Have you ever wondered what it is and where the deepest points in the ocean?

To this day, the deepest place that was found is the abyss of the Challenger, the gap Pacific Ocean 11 kilometers depth, located in the southern part of the Mariana Vpadina (halfway between Japan, China, Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.

There are 5 marine abuses that exceed 10 km. Immerse yourself in the 5 deepest points of the world's ocean.

Kermadeck's gutter is one of the deepest ocean trenches on Earth, reaching depth of 10,047 m. Formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate under Indo-Australian slab. It passes more than a thousand kilometers in parallel and east of the Kermadek Ridge, from the northeastern tip North Islands New Zealand before the intersection of the pit from the underwater chain of Louisville, northeast of the underwater mountain of the monochi.

Tong gutter is a continuation of subduction for this point. The subduction to the south of the Kermadec gutter is noted less deep point of the hikuranga.

He was named after the French captain Jean-Michel Juan de Kermadek, who was part of the Bruni de Entrecasteaux expedition, which visited this area in the 1790s.

The smoke-Kamchatsky chute is the oceanic pit, one of the deepest ocean points, with a maximum depth of 10,542 m. It is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific, east of Kuril Islands, japanese Islands Hokkaido and the Russian Peninsula Kamchatka.

It extends about 2900 km in the north-south direction in the form of Arch. Its formation and arch of the linked islands occurred by subductuation of the Pacific Plate under the Eurasian slab.

The Philippine chute, also known as Vpadina Mindanao, is a ocean pit located in the Pacific, east of the archipelago of the Philippine Islands.

It has a length of approximately 1320 km and a width of about 30 km from the center Filipino Island Luzon, with a tendency to the southeast of the island of Halmmera, north of the Moluk Islands, in Indonesia. His deepest point, the depth of Galatea, is 10,540 m. Its coordinates 39 39 20.

Directly north of the Philippines Luzon-Oriente. They are separated from each other. Their continuity is interrupted and moved by Plateau Benhyham in the Philippine sea plate.

The Tong Trench, also called Tong Tong, is a ocean yam located in the Pacific, off the coast of the North Island of New Zealand and north-west of Kermadek islands. The north end of the active subduction zone of the Pacific Plate. Its maximum depth is 10,882 meters, called "Deep Horizon".

The convergence occurs with an estimated speed of about 15 centimeters per year, however, the recent measurements of the global positioning of the satellite indicate the places of convergence 24 cm per year across the Tong Trench. This is the most fast speed Plates on the planet.

These oceanic pits are important objects for the formation of what is continental bark, and for processing materials in the mantle.

Mariana Trench The only one that exceeds 11 km. This is the deepest point of the oceans. 11 034 M Depths in the abyss of Challenger, named after the frigate of the British fleet, which explored this place in the 1870s. 11 km of salt water is put pressure of almost 1100 atmospheres. Located in the depths of the Pacific Ocean, southeast of Mariana Islands, not far from the island of Guam.

and how about Atlantic Ocean? His deepest pit is, in the Caribbean, from 8800 m.

Now anyone can see the fantastic underwater world captured on the video, the fantastic underwater world of Mariana depression, the very deep place on our planet, and even enjoy the direct video broadcast from 11-kilometer depth. But even relatively recently, the Marianic chute was considered the most unexplored point on the land map.

Sensational opening of the Team "Challenger"

From the school program, we know that the most high point The earth's surface is the top of Mount Everest (8848 m), but the lowest is hidden under the waters of the Pacific Ocean and is located at the day of the Mariana depression (10994 m). On Everest, we know a lot more, the climbers conquered him more than once, there are enough photographs of this mountain, made both from the ground and from the space. If Everest is all in sight and does not represent any riddle for scientists, then the depths of the Mariana depression keep a lot of secrets, because to get to her bottom on this moment It was possible only to three bolts.

Mariana Vpadina is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, she received its name thanks to the Mariana Islands, which are located next to it. Unique in depth place on the seabed received status national Monument The United States, there is forbidden to deny fish fishing and produce minerals, essentially it is a huge marine reserve. The shape of the depression is similar to a huge crescent, reaching 2550 km long and 69 km wide. The bottom of the depression has a width from 1 to 5 km. The deepest point of the depression (10,994 m below the sea level) was called the "abyss of the Challenger" in honor of the British vessel of the same name.

The honor of the opening of the Mariana depression belongs to the team of the British Research Ship "Challenger", which in 1872 conducted a depth measurements in a number of points of the Pacific Ocean. When the ship was in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mariana Islands, at the next measurement of the depth, the hitch arose: the kilometer rope went overboard, and the bottom could not be achieved. At the direction of the captain, a still a couple of kilometer segments added to the rope, but, to universal surprise, and they were not enough, I had to add again and again. Then it was possible to establish a depth of 8367 meters, which, as it became known later, was significantly different from real. However, it was quite enough to understand: in the World Ocean, the deepest place was found.

It is amazing that already in the 20th century, in 1951, it was the British with the help of a deep-water echo sounder clarified the data of their compatriots, this time the maximum depth of the depression came out more significant - 10,863 meters. After six years, Soviet scientists began to study the Mariana depression, which arrived in this area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean at the Vityaz Research Ship. Applying special equipment, they recorded the maximum depth of the depression in 11022 meters, and the main thing was able to establish the presence of life at a depth of about 7,000 meters. It is worth noting, in the scientific world then it was the opinion that due to the monstrous pressure and the lack of light at such depths of the manifestation of life are absent.

Immersion in the world of silence and gloom

In 1960, people were visited at the bottom of the villain. How difficult and dangerous was such a dive, one can judge by colossal pressure of water, which at the lowest point of the depression is 1072 times higher than the average atmospheric pressure. Immersion at the bottom of the fence with the help of Batiscopes "Trieste" was made by Lieutenant Navy USA Don Walsh and researcher Jacques Picar. Batiscip "Trieste" with walls with a thickness of 13 cm was created in the same name italian city And it was a rather massive design.

Lose Batiskof for a bottom five long hours; Despite such a long-term descent, at the bottom at a depth of 10911 meters, researchers stayed only 20 minutes, they left for about 3 hours. During the minutes of staying in the abyss, Walsh and Picar were able to make a very impressive discovery: they saw two 30-centimeter flat fish, similar to cambal, which were sailed by their porthole. The presence of them at such a depth was a real scientific sensation!

In addition to the opening of life on such a breathtaking depth, the picar managed to experimentally refute the resulting opinion that at the depths of more than 6000 m there is no upward movement of the aquatic masses. In terms of ecology, it was the most important discovery, because some nuclear powers were going to carry out the burial of radioactive waste in the Mariana caviar. It turns out that Picar prevented a large-scale radioactive infection of the Pacific Ocean!

After immersing Walsh and Picara, only unmanned batisysphs were descended to the Mariana Wpadin, and there were few of them, because they were very expensive. For example, on May 31, 2009, the Day of the Mariana Vpadina reached the American Deepy Nereus apparatus. He not only spent on an incredible depth of underwater photo and video filming, but also took the soil samples. The devices of the deepwater apparatus recorded the depth of 10902 meters achieved.

On March 26, 2012, the man was again at the bottom of the Mariana Vpadin, it was the famous director, the creator of the legendary film "Titanic" James Cameron.

Your decision to make such dangerous journey He explained to the "bottom of the land": "Almost everything was investigated on earthly land. In space, the chiefs prefer to send people to circling around the Earth, and the automata to other planets. For the joys of the opening of the unexpected, one field of activity remains - the ocean. Total about 3% of its water volume is investigated, and what's next - unknown. "

Cameron made a dive on the Batiscife of Deepsea Challenge, it was not very comfortable, the researcher was in a semi-bent condition for a long time, since the diameter of the interior of the device was only about 109 cm. Batiskof, equipped with powerful chambers and unique equipment, allowed the popular director to remove fantastic landscapes Deep places on the planet. Later together with The National Geographic James Cameron created an exciting documentary "Call abyss."

It is worth noting that while staying at the bottom deep depression The world Cameron did not see the monsters or representatives of underwater civilization, nor the base of the aliens. However, he literally looked into the eyes of the challenger. According to him, during his short journey, he experienced the sensations indescribable words. The ocean bottom seemed to him not only the deserted, but somehow "lunar ... lonely." He survived a real shock from the feeling of "full isolation from all mankind." True, the problems arisen with the equipment of Batiscopa may have interrupted "hypnotic" the impact of the abyss on the famous director, and he rose to the surface to people.

Residents of Mariana Vpadina

In recent years, a lot of discoveries have been made in the study of the Mariana depression. For example, in the soil samples taken by Cameron, scientists discovered more than 20 thousand of various microorganisms. There are among the inhabitants of the depression and giant 10-centimeter amids, called xenophyophos. According to scientists, unicellular amids, most likely reached such incredible sizes due to a rather hostile medium at a depth of 10.6 km, in which they are forced to dwell. High pressure, cold water and the lack of light for some reason clearly went to them, contributing to their giantism.

Mollusks are found in the Mariana Wpadine. It is unclear how their shells withstand a huge water pressure, but they feel at a depth of very comfortable, and they are located near the hydrothermal sources, which allocate a deadly hydrogen sulfide for conventional mollusks. However, local clams, showing incredible abilities to chemistry, somehow adapted to process this destructive gas in the protein, which allowed them to live where, for the first
Look, it is impossible to live.

Many inhabitants of the Mariana depression are rather unusual. For example, scientists have discovered fish here with a transparent head, in the center of which are her eyes. Thus, in the course of evolution, the eyes of the fish received reliable protection against possible injury. At a great depth, there are a lot of bizarre and sometimes even terrible fish, here it was possible to fix the video and fantastic medus. Of course, we do not yet know all the inhabitants of the Mariana depression, in this regard, scientists have a lot of discoveries.

There are a lot of interesting things in this. mysterious place And for geologist scientists. So, in a depression at a depth of 414 meters, a volcano daykoku was found, in the crater of which is the lake of the raging molten sulfur right under water. As scientists say, the only one-known analogue of such a lake is only on the satellite of Jupiter - Io. Also in the Mariana Wpadin, scientists found the only underwater source of liquid carbon dioxide on Earth, called "Champagne" in honor of the famous French
Alcoholic beverage. There are in depression and so-called black smokers, these are hydrothermal sources that function at a depth of about 2 kilometers, due to them the temperature of the water in the Mariana depression is maintained in fairly favorable limits - from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius.

At the end of 2011, scientists opened very mysterious structures in the Mariana cavity, these are four stone "bridges" extending from one to another end of the depressions by 69 kilometers. Scientists are still difficult to explain how these "bridges" arose, it is believed that they were formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine Tectonic plates.

Ocean is much closer to us than planets solar system. However, its bottom has been studied only by 5 percent. And how many more secrets keep the water of the World Ocean? it the greatest mystery Our planet.

Maximum depth

Mariana Vpadina, or a different Marian chute, is the deepest place in the ocean. Amazing creatures live here and there is practically no light. However, this is the most famous place that is still not fully studied and has a lot of unsolved secrets.

Immersion in Mariana Vpadina is a real suicide. After all, the water pressure here is thousands of times higher than the pressure at sea level. The maximum depth of the oceans is approximately 10,994 meters with an error of 40 meters. However, there are brave, which descended to the very bottom, risking their own lives. Of course, it was not in this case without modern technologies.

Where is the deepest place in the World Ocean

Mariana Wpadina is located in the area, and to be more accurate, in its western part, closer to the east, near Guam, about 200 kilometers from the deepest place in the world ocean resembles a gutter in the form of a crescent. The width of the depression is approximately 69 kilometers, and the length is 2550 kilometers.

The coordinates of the Mariana Gutter: Eastern Longitude - 142 ° 35 ', Northern Latron - 11 ° 22'.

Temperature on the bottom

Scientists suggested that at maximum depth should be a very low temperature. However, they were very surprised by the fact that at the bottom of the Mariansky gutter, this indicator remains above zero and is 1 - 4 ° C. Soon this phenomenon was also an explanation.

Approximately at a depth of 1600 meters from the surface of the water, hydrothermal sources are located. They are also called "white smokers". From sources, jets are very hot water. Its temperature is 450 ° Celsius.

It is worth noting that this water has a huge amount of minerals. It is these chemical elements that support life at great depths. Despite such a high temperature that exceeds several times the booster temperature, water does not boil here. And this is explained by quite high pressure. At such a depth, this figure is 155 times higher than similar on the surface.

As you can see, the deepest places of the world's ocean are not so simple. They are hidden many more secrets that need to solve.

Who dwells at such a depth

Many people think that the deepest place in the ocean is the abyss where life cannot exist. However, this is not the case. At the very bottom of the Mariansky gutter, scientists found very large Ameb, called xenophyophos. The length of their body is 10 centimeters. These are very large single-celled organisms.

Scientists assume that this type of AmeB acquired such dimensions due to the environment in which they have to exist. It is worth noting that these unicellular creatures were found at a depth of 10.6 kilometers. Many factors affected their development. This is the lack of sunlight, and high enough pressure, and, of course, cold water.

In addition, xenophyophoras have simply unique abilities. Amoeba perfectly transfer the impact of many chemicals and elements, among which lead, mercury and uranium.

Mollusks

At the bottom of the Mariana depression is very high pressure. In such circumstances, there is no chance of even creatures with bones or shelter. However, not so long ago in the Mariana groove there were mollusks. They live near hydrothermal sources, because serpentine contains methane and hydrogen. These substances allow you to fully form a living organism.

It is still not known how mollusks can preserve their sinks in such conditions. In addition, hydrothermal sources produce another gas - hydrogen sulfide. And he, as is known, mortal for any mollusks.

Liquid carbon dioxide in pure form

Mariana Vpadina - Deep Place of the World Ocean as well amazing world With many inexplicable phenomena. Here are hydrothermal sources located near Taiwan, outside Okinawa gutter. This is the only underwater region known at the moment, where liquid carbon dioxide is present. This place was discovered back in 2005.

Many scientists believe that it is these sources that allowed them to be born in the Mariana cavity of life. After all, there is not only optimal temperature, but also there are chemicals.

Finally

The deepest places of the World Ocean are simply amazing the extraordination of their world. Here you can find living organisms that perfectly feel in complete darkness and at high pressure and cannot exist in another environment.

It is worth noting that the Mariana Wpadina has the status of the National Monument to the United States. This marine reserve is the largest worldwide. Of course, for those who want to visit here, there is a certain list of rules. In this place is strictly forbidden to produce minerals, as well as fish.

The Mariana Wpadina (or Marian chute) is a gutter in the ground crescent-shaped crust, with a size of 2550 by 69 km. This is the deepest place on earth (about 11 thousand kilometers!). Located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean near the Mariana Islands, which gave her the name.

Below is described in detail by the Mariana Wpadin and its distinctive features are given.

Uniqueness of the depression

Few people decide to plunge into the bottom of the ocean in this place, since in the Mariana Wpadine water pressure exceeds the pressure in other places of the ocean about a thousand times.

The water temperature in the groove varies from 1 to 4 degrees of heat. In addition, there are a large number of hydrothermal sources (different "black smokers"), of which water flows with a temperature of up to 450 ° C.

Due to severe water pressure, all living beings in this part of the sea are doomed to extinction. But at the beginning of the 21st century, living organisms (mollusks) were found near the clusters of Serpentin, which were able to survive in such conditions.

In addition, liquid carbon dioxide was revealed here. Mariana Vpadina is the only such underwater area called champagne (in honor of bubbles that break out of the water).

Dirt or mucus - the usual coating of the bottom of the depression. Due to the fact that the pressure does not give the remnants of animals and plankton climb upstairs, everything remains at the bottom of the ocean, turning into a dirt of gray-yellow color. Sand in the groove is practically absent.

The deepest point of the Mariana depression is "the abyss of the Challenger."

About others interesting facts You can learn from the section.

The deepest place in the World Ocean

Mariana Vpadina (Marian chute) is a deep-water chute located in the west of the Pacific Ocean. Today, Mariana Wpadina is the most deep Mesal on the planet. Deep point The gutter was called "the abyss of the Challenger."

The history of the research of the Mariana gutter begins since 1875, when the British Corvette "Challenger" lowered the deep-water lot in the depression and recorded a depth of 8367 m. In 1951, the British repeated experience with the help of echo sounder and recorded the maximum depth of 10,863 m. In 1957, the Russian Expedition On the vessel "Vityaz" was able to fix the new depth of the depression - 11,023 m. Studies of 1995 and 2011 showed new numbers - 10 920 and 10,994 m, respectively.

At the bottom of the Mariansky gutter, 3 people were able to visit. In 1960, Batiskof "Trieste" was lowered to the bottom of the villain, on board which was a researcher Jacques Picar and Lieutenant US Navy John Walsh. They sank to a depth of 10,918 m and dispelled the myth that life at such a depth is impossible. Batiscip "Trieste" found on the bottom of the depression of flat fish about 30 cm long.

In 1995, a Japanese probe "Kaiko" was launched in Wpadin, with which new microorganisms were opened - Foraminifera.

In 2012, American director James Cameron descended at the Batiskfe "Deepsea Challenger" at the bottom of Mariana Vpadina. It reached a depth of 10,898 m. Batiscop was equipped with all possible recording equipment, so Cameron was able to fall out unique personnel of underwater life.

Map of Mariana Vpadina

On the satellite map Mariana Wpadina looks like a big fold at the bottom of the ocean. Wpadina is a gutter stretching 1500 km. Width of the depression - from 1 to 5 km. At the bottom of the chute found mountains that were formed about 180 million years ago during the movement of lithospheric plates. The pressure on the day of the Mariana depression is 108.6 MPa, which is 1072 times higher than atmospheric pressure at the level of the world ocean.

Riddles and secrets of Mariana

The complexity of the study of ocean depths led to the fact that many myths and legends began to form around the Mariana depression. Some believe that prehistoric monsters dwell on the bottom of the depression, others - what is sleeping in Cthulhu.

During the descent to the bottom of the depression of the research apparatus "Hedgehog" belonging to the ship "Glomar Challenger", the registering devices recorded some kind of metallic grinding. It was decided to raise the device on board. When the device was taken out of the water, they found that a 20-centimeter cable, on which "hedgehog" lowered into the depression, was half a pilot.