that a thousand persons quite loose in it fitted that it was necessary to 7,000 candle to illuminate it! The giant trees of the southern climate, cropped with crowns and set against each window in the marriage chains, merged their greens with a gilding shine and purple of the richest drapery, Keyu was removed by this hall. Under the colonnation, which make up the choir, were placed card tables, so the players could see the dancing, could separate the true fun, who had reigning in the sedition of pleasures, the commercially expensive participation of the August visitors, the friendly and attention of the authentic hostess. At midnight, a curtain opened, who closed the move to the attached gallery, and the guests after the sovereign and the royal family were entered into a precious Turkish tent, the enjoyment of some ways can be comprehended in some way, learning that she was dinner for 500 cuverats. Tsarsky table It was in the middle in a semicircular niche, and from him two tables cross for men and six for ladies in length, three for each side. Necessary it seems to talk about the magnificence of the table decoration, about the lighting of the hall, about the richness of the Livray on the servants, about the excellent illumination of the courtyard and the garden, etc. We note only that the royal surname has driven on gold and precious china, and for all other devices were silver . The tent was plenty of all the beauty, as much consistent and what was done on the similarity of the one that was presented to the Sultan of the immortal hero, a famous parent of the hostess, forced to tremble proud Istanbul and the extermination of the fleet of him with Chesme.

This beautiful ball ended not before 5 hours by midnight. The sovereign of the emperor, the EMPRATER EMPRATER AND Great Princess Elena Pavlovna was learn to leave in the third hour; The Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich remained somewhat more than one, His Highness Prince Karl - to the very end. "

Alexandra Fedorovna with children

Probably, after that, the body of the imperial need wanted to acquire this estate. And in 1832, Nicholas I bought it for my wife for one million five hundred thousand rubles. The palace became known as Aleksandrinsky Summer in honor of Alexandra Fedorovna. All estates that are currently included in the unknown garden, in the 1830-40s were stamped by the imperial palace department and united in one possession, becoming a monarch residence. We can confidently assume that all subsequent Russian emperors at least once visited the balconies of the Summer House with a magnificent view of Moscow at least once.

What did they see from the balcony of the Summer House? They saw all the omissions of the Moscow River, the filled fields, the left in the distance was well visible to the Novodevichy Monastery, to the right closer the Khamovnic barracks, and Moscow began to go to them. Then the city did not go beyond the gardens rings.

Panorama of Moscow from the christ of Christ the Savior. Albums found. 1867 year. In the center of Moscow river crosses the Crimean Bridge (on the site of the Crimean Ford), to the left Garden Ring road Separates two fields where now there are CDH (closer) and the Gorky Park (further). In the distance on the left, the forest is visible - this is a mischievous garden in which, if you look at, on the shore, the "Summer House" is visible

Now is the time to briefly tell the stories of two neighboring estates, of which the imperial surname "gathered" the misfortune. Let's go back in the XVIII century and start with the estate of Nikita Nikita Yuryevich Trubetsky, it was from her who most likely, took over the name of the park (although the legend with the "whlen" is good and good). Prosecutor General with twenty years old, Field Marshal General, Cavalier Order Andrei First-Called and Shortly General Governor of Moscow N.Yu. Trubetskaya ordered the construction of his estate at Dmitry Vasilyevich Ukhtomsky. We know it by the Red Gate destroyed in the twentieth century and in the current Temple of Nikita Martyr on Basmannaya (I think, the participants of the "film conductions" in the garden them. Bauman remembers it opposite the entrance with Basmann).

Neskurily Country House N.Yu. Trubetsky. Architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. Perspective view of the country estate N.Yu. Trubetsky

The estate occupied the territory of Andreevsky ravine to about the arbor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow. The palace in Neskuchny was a masterpiece of Elizabethan Baroque, today there is one building from the whole complex - the "hunting house" mentioned Ukhtomsky in the album as a stone "gallery standing on the island". Most of my acquaintances know the "hunting lodge" as a house where "What? Where? When? ", Now there is a full-time restoration.

Sotin wrote that "By 1783, the first owner of this territory was smashed here by a small park in the" Versaillesky style "- with trees cropped in the form of pyramids and cubes, paved the tracks along it, the grottoes have settled, and the bridges spilled through the streams. Around big House Arbor were scattered. The owner commanded the fruit garden in his estate, build a greenhouse and even started the belt. "

Boring Garden. Fragment of Khotyev card. 1852 year

1. Alexandrinsky Palace. Now the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

2. Manege, built under Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, now the Mineralogical Museum.

3. "Summer house" A.G. Orlova Chesmensky.

4. Former ownership of N.P. Golitsyna.

5. "Hunting house" N.Yu. Trubetsky.

6. Andreevsky Ovrag

The next noticeable owner of this manor was in 1821 the guard of the retired Lieutenant Prince Lev Alexandrovich Shakhovskaya.

In 1825, Shakhovsky reported that there are mineral waters in his estate, he started creating such Moscow "mineral waters", but the experiment ended for him a deplorable - Muscovites did not drink water, did not sit in the baths, and the establishment of a ship on Ostozhenka was still opening ... It is from him, perhaps, went "Loda to drive" and, in fact, the word "Lododer"). In general, the fullest ruin. Upset Shakhovskaya leaves from Moscow and in 1826 reselling its estate by the palace department.

But between his plot and the former estate of Orlov was the last private ownership. The estate of the prototype "Peak Lady", or, as she was also called, "Usate Princess", - Natalia Petrovna Golitsyn (Chernysheva). The daughter of the diplomat and senator, she was born in Berlin, studied in London and was presented at the court of Louis XV. In her life was acquaintance with Saint-Germain.

Princess Natalia Petrovna Golitsyn, nee Chernysheva, with Son Peter (1767-1773). More famous portrait of elderly Golitsina, strict and terrible, but personally I like this option, perhaps it was then that young Natalia Petrovna met Saint-Germain

Natalia Petrovna served as Pushkin the prototype of the "peak lady". According to legend, Prince Golitsyn-Firs, well lost to the cards, in despair rushed to Golitsyn with a plea for help. And she shared with an unsuccessful relative of the mystery of three cards - Troika, Seven and ace ... and he immediately recovered.

Most of the estate of Golitsyn was the park, the house stood over the river (but it is not known exact location). Golitsyn possessed steep and inaccurated character and did not want to give their estate even the emperor, having taught not to sell it for another 5 years from the date of her death. And only waving a tested timetable time, the heirs sold the estate by the palace department.

In the XIX century most of Optical was an open city park. Although non-piece and closed to the public for some time: in 1890-1905, being a summer residence of the Moscow Governor-General Sergey Alexandrovich Romanova (who killed Ivan Kalyaev's bomb). So on the balcony of the "summer house" was his wife Elizaveta Fedorovna (the founder of the Marfo-Mariinsky monastery) and her sister with her husband - the last Russian emperor.

Boring Garden. Summer house

After the revolution, in 1923, next to the uncomfortable place of the former citywide landfill (modern Gorky Park), the All-Russian Agricultural and History and Industrial Exhibition is held. And in 1928, the first Park of Culture and Leisure opens in her place. The Neskural Garden is already "attached" the Park of Culture, and the "Military Town" appears in the "summer house", where citizens could have been taken to use weapons and even look at the tank. On June 27, 1930, they celebrated the 25th anniversary of the anniversary of the uprising on the "Potemkin", so under the windows they drove the policeman for the role of "battleship of Potemkin".

The celebration of the anniversary of the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin". Esminets in the role of "Potemkin" on the raid before the "summer house". Especially entertaining the huge figure of the Red Army, next to the house

During the war, another entertaining story took place in Neskuchny. On the night of November 30, as of December 1, 1941, a suprate landing of German parachutes on Sparrow Mountains And in the Neskuchny Garden in order to steal Stalin. The enemy landing was immediately destroyed. For a long time I considered this "bykoy", but recently found confirmation of this in the memoirs of Vlasov (they say that Shelebreg also writes about it, but I myself did not read). From the same time on the edge of Andreevsky ravine, not far from the "hunting house", it is the Bronchonolpak "The Last Defense line".

Inspection of the tank in the "Military Town" (in the square in front of the "Summer Domich")

Sculpture "Conversation about the silence" Innokentia Zhukov in the reclining in front of the "summer house" (at that time "Military Town")

After the war in the building of the "Summer House", a peaceful library life was walking. Until recently, there was a library here, which (most likely, in 1947) appeared cute extensions (glass, on sides) to accommodate reading rooms in them. In the 90s, I found in the square in front of the "summer house" "Eglador" - a place where Tolkien lovers gathered (and just fencing with wooden batons) on Thursdays. Since then I tried to get inside the "magic house", but all the time unsuccessfully. So far, it was not here on the photo shoot ... True, drunk in a suspicion of octopus, but the joy of the possibility of standing on the balcony of Count Orlov eclipsed 20 years of expectations.

Vasilik Oleg.

Thank you so much

The park arranged outside of the then Moscow on the banks of the river. The selected place was uncomfortable for construction, so for two years 700 people worked on the leveling of the soil to give the park shape of the amphitheater. But the result was worth: from a manor house to the river, the garden descended by ledges, different widths and heights, but the same length of 95 seats. There were many stone greenhouses in the park with palm trees and trees from hot countries: 2,000 varieties of rare plants were collected specifically for him. On the fifth on top of the court, there was a big pond and a poultry with rare birds and animals discharged from Holland and England. And in the ground sheds and greenhouses, pineapples and grapes were grown.

Cleaning the plants melted with chalk. With a closure look, they did not differ from the garden sculptures. But when visitors began to break anything, "sculptures" came to life and served a voice. Rumors about talking statues were filled with Moscow, and the people massively pushed into the garden, which called "Neskay,".

With the next owner, the column Alexei Orlov Chesmensky - monuments in honor of the military battles, pavilions, gazebos and various garden "ventiy" appeared in Neschinchik. But since the main passion of the owner was horses (it was he brought the famous Orlovsky Rysakov), a playpen and stables appeared in the park. Rebuilt and main house. Among possible architects are called I. Sitnikov, V. Ihehta, V. Yakovlev.

In 1830, the theater was built in the Neskuchny Garden under open sky - the so-called "air" theater. His scenery and scenes were bushes and trees. Curtain and scene was not. Because of this, sometimes the performances were given by knee in water. But I liked the viewers of Novysktya, and the theater enjoyed enviable popularity.

... Theater, arranged in the garden in the open sky, admired me; The decorations were century-old trees, murmuring rods, turf benches and bushes of terry roses. During an intermission, the lady was overwhelmed from the lodges in the lie, in the chairs, too, a variety of elegant ladies' caps, Cavalers were brought to their chosen and their silent and unrefected bouquets, fruits and ice cream.

In the summer of 1830, the "air" theater in Neskuchny visited Pushkin with Goncharova and Nick. There was a rehearsal, but when the famous guest appears, they were interrupted, and the actors of the crowd went after him, while the poet examined the scene and spectator places. And in 1834 the theater closed.

In 1923, the first All-Russian Agricultural and History and Industrial Exhibition was held on the territory of the Justice Garden.

There were several pavilions in the park, including Machorka K.S. Melnikova and "Mechanical Engineering" I.V. Zoltovsky. And in 1947-1951, in Neskuchin, the project of Sergei Iconnikov was built a gazebo in honor of the 800th anniversary of Moscow. On its walls captured the main events from the history of the city.

And in 2006-2007, the square near the rotunda was landscaped and called the "Alley of Lovers". It was let the fountains and installed special hours: now in love do not need to worry about what they are late for a date - on the clock there are always without five six.

In the Neskuchny Garden on the edge of Andreevsky ravine there is a hunting house, where they filmed the game "What? Where? When?". The library works in the summer house, there is a small zoo, the oldest platform for ping pong is operating in Moscow. From the pond, the sculpture of the girl's divers works by R. Iodko over the only fountain-cascade in Moscow. And the river itself attached a small grotto.

They say that... ... if the lovers go together along the grotesk bridge, then their love will be strong. And if at the same time they kiss, they will never break out.
... Increased green building on the shore of a pond in a non-pie garden - everything that remains from the bathroom (bathing) house of the late XVIII century. There, Emperor Alexander II loved in marble baths. And even the bottom purest pond It was laid out marble plates.
In Soviet times, a catering establishment was arranged in the bathroom, but after the fire he was empty. And now this park pavilion is slowly destroyed.
... On the bricks of buildings and allests of the mischievous garden, you can find the brand "N.Ya.". These bricks were made in the XIX century at the Moscow Region Factory of Nikolai Yakunchikov.
... on its plot of P.N. Trubetskoy arranged the first voxal - a fusion garden with illuminations, theatrical representations and snacks. Here in 1805, Muscovites observed the first flight in a balloon. The next owner of the site - Shakhovskaya - arranged there with waterproof. But no one sat down in the baths, no water was dirty, they did not walk in the gallery - the project turned out to be commercially unsuccessful, and the ownership had to sell in the treasury.
... Ilya Ilf loved to walk in the Neskuchny Garden. Once he approached the trained elephant from the local circus-shapito. He suddenly stood on the hind legs. Ilfie was taken away, but he threw the camera, made several frames and relieved: "Sit down!". Here I was heard elephant and sat down.
... For several years after the revolution, the Moscow Museum of Furniture was located in the Alexandrin Palace. This is the most museum, where in the novel "Twelve Chairs" Ostap Bender and Kis Vorobyaninov wanted precious chairs.

Ecologists are considered necessary at the beginning of spring, when the design of urban parks traditionally starts in Moscow, to pay special attention to such a landmark to the capital as an obscure garden, due to the launched state of this natural territory.

The Neskural Garden is the oldest park of Moscow, located in almost its center. It covers the territory of the Green TsPKO Theater them. M. Gorky to the Third Transport Ring.

The Justice Garden was created by Decree of Nikolai I in 1847 as a result of the merger of the three estates on the banks of Moscow, the rivers belonged to once Golitsyn, Demidov and Trubetsky and the palace departments for the Imperial Family.

The name of his garden probably inherited from the fishery manor of Prince Nikita Yurevich Trubetskoy "Nescutual".

The estate General of the prosecutor of Prince Trubetsky appeared in 1753 on the site adjusted to the Kaluga cavity (now Gagarin's Square) and stupid to Moscow River. The plot consisted of a high plateau and a deep ravine with a pond at the bottom.

This is not too convenient for the park. The architect Dmitry Ukhtomsky built the palace called "Non-Such country house", and broke a regular garden. The house was a two-story built in baroque forms, with a fronton and sculpture above the roof. The first floor of the main facade was decorated with a colonnade, the second is a balcony.

As famous Moscow wrote Peter Sital, by 1783 the first owner of this territory was smashed here by a small park in the "Versaillesky style" - with trees cropped in the form of pyramids and cubes, paved along it, equipped the grotto, and threw the bridges through the streams. Arrangements were scattered around the big house.

All garden space was divided by green live walls on the garden cabins of rectangular and square shape, the sculptures were located in the niches. Some animal alleys were covered, completely seized greens. Through the entire garden to the house there was a central alley planted with trimmed trees.

After the death of Trubetsky, Peter Trubetskaya owned, Elena Vyazemskaya, Shakhovsky. In 1826, Leonti Schakhovskaya sold the estate by the palace department for Emperor Nicholas I.

Simultaneously with the "uncomfortable", a little closer to the center of Moscow, approximately in 1756 there was a manor of the Industrialist and the patron of the profius of Akinfiyevich Demidov, the son of the famous founder of the Metallurgical plants Akinfia Demidov.

The main attraction of the estate of Demidov was the Botanical Garden, which had more than two thousand species of plants. The garden had the shape of the amphitheater. He descended by the ledge to Moscow River. Each terrace was intended for a special type of plants, winter and summer greenhouses - for trees, pineapples, grapes and palm trees. On the lowest, fifth terrace, wider than the rest, a pond was arranged, a poultry house where rare birds and animals lived. In this garden, experiments were made to bring new varietal plants.

Proophilia Demidov was known for its original, often eccentric actions. For example, in his garden, he put on the flowerbeds of the gardeners mounted in the flower beds, so that they died all who intended to break a rare plant.

After the death of Demidov in 1786, his house and the garden moved to Elena Vyazemsky (Daughter of Trubetskoy, the owner of the uncommon). In 1793, the estate of Demidov bought Fyodor Orlov, then it got his niece Anna Orlova Chesmersky, who in 1832 sold the estate Nikolai I. The emperor arranged the summer palace for his wife Alexandra Fedorovna. The palace was called Alexandria.

The estate of the princes of Golitsynye was located on the territory of the Justice Garden. Since 1793, this manor belonged to Princess Natalia Petrovna Chernysheva (nee Golitsyn). Chernysheva possessed steep and timeling temper, no money she did not want to sell his estate. In the will, she allowed to sell the estate no earlier than five years after his death. The manor was acquired by the palace department of the Son of Princess in 1843.

In 1826 1843 in place noble usy fores Trubetsky, Golitsyn and Demidov, an ensemble of the Imperial Residence of Nicholas I. was erected.

Palace buildings and garden plantations were arranged under the leadership of the architect Evgraph Tyurina and Gardener Pelzel. At their disposal, the remaining still Demidov Oranges were broken, in 1834 the terraces and a pond were filled between the palace and the Moscow River, all the buildings in the former estate of Golitsyn were broken. The garden was silent every year, increasingly turning into a grove.

When the royal family was not in Moscow, the misfortune was available for the people and became in the second half of the XIX century. His favorite walking place. But when in 1890s in it settled Moscow General Governor Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, Uncle Tsar, access for the people in the Neskuchny Garden was closed.

After the October Revolution, the Justice Garden became accessible to everyone, and the Museum of Furniture XVIII was arranged in the palace - the beginning of the XIX century.

In 1928, the park has greatly decreased from the cutting of the trees and was included in the park them. Gorky.

Now, almost nothing remains from the former majesty. Of the old buildings and garden-park buildings of the XVIII century. Little survived: Summer house Count Orlova, a bathroom of a pond, three garden bridge, grotto, and also a hunting house of Trubetsky estates, known as the venue of the television elite club "What? Where?".

From the first halves XIX. in. The main entrance gates are preserved, which lead to the old building of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (formerly Alexander Palace), with the sculptural groups of Ivan Vitaly "Seasons", three office buildings and an entry gates built by architect in Tyurin, a white-stone bridge, which used to pass from the palace To Moscow River.

One of the most famous buildings Park - Rotonda, built in 1947 and dedicated to the 800th anniversary of the capital. In 2007, "Alley of Love" was opened next to the Rotonda. The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an alley is "to revive" this section of the park and reproduce the words of Griboyedov "... I don't observe a happy clock." The clock here shows the same time: without five six. Therefore, lovers are never late for a date. This watch symbolize love as an eternal feeling.

Optical garden for several years was the meeting place for Tolkienists, who gave him the name Eglador. Lovers of Books Tolkien at one time arranged whole battles here. More than 10 years ago, on Thursdays, they began to gather in non-pie and playing the history of the Mediterranean. Tolkienists and their spectators became more and more, punks, hippies, metalselkers began to tighten here, bikers came here, and the misstained garden became as if the second Arbat. Noisy folk masses began to attract the attention of the authorities and in 1997, Tolkienists created for themselves new piece Mediterranean - Mandos in the Tsaritsyn Park. And the tournaments of minstrels, bards, obstellers were satisfied in Neskuchny.

There were once the Moscow Table Tennis Championships. Next to them the chess players adjointed. The chess house burned here in the past years burned, but in its place there is always a complete peopling chess gazebo.

In an old mansion with columns, the cliff over Moscow is a river, a library works in which lovers are going to read in silence. The entrance to the reading room is free.

The park has a children's equestrian school, Mineralogical Museum. A.E.Fersman.

It features a non-piece garden court for large tennis and table tennis tables.

In winter, you can meet lovers of winter swimming.

In 2009, the Neskuchny Garden received the status of a specially protected territory (POPT) natural complex Moscow.

Currently, an uncomfortable garden is almost 60 hectares of land. The garden has a length of six and a half kilometers, is a single green array, in whose planners there are about six dozen species of tree species. Lipa, Elm, ash, oak, maple, birch, Iva prevail. In the central part there are gray and walnuts, chestnut, cherry.

On the territory of the park there are plants listed in the Red Book of Moscow, including Water Nights (Myotis Daubentoni), two-color leather (Vespertilio Murinus), Zhuralan (Lanius Collurio), Cheglock (Falco Subbuteo), Fixtry Four-point (Sericoda Quadripunctratum), Andrena Blood Red (Andrena Haemorrhoa), dawn, or Aurora (Anthocharis Cardamines), Crested Tight (Corydalis Solids), Anemonoides Ranunculoides.

Some forest birds will nest on the territory of the park, and in 2009, the ponds of CPKIO brought the offspring of Blackti Crested - Ducks listed in the Red Book of Moscow. Non-piece garden is one of the most "nightingale" places in the capital.

About 20 years ago there was a lot of protein in the misfortune garden. They were very bold and friendly: it was worth only to stretch her hand with nuts or seeds - they are already here. They even climbed her clothes on her clothes. CO time protein has become less and less. Now there is no protein in the non-pie garden.