Natural resources of Vietnam. Natural resources

03.03.2020

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Nature

Geographic zones

Northern Highlands

The formative natural barrier between Vietnam and China, the Northern Highlands has several peaks with a height of 3000 m, including the highest vertex of the country - Fan Possipa. This area is known for its difficult Mountain chain Hoanglyienshon, as well as a large number of ethnic mountain tribes.

Delta Red River

Delta of the Red River is the main cultural and historical center of Vietnam. Here in the twentieth century there was a first independent state. In the area of \u200b\u200bmore than 15,000 square kilometers, the population grows rice on rich alluvial plains for thousands of years. During the centuries, this area was extensive processing, and the network of channels and dams are mixed with rice fields. Despite irrigation, the region is still very prone to floods, as many parts of the delta are at an altitude of less than three meters above sea level.

South of the Red River Del

In this area, which begins immediately to the south of the fertile plains of the Red River delta, the mining chain of Chiongshon, previously known as the Annamic Highlands, is dominated. This mountain range stretches more than 1200 km south, ending with only 80 km from Saigon. The highest peak is NGOKLIN Mount 2598 m high, is located in the province of the contamon. Chain Chiongshon contributed to the formation of important cultural differences between the East and the West of the country - the first is experiencing a strong Chinese influence, while the second is more individualized. Further south, on the plateau of the central highland, there are agricultural plantations, including coffee and tea, located near the mountain resorts of Buonmethuot and Dalat.

Central coastal strip

East of the Annamics Highland, the landscape is sharply aligned, forming a narrow lowland. In its widest part, known as the central coastal strip, it extends no more than 64 km inside the country - in reality, in some places the mountains continue to the sea. Although the soil here is far from the ideal for agricultural production due to the high content of salt, however, the inhabitants of this area somehow managed to create a viable rice culture.

Delta Mekong

Mekong River has a length of more than 4500 km from its origins in Tibet. She completes its current in the delta, where he splits into a lot of sleeves before getting into the South China Sea. Delta Mekong covers an area of \u200b\u200b67.000 square kilometers - four times more than the red river delta. Often referred to as the "rice bowl" of Vietnam, it produces more than half of rice in the country and about half of the entire Delta region is processed. Here are the rich deposits of Ila, brought by this large river, which provide nutrients necessary for growing all sorts of tropical fruits and vegetables.

Relief

The position of Vietnam at the junction of several natural zones, as well as the presence of an ancient geological structure, determine the diversity of its natural conditions. Relief country mostly mountain. More than three quarters of the territory occupy mountains, plateau and plateau. Vietnam also owns islands and archipelagoes. The largest of them are Baytylong, Koto, Katba, Konda in the South China Sea, Fucca in Siamese Bay, etc. The area of \u200b\u200bthe continental shelf is approx. 500 thousand square meters. km. From the northern border of the country in the southeastern direction, the Hoanglenenshon Ridge (translated "Home Mountain Rang"), forming a watershed of the Hongha rivers (red) and yes (black). Within this ridge throughout OK. 200 km There are several peaks with more than 2500 m above, including the highest mountain indocidant fanshippa (3143 m). Next to the West, up to the border with Laos, a series of lower parallel ridges with vertices are traced from 1600 to 2100 m. Right tributaries R. Chongha, crossing Hoanglenson Mountains, have narrow canyon-shaped valleys. Although the mountain slopes are usually covered with forest, on the rainy time of the year the landslides, coinspads and sat down. South of the 20th parallels along the border with Laos and Cambodia, the Mountains of Chiongshon ("Long Mountains") extended to 1200 km, having steep oriental slopes and stepping on the west, to the R.Mekong valley. The highest point of the Silayleng mountain (2711 m) is located in the north-west, on the border with Laos. The North and South Chonegshon is structurally distinguished. Northern Chonegshon is a series of a variety, stretching at different angles towards the coast. Flowing from the mountains of the river carry their waters in the southeast and eastern directions. South Chonegshon forms the ridge system, Nagrai, Plateau and Valley. South of the 15th parallel, a group of vertices with heights of more than 2000 m is concentrated. The highest of them is a folded greents of Ngoklin peak (2598 m). Between 11 and 12 ° S.Sh. Separate vertices reach 2100 m. The most extensive plateau of the southern Chonegshon - the contamines, playlock, Darlac, Langbiang and Zilin are united under the general name of Taneguen ("Western Plateau"). Their average height is 500-1000 m. These plateaus are composed of basalt lavs, among which the pictorial cones of extinct volcanoes are towering. The mountain Hamron is highlighted ("Dragon") on Plateau Plateau. With these plateaus, numerous rivers belonging to the Mekong basin or flowing directly to the ocean are originated. Some South Chonegshon Ridges are suitable close to the coast of the South China Sea. On the plain in Vietnam there are only a quarter of the entire territory, but it is there that the main economic activity is concentrated. The most extensive plains are formed by Delta Hongha (Red) rivers in the north and Mekong in the south. Between them stretches the chain of narrow coastal plains and the delta with respect to small rivers. The total flow of the Vietnamese rivers is 785 cubic meters. km, and more than 76% fall on the pools of the Mekong Rivers (475 cubic meters) and Hongha (121 cm km). Other large rivers - ma, ka, thubon. Plain Square OK. 15 thousand square meters KM in the lower reaches of R. Chongha (its length in the territory of Vietnam Ok. 510 km) is composed of Holocene Alluvius, which made at the bottom of the ancient shallow bay. The absolute height of the Delta surface is less than 25 m. On alluvial sediments, extremely fertile soils were formed. Only on the northern and southern periphery of this plain are common more ancient alluvium. Space mountains, sand dunes and sea terraces are elevated in places. Thanks to the large volume of solid flow of rivers, their delta is made annually into the sea at a distance of up to 100 m. Since the Hongha Delta has been populated for several millennia, natural vegetation cover is mainly destroyed and it has undergone substantial anthropogenic changes. For many centuries, OK was erected to prevent floods along the river banks. 3000 km dam. Hongha, like other River Bacbo Rivers (yes, Lo, Thajbin), is distinguished by a sharp drop drop during rainy and dry seasons - from 30,000 to 700 cu. m. Delta Mekong (its length within Vietnam 250 km), on the contrary, is largely not touched by a person, especially in the north-west (DonGTHAP province) and in the Far South (Pn Kamau). Delta Square - OK. 50 thousand square meters. km. It is also formed as a result of the deposition of river nansions in the maritime bay, which once stretched to the Phnom Penh district. In fact, at the Cambodian capital and the Delta region of Mekong begins, the channel of which is divided into two main sleeves downstream - Mekong and Bassak actually. In turn, these water artery, passing through the territory of Vietnam a third of their way to the sea, are divided into another amount. In the formation of a single alluvial lowland, two other rivers - Kadong and Dongene took part. Mekong is also called Kyulong ("9 Dragons") in Vietnam). The river carries a lot of suspended nans, especially in the southern ducts, and the speed of the sushi of the sea reaches an average of 60-80 m per year. The Mekong Delta has the most thick hydrographic network in the world, including artificial channel systems. Movement of people in the area is carried out almost exclusively on SAMPAN boats. The active development of the Mekongian delta began approximately 300 years ago, and currently 60% of the total rice and most of the fruits collected in the country are produced. The coastal plains of Chongbo region stretched with narrow ribbon occurrence due to the accumulative activity of watercourses flowing from the eastern slopes of Chiongshon Mountains. Almost all the boundaries of the provinces pass on river chains. The seaside strip is divided by the spurs of the mountain ranges and the ridges of the hills on isolated, small in the lowland area, the largest of which, in the north of Thanhoha's province, occupies a territory of 3200 square meters. km. Vietnam has large reserves of hydroenergoresours. For example, the energy potential of R. Chongha is at least 1.5-2 million kW. At the RD (Black), with the assistance of the USSR, the largest HOABIN GES in Vietnam was constructed. The largest lakes of the country: in the south - Darlak (1 thousand gg), in the north - Baba (500 hectares), Western (466 hectares). A special attraction of Vietnam is the Halong Bay in Babbo Bay (Tonkinsky), recognized by UNESCO with one of the miracles of the world. On the azure sea space of this bay, 1600 small islands and cliffs of fancy forms resembling fighter roosters, frogs, ritual vases, etc. are scattered. On the Rocky Islands there are caves with stalactites and stalagmites. On the sea coasts of Vietnam with beaches from white and golden sand there are resort areas of Vungtau, Nha Trang, doshone, etc.

Climate

Vietnam is divided into three climatic areas: North, central and southern. Due to the diversity of relief and shifting direction during the year, significant internal differences are traced in the areas themselves. The climate of Vietnam is tropical, monsoon. In some mountainous areas, the climate is approaching moderate. Northern Districtextending to the north of 18 ° C.Sh., is characterized by a wet hot summer during the equatorial monsoon that follows with Pacific Ocean, and raw cool in winter, when the effect of cold northwestern winds is affected. On the plains, including delta, the average temperatures of the three winter months are 17-20 ° C. But the days occur when the thermometer column falls below 5 ° C. in the vicinity of Hanoi, located at an absolute height of OK. 5 m, at the most cool time of the year, the air warms up to 14-16 ° C, at night the temperature can be reduced to 2.7 ° C. In the winter mountains, frosts occur in the border ridges. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Shap, at an altitude of approx. 1570 m, and in other elevated places sometimes even falls out. From the end of January to mid-March, the constant animal is common. Summer, rainy season, lasting from April to October. From July to September, approximately 80% of the annual rate of precipitation falls (in Hanoch 300 mm in each of these months). In the hottest months, the average maximum air temperature in the capital is 31-32 ° C, and the registered absolute maximum of 42.8 ° C. Since the difference between the average maximum and medium minimum temperatures is 14-16 °, the climate of the Northern Area cannot be called tropical. Nevertheless, the soil, vegetation and animal world are clearly tropical. In the Northern region, areas of primary tropical forests are preserved, in which the trees reach a height of 50-55 m. On the contrary, Southern District, located west of 108 ° V.D. And south of 13 ° Yu.Sh., it is distinguished by a typical tropical monsoon climate. Northern winds do not penetrate into South Vietnam, so the temperature regime is stable throughout the year. In the Mekong Delta, for example, the average temperatures of 26-27 ° C, their amplitude between the hottest and coolest months does not exceed 3-4 °. In terms of moisture supply, two seasons are allocated - wet and dry. During the first, beginning in April-May and ending in October-November, more than 90% of the annual rainfall (equal to approx. 2000 mm), and during the second is only 7%. Sometimes there are droughts. Sometimes typhoon collapses on the coast. Climate Central District. And the Mountainson Mountains and their sings, who serve as a barrier, which in the summer prevents the penetration of wet south-western winds in summer. The rains begin in August and achieve maximum intensity in October-November, when clear weather is established in the rest of the country. It happens that the wet period stretches until January. More precipitation, up to 3000-3500 mm per year, it receives the northern half of this climatic area, primarily the eastern ridges and the foothills of Chyongshon, at least - coastal plains. At the mining plateau at the level of 1800 m is the famous resort of Dalat, where the air temperature is not exceeded all year round + 25 ° C. The destruction of forests led to the activation of devastating floods on the Rivers of the Chungbo. In the wet season, the invasion of powerful typhoons, the strength of which decreases towards the southwards. Winter months are pretty cool on the territory located between 16 and 20 ° S.Sh. In January, the air temperature is below 20 ° C. South of 16 ° C.Sh. All year round heat and temperature regime is similar to the conditions of South Vietnam.

Minerals

The depths of Vietnam, especially its northern and northwestern regions, are rich in minerals. The most important place among them is occupied by oil and gas found in the pools of the Hongha and Mekong rivers, mainly on the continental shelf. The results of geological exploration in the haunoe deflection of geological exploration testify to the presence of significant reserves of natural gas. According to estimates, total oil reserves on the continental shelf are approximately 2.5 billion tons. Coal reserves are estimated at 130 billion tons. Of these, 5.2 billion tons. - Stone coals, 125 billion tons. - Brown. The coal deposit in Southeast Asia in Southeast Asia - in Kuangnin Province (approximately 12-15 billion tons). There are deposits of iron ore, manganese, lead, bauxite, zinc, copper, chromium, graphite, asbestos, barium, mica, field spat, gold, silver, titanium ores, rare-earth metals. Industrial tin production is maintained (Tintuk in the field of Babo), there are huge stocks of apatite (Lockey in Bakbo - up to 1 billion tons).

Soil

The process of soiling in Vietnam in the conditions of a wet tropical climate proceeds very intensively and throughout the year. As a result, soil profiles are generated in a power of several meters. Vietnam's zonal soils are various types of latheritis (reds, yellow-beams, mountain laaterites). The most fertile soils are formed on volcanic rocks. The largest economic importance is the avison alluvial soils of plains, especially the Mekong and Hongha delta. Many low-lying areas are marshy and wetted soils. The largest areas of such soils are concentrated in the Mekong Delta. In coastal soil areas, seeds are salted.

Flora and Fauna Vietnam.

Vegetation

A significant part of the territory of Vietnam, mainly in the mountains, covered with forests (7.8 million hectares). Common stocks of wood are estimated at 565.6 million cubic meters. M. Operating stocks of wood are 226 million cubic meters. M. Zonal types of vegetation Vietnam are mostly secondary wet evergreen tropical forests, and in those areas in the south of the country, where the amount of precipitation is much smaller - savanna and rare-resistant tropical forests. Preserved sections of primary wet rainforests. In Vietnam, many valuable wood species grows: iron, black, pink, camphor, ebony, sandalwood, etc., more than 30 types of bamboo are common. 76 types of forest plants produce aromatic substances, 600 species - Tanin, 200 - dyeing substances, 260 species - oil. Raw materials for different industries serve red shellac, cinnamon, anise, pine extract. Due to the predominance of mountain relief, in addition to the latitudinal zonality of vegetation, its high-altitude explanancy is expressed. The lower parts of the mountains (up to the heights of 800-1000 m in nambo and 600-700 m in the cooler Bacbo) are covered with wet tropical evergreen forests. Above 1700-2000 m above U.m., we grow wide subtropical mountain forests with an undergrowth of various bamboo, and even above the mixed forests appear, where, in addition to oak, maple and ash, there are coniferous rocks. In the seaside zone, mangroves are common: in nambo they reach a height of 25-30 m, in Bakbo - 2-3 m. The total mangrove area is OK. 400 thousand hectares, of which 300 thousand are located in Nambo and southern Chunbo. In the lowlands of the country, coconut palm trees are common. On the plateau in the southwestern district, savanna forests are growing and savannahs with thickets of rigid herbs and bamboo are located.

Animal world

The animal world of Vietnam has OK. 170 species of mammals, approximately 970 species of birds, 270 species of reptiles, more than 1000 species of marine and freshwater fish. In coastal waters, crabs, shrimps, mollusks are found. In the rainforest zone, panthers, leopards, tigers, monkeys (macales and gibbons), bears, woody viverse, flying, large wired, white and green parrots, pheasants, peacocks are common. Occasionally there are rhinos. Many snakes (blows, cobra, etc.), turtles, lizards. Indian elephant, antelopes, deers, buffaloes, boars, eagles, eagles, partridges live in savannah forests and savannahs. In the delta rivers and the swamps will settle pink flamingos, storks, pelicans, herons, wild ducks, geese. Water flooded fields are replete with fish and small crabs. In rivers and lakes a lot of freshwater fish. Marine resources are diverse and conducive to the development of not only fishing, but also tourism and recreation. Sea fish stocks in the shelf zone are estimated at about 3 million tons per year, and shrimps - 65 thousand tons. Significant molluscs, sea cabbage and other seafood.

Protection of Nature

In order to preserve the animal world and rare plants (including medicinal) in Vietnam, specially protected areas have been created with a total area of \u200b\u200b750 thousand hectares, incl. National parks, reserves and reserves. The area of \u200b\u200bprotected areas on the Plateau Taneguen is approx. 240 thousand hectares. In Vietnam, there are more than 10 national parks, the most popular of them is a rib, lake Baba and Kukfyong in the north; Batmay in the center and Cittien in the south. In an attempt to prevent an ecological and hydrological catastrophe, the government plans to highlight another ten thousand square kilometers of the forest and create new national parks and reserves.

National parks

Babe (Prov. Bakkan): 7,800 hectares, founded in 1997
Bavi (prov. Hatei): 7,300 hectares, founded in 1997
Tamada (Vinfuk): 36,900 hectares, founded in 1997
Kabba (Haiphone): 15,200 hectares (26,300 hectares with coastal waters), founded in 1986
Kukfyong (prov. Ninbin): 22,200 hectares, founded in 1962
Benen (prov. Thanhoha): 16,600 hectares, founded in 1986
Batma (prov. Thyathiene-Hue): 22,000 hectares, founded in 1986
YAKDON (VR. DAKLAK): 58,200 hectares, founded in 1991
Cittien (Prov. Dongene): 35,300 hectares, founded in 1998
CHAMTIM (prov. Dongthap): 7,600 hectares, founded in 1999
Condo (prov.): 15.043 hectares, based (recognized by National Park) in 1993
Hoanglyienshon (Prov. Lokay): 29,845 hectares, founded as a reserve in 1986, recognized by Nats. Park in 2002

National Park Karba

Located on the island of Karba in Halong Bay, in the Katheai area, about 50 km from the city of Haiphona and 8 km from the coast. You can get here in 45 minutes. On the ferry or for 3 hours by car from Hyphon, as well as on the boat from Halong through the Halong Bay, which will take you 3.5 - 4 hours. Popular transportation on the island itself - motorcycle taxi. Payment for one trip - 2.000 Vietnamese dongs. Katba Island (9,800 hectares of sushi and 5,400 hectares of sea surface) is the largest in the archipelago, which has only 366 large and small islands, with sandy beaches, quiet bays and mysterious caves. Until 1893, these islands served as a refuge to pirates who attacked the Chinese borders on the ships from the Red River delta. Total park area area 26,300 hectares, including 17,300 hectares of islands and 9,000 hectares of coastal water. The park is located in a tropical monsoon climate area with pronounced dry and wet seasons. The average annual sea temperature is 25-28 grams. C, and the average relative humidity of the air for a year is 85%. The rainy season lasts from May to September, the strongest rains are possible in July and August. In January, February and March, small drizzling rains are possible. The average temperature in the rainy season is 30 grams. S. Katba Park differs from other national parks with a variety of their landscape and the complexity of topography. The seabed also affects a variety covered: where limestone deposits, where coral reefs, where sand or clay with organic elements, which, in combination with purest water, creates a favorable environment for reproduction and develop various types of marine animals and plants. There are 135 species of marine plants, more than 50 types of marine animals, 27 species of decorative and 300 commercial fish, about 500 types of mollusks and crustaceans. The Primitive Nature National Park is a habitat of 15 mammal species, including monkeys-Francois, wild boars, deer, protein and hedgehogs, and 21 species of birds, including hawks, rhino and curtain birds. Kabba lies on the main migration path of waterfowl (ducks, geese and rzhanok), which eat and nest in mangrove forests and on the beaches. The island grows 620 species of plants, including 118 species of trees, 160 medicinal plants (and according to some other data - 357 species) and 350 species of plants listed in the Red Book of Vietnam. The National Park has two caves open to visit. One of them is preserved in a natural state, while the other has historical importance - it served as secret, protected from bombs hospital during american War. To get to the cave of Chungachng, you need to pass by a frog lake, surrounded by swampy forests. Not far from this lake is the peak of Ngylam, offering a fantastic view of the Karst Landscape and primitive forests, and where you can go up in just half an hour.

Condo National Park

Located in the province of Baria-Vungtau in 97 marine miles (about 200 km from the mainland, 180 km south of Vungtau). You can get here for 1 hour helicopter (3 flights a week), as well as by the sea: 14 hours from Vungtau and 6 hours from Chavin. The total area is 15.043 hectares. In total, 14 islands in Kondao archipelago, the largest of which is the Konshon Island (area of \u200b\u200b51.5 square meters. Km, length 15 km, width 1 - 3 km, coastline - 200 km). The relief of this island is very diverse. These are white-mounted beaches with blue sea, and primitive forests, and majestic mountains and hills, mainly covered with forests. The highest peak - 577 m. Two seasons are clearly expressed: Dry - from December to April (at that time, the northeast monsoon is dominated here) and the rainy season - from May to November (southwestern monsime blows). The total amount of precipitation is 2100 mm / year. The most rainy month is October. The average temperature during the year is 27 ° C. You can get to this island from Vungtau. You can get by the sea (best from March to July, because at this time the sea is calm), departure at 17.00, arrival - at 5.00 next day; The cost is about 15 dollars. It is possible to fly by helicopter, travel time is about 55 minutes, the cost is approximately 45 dollars. From May 2004, you can get by the plane (at any time of the year), time is 35 minutes, the cost of about $ 50. In 1984, the Condo Archipelago was defined as an important natural zone in need of protection. In 1993, he received the status of the National Park. In 1997, its marine space was included in the territory of the National Park Kondao. Approximately 6.000 hectares occupy forests and mountains, 9.000 hectares - the sea coast. Famous islands and their caves. Since the archipelago is located at a significantly distance from the mainland, its flora and fauna differ from the mainland. There are approximately 880 species of plants, 144 species of animals, 65 species of birds, 25 - amphibians, etc., such rare species of marine animals live here as sea turtle, including green turtles, bisers, leathery turtles, giant trildaks are one of the types of marine mollusks, Dujoni - one of the types of rare aqueous mammals located on the verge of extinction. Diving and snorkeling are actively developing on the island, and you will have the opportunity to see all the wealth of the underwater kingdom of Konda. And if you are lucky, you can see how the turtles crawl into the shore to postpone the eggs in the sand (from mid-May until September). In addition to the rich marine animal of the world, Kondao National Park has a variety of ground fauna: long-tailed macales, volatile, giant black squirrels, Indian pythons, nicobar pigeons ...

National Park - Batma Reserve

In 50 km south of Hue is the State Reserve of Batma. Its territory stretched from the shore of the South China to the Vietnam Lao border. The climate here is similar to the climate of Dalat, the saules, as the bat is located near the sea, then the temperature in the summer does not exceed 26 degrees. Due to its geographical and climatic conditions, this area still at the beginning of the twentieth century attracted the attention of the French, which created a resort zone at an altitude of 1000 m from the sea level. During wars, the luxurious mansions built here were destroyed, but from the end of the twentieth century, when the line was adopted on the active development of the economy and was recognized that tourism can play one of the main roles in the economic development of this province, great attention and great funds are paid to the restoration of this district. The highest peak of the Mountain System of Batmay, located at the end of the Chiongshon mountain range, reaches 1.450 m. The Mountain System of Batma is surrounded by narrow valleys and a thick network of rivers and streams. In the east of the park - lakes and marine lagoons. The rich fauna of the National Park of Batma has more than 80 species of large mammals belonging to 23 families and 9 detachments, more than 300 species of birds, more than 20 kinds of amphibians, about 30 species of reptiles, 59 species bats, 39 species of fish, 256 species of butterflies, 28 types of termites.

Kukfyong National Park

In about 2 hours, Kukfyong National Park - the first Vietnam National Park, created in 1962, is the most huge primitive rainforest in North Vietnam. It is located on the eastern edge of the limestone mountain range, originating on the Schonla plateau in North Vietnam. Park area 220 sqm. Here you can see about 2,000 plant species, 250 species of birds, hundreds of animal species, including over 70 species of animals and plants listed in the Red Book. The first stop on the excursion to the Park Kukfyong traditionally considered the center of rescue of primates, created in 1993. This is the largest center for the protection of primates in Indochita, both in scale and technical equipment and level of organization. In 1996 The International Organization for the Protection of Wild Fauna and Flora was developed a project for the protection of the National Park Kukfyong. The purpose of this project is to help preserve the biological peculiarity of the park, prepare qualified specialists in the field of nature conservation. According to this project, 3 Center were created: a tourist center, an ecological center for the protection of rare species of skulls and an ecological center for the protection of palm civet, also on the verge of disappearance. In addition to rare species of turtles and palm cywesters, Kukfyong National Park is famous for one of the rare species of cluspic yellowhead monkeys (Presbytis Delacouri). It is necessary to visit the cave of an ancient person (which is not only an important archaeological monument, but also in the habitat of 17 species of bats), the top of the silver cloud, the mountain village of Soon ...

Bavi National Park

Located in Hatei Province, 50 km north-west of Hanoi. Created in 1992. The total area is more than 7.300 hectares, of which 1.500 hectares occupy natural forests. Here is fully implemented by the beauty of the beauty of natural landscapes: the combination of 'forests + mountains + rivers. "The highest peaks - Vua (royal), the height of which is 1.227 m, and NGOC HOA (jade flower) (1.134 m). Park is known for its beautiful Views, waterfalls.

Baba National Park

There is since 1977. Located in 270 (240) km north of Hanoi, in the province of Kaaveng. The center of the reserve is mountain Lake, the length of which is 7.5 km, and the width is 500 hectares. The reserve is famous for its natural landscape, which the caves and waterfalls give special beauty. In addition, here you can make an excursion in the village of Tay and Yao, as well as the Tions Fair, which passes every 5 days.

Hoanglienshon National Park

Hoanglienenson National Park is located in Locak Province. Its total area is 29.845 hectares, including the closed zone - 11.875 hectares, the zone of environmental revival - 17.900 hectares, the administrative, tourist and service area - 70 hectares. In addition, there is an extensive adjacent buffer area with a total area of \u200b\u200b38.724 hectares, stretched to more than 10 communities and county towns of Lockey province. The highest peak is dominated over the National Park - Mount Fansipan (3.142 m). For adventure lovers, hiking are organized to this mountain and the rise to the top. Usually such a campaign takes from 5 to 7 days. The ascent itself begins in the valley separating the mountain from the famous Tourist Base of the Shap (Sap). The trail passes through the picturesque landscape of terraced rice fields, through the villages of numerous national minorities living here. For a long walking transition and conquest mountain peak Of course, participants must be in good physical shape and ... capture warm clothes, boots and waterproof raincoat with you. Here at a considerable height can be seen unique views Plants and animals, some of which are absolutely original and are no longer found anywhere in the world. Combined through thick forests on steep slopes, tourists turn out to be in the village of Myongho, at an altitude of 2.500 m and fall into the "forest of elves": the predominance of noded twisted dwarf rhododendrons, overgrown with moss, lichen and orchids turns the terrain into a real mysterious forest - a shelter for elves from Fantasy Tolkien . From the height of the village of Myongho, there is a stunning view of the chap (SAPA) and the underlying valleys below. Bamboo forest grows slightly above. The last 200 m to the top is the highest place in all Southeast Asia.

The content of the article

VIETNAM,Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), the state in the eastern part of P-ov Indochina in Southeast Asia. It borders in the north with China, in the west with Laos and Cambodia, is washed by the South China Sea and his Bacbo (Tonkinsky) and Siamese bays. The state consists of three historical regions: Northern (Bakbo), Central (Chungbo) and South (Nambo). During the domination of the French from the end of 19 century. They were respectively called Tonkin, Annam and Kohinhin.

In 1945, the league of the struggle for the independence of Vietnam (Vietmin) announced the formation of an independent Democratic Republic Vietnam. In the war of resistance (1946-1954), Vietnamese as a result of the Victory at Dieenbienf forced the French troops to leave Indochina. The war ended with the signing of the agreement between the fighting parties. The country was divided from the 17th parallels. The section was recognized as temporary, but the outlined elections for the purpose of unification of Vietnam did not take place. The northern part of the country has become the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, or Northern Vietnam, with a territory of 158,335 square meters. KM, where about half of the entire population lived. The city of Hanoi became the capital of the DRV. Another part is the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam, held an area of \u200b\u200b173,354 square meters. km. The capital was in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). In the late 1950s, the war began between the Northern and South Vietnam, and in the 1960s the hostilities acquired a large-scale nature. The war ended in 1975 Victory DRV. July 2, 1976 there was an official association of Northern and South Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed.

NATURE

Relief area.

The territory of Vietnam is stretched in the meridional direction (the distance between the extreme north and southern dots - approx. 1750 km), and in the latitudinal direction, its length from 616 km in the north (from Mongkaya to the Vietnamese-Lao border) to 46.5 km in the central part ( in the Chungbo region). The length of the coastline resembling the letter S is 3260 km. The position of Vietnam at the junction of several natural zones, as well as the presence of an ancient geological structure, determine the diversity of its natural conditions. Relief country mostly mountain. More than three quarters of the territory occupy mountains, plateau and plateau. Vietnam also owns islands and archipelagoes. The largest of them are Baytylong, Koto, Kutba, Konda in the South China Sea, Fukuok in the Siamese of the Bay and others. The area of \u200b\u200bthe continental shelf is approx. 500 thousand square meters. km. From neighboring states, Vietnam is separated by mountain ranges.

From the northern border of the country in the southeastern direction, the Hoanglenshon Ridge (translated "Main Mountain Rang"), forming a watershed of Hongha River (Red) and Yes. Within this ridge throughout OK. 200 km There are several peaks with more than 2500 m above, including the highest mountain indocidant fanshippa (3143 m). Next to the West, up to the border with Laos, a series of lower parallel ridges with vertices are traced from 1600 to 2100 m. Right tributaries R. Chongha, crossing Hoanglenson Mountains, have narrow canyon-shaped valleys. Although the mountain slopes are usually covered with forest, on the rainy time of the year the landslides, coinspads and sat down.

South of the 20th parallels along the border with Laos and Cambodia, the Mountains of Chiongshon ("Long Mountains") extended to 1200 km, having steep oriental slopes and stepping on the west, to the R.Mekong valley. The highest point of the Silayleng mountain (2711 m) is located in the north-west, on the border with Laos. The North and South Chonegshon is structurally distinguished. Northern Chonegshon is a series of a variety, stretching at different angles towards the coast. Flowing from the mountains of the river carry their waters in the southeast and eastern directions.

South Chonegshon forms the ridge system, Nagrai, Plateau and Valley. South of the 15th parallel, a group of vertices with heights of more than 2000 m is concentrated. The highest of them is a folded greents of Ngoklin peak (2598 m). Between 11 and 12 ° S.Sh. Separate vertices reach 2100 m. The most extensive plateau of the southern Chonegshon - the contamines, playlock, Darlac, Langbiang and Zilin are united under the general name of Taneguen ("Western Plateau"). Their average height is 500-1000 m. These plateaus are composed of basalt lavs, among which the pictorial cones of extinct volcanoes are towering. The mountain Hamron is highlighted ("Dragon") on Plateau Plateau. With these plateaus, numerous rivers belonging to the Mekong basin or flowing directly to the ocean are originated. Some South Chonegshon Ridges are suitable close to the coast of the South China Sea.

On the plain in Vietnam there are only a quarter of the entire territory, but it is there that the main economic activity is concentrated. The most extensive plains are formed by Delta Hongha rivers in the north and Mekong in the south. Between them stretches the chain of narrow coastal plains and the delta with respect to small rivers. The total flow of the Vietnamese rivers is 785 cubic meters. km, and more than 76% accounts for the basins of the Mekong Rivers (475 cubic meters) and Hongh (121 cm km). Other large rivers - ma, ka, thubon.

Plain Square OK. 15 thousand square meters KM in the lower reaches of R. Chongha (its length in the territory of Vietnam Ok. 510 km) is composed of Holocene Alluvius, which made at the bottom of the ancient shallow bay. The absolute height of the Delta surface is less than 25 m. On alluvial sediments, extremely fertile soils were formed. Only on the northern and southern periphery of this plain are common more ancient alluvium. Space mountains, sand dunes and sea terraces are elevated in places. Thanks to the large volume of solid flow of rivers, their delta is made annually into the sea at a distance of up to 100 m. Since the Hongha Delta has been populated for several millennia, natural vegetation cover is mainly destroyed and it has undergone substantial anthropogenic changes. For many centuries, OK was erected to prevent floods along the river banks. 3000 km dam. Hongha, like other Rivers of the Babbo region (yes, Lo, Thajbin), is distinguished by a sharp drop in the level during the rainy and dry seasons - from 30 thousand to 700 cubic meters. m.

Delta Mekong (its length within the Vietnam 250 km), on the contrary, is largely not touched by a person, especially in the north-west (Dongthap province) and in the Far Southern (Pn Kamau). Delta Square - OK. 50 thousand square meters. km. It is also formed as a result of the deposition of river nansions in the maritime bay, which once stretched to the Phnom Penh district. In fact, at the Cambodian capital and the Delta region of Mekong begins, the channel of which is divided into two main sleeves downstream - Mekong and Bassak actually. In turn, these water artery, passing through the territory of Vietnam a third of their way to the sea, are divided into another amount. In the formation of a single alluvial lowland, two other rivers - Kadong and Dongene took part. Mekong is also called Kyulong ("9 Dragons") in Vietnam). The river carries a lot of suspended nans, especially in the southern ducts, and the speed of the sushi of the sea reaches an average of 60-80 m per year. The Mekong Delta has the most thick hydrographic network in the world, including artificial channel systems. Movement of people in the area is carried out almost exclusively on SAMPAN boats. The active development of the Mekongian delta began approximately 300 years ago, and currently 60% of the total rice and most of the fruits collected in the country are produced.

The coastal plains of Chongbo region stretched with narrow ribbon occurrence due to the accumulative activity of watercourses flowing from the eastern slopes of Chiongshon Mountains. Almost all the boundaries of the provinces pass on river chains. The seaside strip is divided by the spurs of the mountain ranges and the ridges of the hills on isolated, small in the lowland area, the largest of which, in the north of Thanhoha's province, occupies a territory of 3200 square meters. km.

Vietnam has large reserves of hydroenergoresours. For example, the energy potential of R. Chongha is at least 1.5-2 million kW. At the RD (Black), with the assistance of the USSR, the largest HOABIN GES in Vietnam was constructed.

A special attraction of Vietnam is the Halong Bay in Babbo Bay (Tonkinsky), recognized by UNESCO with one of the miracles of the world. On the azure sea space of this bay, 1600 small islands and cliffs of fancy forms resembling fighter roosters, frogs, ritual vases, etc. are scattered. On the Rocky Islands there are caves with stalactites and stalagmites. On the sea coasts of Vietnam with beaches from white and golden sand there are resort areas of Vungtau, Nha Trang, doshone, etc.

Climate.

The Northern District extending to the north of 18 ° C.Sh., is characterized by a wet hot summer during the equatorial monsoon, which blows from the Pacific Ocean, and the raw cool winter when the effect of cold northwestern winds is affected. On the plains, including delta, the average temperatures of the three winter months are 17-20 ° C. But the days occur when the thermometer column falls below 5 ° C. in the vicinity of Hanoi, located at an absolute height of OK. 5 m, at the most cool time of the year, the air warms up to 14-16 ° C, at night the temperature can be reduced to 2.7 ° C. In the winter mountains, frosts occur in the border ridges. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Shap, at an altitude of approx. 1570 m, and in other elevated places sometimes even falls out. From the end of January to mid-March, the constant animal is common.

Summer, rainy season, lasting from April to October. From July to September, approximately 80% of the annual rate of precipitation falls (in Hanoch 300 mm in each of these months). In the hottest months, the average maximum air temperature in the capital is 31-32 ° C, and the registered absolute maximum of 42.8 ° C. Since the difference between the average maximum and medium minimum temperatures is 14-16 °, the climate of the Northern Area cannot be called tropical. Nevertheless, the soil, vegetation and animal world are clearly tropical. In the Northern region, areas of primary tropical forests are preserved, in which the trees reach a height of 50-55 m.

On the contrary, the southern area, located to the west of 108 ° V.D. And south of 13 ° Yu.Sh., it is distinguished by a typical tropical monsoon climate. Northern winds do not penetrate into South Vietnam, so the temperature regime is stable throughout the year. In the Mekong Delta, for example, the average temperatures of 26-27 ° C, their amplitude between the hottest and coolest months does not exceed 3-4 °. In terms of moisture supply, two seasons are allocated - wet and dry. During the first, beginning in April-May and ending in October-November, more than 90% of the annual rainfall (equal to approx. 2000 mm), and during the second is only 7%. Sometimes there are droughts. Sometimes typhoon collapses on the coast.

On the climate of the Central District, the Mountainschon Mountains and their sings, who serve as a barrier, who in the summer prevents the penetration of wet south-western winds in summer. The rains begin in August and achieve maximum intensity in October-November, when clear weather is established in the rest of the country. It happens that the wet period stretches until January. More precipitation, up to 3000-3500 mm per year, it receives the northern half of this climatic area, primarily the eastern ridges and the foothills of Chyongshon, at least - coastal plains. At the mining plateau at the level of 1800 m is the famous resort of Dalat, where the air temperature is not exceeded all year round + 25 ° C.

The destruction of forests led to the activation of destructive floods on the Rivers of the Chungbo River. In the wet season, the invasion of powerful typhoons, the strength of which decreases towards the southwards. Winter months are pretty cool on the territory located between 16 and 20 ° S.Sh. In January, the air temperature is below 20 ° C. South of 16 ° C.Sh. All year round heat and temperature regime is similar to the conditions of South Vietnam.

Minerals.

The depths of Vietnam, especially its northern and northwestern regions, are rich in minerals. The most important place among them is occupied by oil and gas found in the pools of the Hongha and Mekong rivers, mainly on the continental shelf. The results of geological exploration in the haunoe deflection of geological exploration testify to the presence of significant reserves of natural gas. According to estimates, total oil reserves on the continental shelf are approximately 2.5 billion tons. Coal reserves are estimated at 130 billion tons, of which 5.2 billion tons - stone coals, 125 billion tons - brown. The coal deposit in Southeast Asia is in Kuangnin Province (approximately 12-15 billion tons). There are deposits of iron ore, manganese, lead, bauxite, zinc, copper, chromium, graphite, asbestos, barium, mica, field spat, gold, silver, titanium ores, rare-earth metals. Industrial tin production is maintained (Tintuk in the field of Babo), there are huge stocks of apatite (Lockey in Bakbo - up to 1 billion tons).

Soil.

Vegetable world.

Due to the predominance of mountain relief, in addition to the latitudinal zonality of vegetation, its high-altitude explanancy is expressed. The lower parts of the mountains (up to the heights of 800-1000 m in nambo and 600-700 m in the cooler Bacbo) are covered with wet tropical evergreen forests. Above 1700-2000 m above U.m., we grow wide subtropical mountain forests with an undergrowth of various bamboo, and even above the mixed forests appear, where, in addition to oak, maple and ash, there are coniferous rocks.

In the seaside zone, mangroves are common: in nambo they reach a height of 25-30 m, in Bakbo - 2-3 m. The total mangrove area is OK. 400 thousand hectares, of which 300 thousand are located in Nambo and southern Chunbo. In the lowlands of the country, coconut palm trees are common. On the plateau in the southwestern district, savanna forests are growing and savannahs with thickets of rigid herbs and bamboo are located.

Animal world

Vietnam has approx. 170 species of mammals, approximately 970 species of birds, 270 species of reptiles, more than 1000 species of marine and freshwater fish. In coastal waters, crabs, shrimps, mollusks are found. In the rainforest zone, panthers, leopards, tigers, monkeys (macales and gibbons), bears, woody viverse, flying, large wired, white and green parrots, pheasants, peacocks are common. Occasionally there are rhinos. Many snakes (blows, cobra, etc.), turtles, lizards. Indian elephant, antelopes, deers, buffaloes, boars, eagles, eagles, partridges live in savannah forests and savannahs. In the delta rivers and the swamps will settle pink flamingos, storks, pelicans, herons, wild ducks, geese. Water flooded fields are replete with fish and small crabs. In rivers and lakes a lot of freshwater fish.

Marine resources are diverse and conducive to the development of not only fishing, but also tourism and recreation. Sea fish stocks in the shelf zone are estimated at about 3 million tons per year, and shrimps - 65 thousand tons. Significant molluscs, sea cabbage and other seafood.

In order to preserve the animal world and rare plants (including medicinal) in Vietnam, 87 specially protected territories are created by a total area of \u200b\u200b750 thousand hectares, incl. 7 national parks, 80 reserves and reserves. The area of \u200b\u200bprotected areas on the Tanguen Plateau will be approx. 240 thousand hectares. It is planned to create national parks in the reservoir area of \u200b\u200bthe Baba, on O. Kondao and in other areas.

POPULATION

Demographic data.

According to estimates for 2003, there are 81.62 million inhabitants in the country belonging to 54 ethnic groups. More than 64% - Vietnamese aged 15 to 64 years. Women make up 51% of the population. The average life expectancy in the country is 70.05 (men - 67.58, women - 72.7) population growth rates in 2003 were estimated at 1.29%.

Comparatively complete demographic statistics refers to 1995. Then from 72,916 thousand inhabitants in the cities lived 14,566 thousand, and in rural areas - 58,350 thousand people (in the north, respectively, 5250 thousand and 31,450 thousand and in the south of 9316 thousand . and 26 900 thousand people). The population of the country in 1990-1995 increased by an average of 2.4% per year, and in the villages this figure was 2.6%, and in cities - 1.5%.

In the northern part of Vietnam, the population growth was estimated at 2.2% in rural areas and in 3% in urban settlements (in the Delta region R. Chongha, respectively, 1.8% and 3.4%), in South - 3.1 and 0, 7%. Thus, the process of urbanization in the Mekong Delta actually stopped. Moreover, in areas where the three largest centers are located (Ho Chi Minh City, Bienhoa and Vungtau) and the administrative centers of four provinces, the number of the village population in the first half of the 1990s increased by an average of 4.4%. Significant pace of urbanization in Northern Vietnam partially became due to small-earth and limited opportunities development of agricultural production.

Ethnic composition and languages.

When the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was proclaimed in 1945, there were up to 70 nationalities in the country. In language terms, they belong to three families: the Chinese-Tibetan, Austro-Insian and Austronesian, and then are divided into a number of groups. Noticeable differences are also observed in the lifestyle and practice of economic groups. Some peoples for hundreds and thousands of years have been engaged in pasty drawback, others - with firefight agriculture, the third led half-blooded lifestyles, producing means to the existence of collecting, hunting and fisheries.

Until 1945, Vietnamese called primarily equible inhabitants. Recently, the most common ethnonym "Vieget" has become the most common ethnonym, and "Vietnamese" is called all residents of Vietnam. In 2003, Vieta was approx. 85/90% of the population of the country, closer to them in culture and the language, Outlies live in mountainous terrain Bacbo and the province of Ngean, the Chinese, Thais and others were 5-15%. Two more large ethnic communities are resetted on the plains: Chinese and Khmer (Cambodian). The Chinese, which are approaching ok. 1 million people are focused primarily in the former city of Sholon ("Tölon", i.e. "big market"), which has become a major district of Ho Chi Minhine, and control up to 40% of national capital in Vietnam. Khmer, the number is approx. 850 thousand people are resettled mainly in the Delta region of Mekong and in the city of Ho Chi Minh City.

Other peoples of Vietnam are distributed in the following language families and groups: Austrians, speaking Thai languages \u200b\u200b- Thai, Nung, Tai, Lao, Zei, Sanny (Shanai), Lians, Bui; in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Meo-CJSC Group (HMONG), CJSC; On Mont-Khmer languages \u200b\u200b- Bakhnara, Sedangi, Monsgi, Ma, Koho, Chron, Strenga, Khma. Living in the southwestern part of the country. Peoples who speakers the Malaysian-Polynesian languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family, Jarai, Ede, Rhalam, Tura, Ede Bih, live on the Plateau Playk and Darlak. In the language of the Malaysian-Polynesian group, Tyums (CHAMS) are also spoken, now the descendants of the ancient people of rices created by 2nd. AD On the territory of the current Chongbo, the state of Trimpa (CHAMPA) and a bright culture that was under strong Indian influence. The Chinese-Tibetan language family is also represented by the Tibeto Burmese branch: Hani, Fula, Laho, Lolo.

Religion.

Vietnamese society is prone to religious syncretism. It finds an expression that in a community house (Ding), which also serves as a village temple, presented altars with a pantheon of various local patrons and numerous images of Buddha and Bodhisattva, Confucius and historical characters. In Buddhist temples, not only Buddha, but also local deities and spirits are often worshiped. Almost every peasant dwelling can see two altars - one dedicated to the ancestors, and the other - the spirit of the Earth (ONG Dia).

Most Vietnamese, regardless of religious preferences and political views, believes that there is their moral and religious debt. The grave is reassigated, but in fact they are not dead: when a person becomes the dead man, his soul continues to exist. Live and dead live in the same world, but exist in different forms. Therefore, the ancestors take part in the daily affairs of their descendants and protect them, sometimes visiting during sleep or warning of threatening danger. Due to the fact that the souls of the ancestors play such an important role in the fate and well-being of descending generations, sown and child duties require to comply with a long-lasting mourning for the dead, take care of sacrifices and keep grave and cemetery in the order.

At the beginning of the 20th century In those areas of the Mekong basin, where colonization and the development of agricultural land occurred, two new religious sects have arisen: Caedis ("Supreme Palace") and Hoacho ("Harmony and nobility"). The first of them adheres to the syncretic doctrine, the canon of which is based on the teachings of Buddha, Christ, Confucius, Viktor Hugo, Lion Tolstoy, etc. Symbol of the codaii sect is the so-called. Heavenly Oko, and heads her own "dad" living in the province of Tinin, in the western part of the Mekong delta. The second syncretic organization, Hoacho, adheres to the combination of the ideas of Buddhism, Taoism and a number of other religious flows. In the 1940s - early 1950s, both sects showed claims to the territorial spheres of influence and contained their own police forces. However, in the mid-1950s, taking advantage of American financial and military support, NGO Din Diem managed to undermine their military and political positions. In the 1990s, approximately 1 million supporters of codes and approx. 0.5 million followers of Hoacho.

Mountain peoples of Vietnam retained early primitive beliefs, part of the crazy (cham) adheres to Hinduism, the other part is Islam.

In 1998 in Vietnam, there was approx. 2 million Catholics. Protestants in Vietnam little, mainly these are representatives of mountain peoples.

State device

Central authorities.

According to the 1992 Constitution, the supreme body of state power is a unicameral national assembly, consisting of 450 deputies, which are elected for a five-year period by direct universal voting. The National Assembly consists of 2002 of 498 deputies.

The duties of parliamentarians include the "appointment, temporary termination of powers and retirement" of the President, the Vice-President and Prime Minister (only deputies of the National Assembly are put forward for these posts), as well as the chairman of the Supreme People's Court and other states of the state. The President is the commander-in-chief armed forces and leads the Council of National Defense and Security. The president owns the right to appoints from the consent of the National Assembly of officials to a number of responsible posts, including the posts of the Chairman of the Supreme People's Court and the Prosecutor General. The term of office of the president - 5 years. The Prime Minister who is responsible for the current government activities, appoints and displays the members of the Cabinet, but necessarily with the approval of the National Assembly. The head of government can cancel or suspend the execution of decisions and decisions adopted at the level of ministries and departments, and accountable to the highest legislative body of the country.

President of the Socialist Republic Vietnam since September 1997 - Chan Duc Lyong, re-elected for a new term in 2002. Born in 1937, studied geology in the USSR, worked as a metallurgist engineer. From 1981 he was a deputy of the National Assembly, since 1987 Vice-President of Vietnam, in 1996 he was elected to the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

The post of head of government since 1997 occupies Fam Wang High. Born in 1933, he studied in the USSR, after returning to Vietnam made a party career. In 1985 he became the head of the People's Committee in Ho Chi Minh City, in 1991 he was elected to the Communist Party Politburo. He headed the state scheduled commission and served as the first deputy head of the government. Fam Van Hai is considered a pragmatist and a supporter of reforms.

Local authorities.

In administratively, Vietnam consists of 61 provinces, one special district and four cities of central subordination: Hanoi, Haiphona, Dananga and Ho Chi Minhine (former Saigon, which sprinkled with the "Upper City" of Scholone). In these cities and provinces, national advice acts - the state authorities elected by the population. The term of their powers - 4 years. The provinces are divided into districts, in which, as everywhere in cities and villages (communities), folk tips elected by the population. Since 1997, provinces and other administrative-territorial units are granted the right to engage in foreign trade operations.

Political parties.

The Communist Party of Vietnam is the ruling, established in February 1930 at the disastrous conference of the Communist Groups in Hong Kong, which existed since the 1920s. The leader of the party became Ho Chi Min. In October 1930, she was renamed the Indochina Communist Party (CPIK). The political program of the CPIK provided for the overthrow of French colonial authorities, the creation of an independent republic and the outstanding of the "bourgeois-democratic" revolution in the "socialist". I Congress PPIK took place in March 1935 in emigration in Macau. Communists actively worked under underground conditions. Since 1941, they began to prepare an armed uprising. In August 1945, the Communists and formed under their aegid Front Vietmin organized an armed performance, captured the power and proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which from 1946 was in a state of war with the former colonial metropolis - France. At the second CPIA Congress in February 1951, it was transformed into a batch of workers of Vietnam (PTV). The President of the Central Committee was the president of the DRV Ho Chi Minh, who remained in this post to death in 1969. The program of PTV proclaimed the main objectives of the expulsion of the imperialists, the achievement of the independence and unity of Vietnam, the destruction of colonialism and feudalism, the creation of the "Fundamentals of Socialism". After the country section north and south in 1954, the Northern part of Vietnam turned out to be under the rule of PTV.

The III Congress of PTV in September 1960 proclaimed a course on the "Construction of Socialism" and the country's reunification. In the south, the Communists acted under the name of the People's Revolutionary Party. After the victory in the war from the United States and the defeat of the Government of the South Vietnam in 1975, the Vietnamese Communists held in December 1976 the Congress in Hanoi, Renamed PTV to the Communist Party of Vietnam and announced that the "socialist revolution" was held in the country. The Secretary-General of the CPV was Le Zuan, who remained to him before his death in 1986. In 2001, 2.4 million members were held in the CPV. The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the only party in the country, since the Democratic and Socialist Party ceased to exist in 1988. Among other political organizations, the Domestic Front of Vietnam, created in 1955, has been allocated and incorporated in 1977 to its composition National Front of the Liberation of South Vietnam (1960- 1977) and the Union of National, Democratic and Peaceful Forces of South Vietnam (1968-1977). The Domestic Front of Vietnam also includes the Communist Party, the Universal Confederation of Workers (Created in 1976), the Union of Communist Youth Ho Chi Mini (created in 1931), the Union of Women's Vietnam (created in 1930) and other organizations. The leadership of the Executive Committee of the Domestic Front and other mass associations, such as the Universal Confederation of Workers, the Universal Peasant Union and the Union of Women, has the right to attend the meetings of national councils and committees of different levels and express their point of view on local life issues.

Although the Constitution states that the Communist Party of Vietnam is the "leading power of the state and society", the party itself is limited in its actions by the "Frames of the Constitution and Law". Moreover, partially due to the changes made to the basic law, the expansion of the real rights of the president, the Prime Minister and the National Assembly is observed. As a result, as well as thanks to institutional innovations, many functions from the Center were transferred to legislative and executive bodies in the provinces. According to a joint document of the Ministry of Finance and the CPV Financial Control Committee dated September 1998, the budgets of party organizations at all levels, starting with national and ending with rural, 1.5-2 times exceed the total budgets of all government agencies.

Judicial system

includes the Supreme People's Court in Hanoi and lower folk courts in the provinces and major cities. The National Assembly may in special cases, for example, when the interests of national security are affected, to create a special legal body of legal proceedings. The Supreme People's Court carries out control over the work of subordinate institutions. Representatives of national minorities are entitled to enjoy the native language in court. At the state and provincial levels and in the army there are folk inspections, each of which is guided by the responsible staff of the prosecutor's office. They fulfill the tasks of monitoring the implementation of the law in government agencies, private organizations, military personnel and civilians. Cases on the processes of the judge considers jointly with the Council of People's Assessers, consisting of 5-9 people. There are over 10 thousand such tips in the country.

Power departments.

The data relating to the Vietnamese People's Army and other power structures is strictly classified. In November 1998, the National Assembly voted for the "transparency" of information in the field of public administration, after which the government developed a detailed program of familiarization of the public with funding services and departments led by him (it does not concern the army, internal security bodies and party organizations). The number of military personnel in the country is estimated at about 0.5 million people, and security authorities are 2 million people.

Foreign policy.

As of 1998, the SRV recognized more than 160 countries of the world. In 1991, relations with China were restored, in July 1995 - with the United States, in the same month Vietnam became a member of the Association of States of Southeast Asia (ASEAN). Within the framework of this organization, Vietnam held in 1998 at the highest level to discuss the Asian "financial crisis" and other issues. SRV is a UN member (from 1977), as well as a participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum and the Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APK), in 1995 signed a protocol on cooperation with the European Union. Vietnam is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

ECONOMY

After removing the military units from Cambodia in 1989, Vietnam was able to completely end with the Military Communism regime. As early as 1986, the Congress of the Vietnam Communist Party made a change to the country's senior management and laid the beginning of the process officially called "update", thanks to which the country entered the period of modernization. The far-reaching reforms scheduled for the congress were aimed at eliminating direct state intervention in pricing, production and scope of foreign trade.

To speed up the influx of financial resources and revive the activity in the private sector, in Vietnam, legislation concerning preferential taxation of foreign investors is developed, "export production zones" are created and the activities of foreign banks are stimulated. The country began the formation of a legal framework for a market economy. After 1990, a number of important laws in the field of civil law were adopted, business standards, firms, etc. were developed. Reorganization and gradual privatization of a number of public sector enterprises are carried out. The number of state-owned enterprises decreased from 12 084 in 1991 to about 6,300 in 1995, mainly due to the elimination of weak enterprises and the associations of a number of enterprises of the adjacent profile. The system of privatization of public sector enterprises is systematically implemented.

Movement to the market brought impressive results. From 1990 to 1997, the gross domestic product (GDP) increased annually by an average of 8.9%, and actual investments increased by about 25% per year. In 1995-1997, in the pace of economic growth, Vietnam was led to ASEAN member countries. By 2000, the GDP per capita amounted to $ 400. Direct foreign investments authorized by the authorities, which in 1991 were approximately $ 2.3 billion, in 1997 reached $ 31.2 billion, which amounted to 30% of all investments. In 1991-1998, there was a rapid increase in exports - from $ 2042 million to $ 9356 million, or 27% per year, and imports from $ 2105 million to $ 11,390 million, or 32% per year. In 1998, the export of goods and services was estimated at 42% of GDP, import - in 47% of GDP. Despite the results achieved, Vietnam is experiencing economic difficulties. The underdeveloped infrastructure and weakness of economic potential are manifested in a low production of the main types of products: electricity - 226 kWh h, coal - 117 kg, oil - 118 kg, steel - 8.6 kg, cement - 83.3 kg, sugar - 7, 8 kg, rice - 352 kg, mineral fertilizers - 12.8 kg and export volume of $ 96 per capita (as of 1997). In the same year, the national income per capita was approx. 300 dollars Asian financial crisis 1998-1999 led to the fact that imports into the country decreased at a cost of 3% when exporting exports by 0.9%, and foreign investments decreased.

The economic growth of Vietnam did not cease to 2002; Such images in 2002, GDP was estimated at $ 183.8 billion or $ 2,300 per capita. According to the GDP sectors, it was shared as follows: the agricultural sector occupied 24%, the industry - 37% and other services - 39%. On the verge of poverty in the country about 37%.

Foreign investment

adjusted by the Special Law of November 12-20, 1996, according to which four forms of direct investment are established: Share participation, joint ventures, enterprises with 100% foreign capital and SEP agreements (construction - operation - transmission) and SP (construction - transmission). In 1998, 2,200 investment projects were carried out with capital involvement of 60 countries with the amount of registered investments in $ 32 billion; The amount of investment has amounted to $ 12 billion. Direct foreign investments found a dynamic growth in 1991-1997, although in 1997 they were sanctioned by about 1/3 less than in 1996, and half less than in 1995. At the end of 1997 foreign directs. Investments were distributed as follows: Oil and gas industry - 26%; lightweight industry, first of all, food - 17.6%; Heavy industry - 13.4%; Hotel business and tourism - 16%; Communication - 6.8%; rural and forestry and fisheries - 3.8%; banking sector - 2.2%; and the processing zones of imported raw materials - 1.2%.

Foreign and government investments sent primarily to industry and the scope of services, mainly to large cities - Hanoi, Hayfon and Ho Chi Minh. Thus, an imbalance in the income of leading urbanization centers and the rest of the country is aggravated. In 1995, the average per capita income in Hanoi was $ 695 and in Ho Chi Minhine, 912 dollars, and in general, OK. 220 dollars. From 1996 to 1998, GDP in these cities increased twice as fast as across the country, and three times faster than in rural areas.

Of $ 31.2 billion foreign direct investment registered at the end of 1997, most of the part arrived from Eastern and Southeast Asia (in billion dollars): Singapore - 6.3, Taiwan - 4.3, Japan - 3 , 6, South Korea - 3.1, Xiangan - 2.7, Malaysia - 1.4, Thailand - 1.1, Philippines - 0.31, Indonesia - 0.244. Among European powers in this respect, France was led to $ 1.5 billion, respectively. And $ 1.4 billion, respectively. Advisions from China amounted to $ 112 million, from Russia - $ 99 million in 1998 Under the influence of the financial crisis, there was a massive outcome of European and American businessmen from Vietnam. Only in Ho Chi Minh City, approximately 180 representative offices of foreign firms were closed.

Agriculture

it remains the main branch of the Vietnam Economy, which ensures the food security of the country. 78% of the population lives in the village (1997). Already in the 1980s, an indicator of agricultural overpopulation was clearly shown: the area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land at the rate of each inhabitant was 0.1 hectares: historically there was an irrational placement of the population, at which 80% resides in 20% of the country's territory. In Vietnam there are also more than 13 million hectares of virgin and lands, as well as land located on the slopes of hills and at the foot of the mountains, which, in principle, can be allowed into the economic turnover.

Agriculture is characterized by the presence of three sectors: state-owned (state disease, specializing in the production of industrial crops, raw materials for industry and export), private sector and collective sector - cooperatives, production teams.

The share of the private sector in agriculture is estimated at about 90%. Functions of the so-called. The updated cooperatives are reduced to the provision of various kinds of services and assistance in production, as well as to the organization of different forms of public life in the village. In 1994, around the country for each peasant yard (on average, 4.77 consumers, 2,29 employees) accounted for only 4143 square meters. M agricultural land. Labor resources in the village are involved only by 30-50%, i.e. The excess amateur population, in need of employment, is 6-7 million people. Increases and without that significant gap in the income of citizens and the village.

In most cases, primitive guns are used in agriculture. Only 10% of land areas are processed by machines. The volume of annual accumulations in peasant farms is very low (in 1993 he did not exceed 700 thousand dongs to one farm, i.e. approximately $ 70). In late 1998, the Politburo of the Central Communist Party of the Vietnam (CPV) in his report noted that over the past 10 years, food production in the country increased by an average of 5.7% per year and gross grain harvest increased per capita from 281 kg to 398 kg. The share of family-peasant farms suffering from malnutrition decreased from 30 to 17%, which in absolute terms is 2.4 million farms, of which 300 thousand are related to a group with chronic starvation and 400 thousand to a group with periodic starvation. In the agrarian sector, 25% of GDP and 36.3% of all export products are created. 68.8% of the country's workforce are employed in rural, forest and fisheries, and at about the same level, these industries are presented in the "Rustic" economy. In 1995, 27.5 million tons of food were produced in terms of Fig, in 1996 - 29 million tons, in 1997 - 31.5 million tons.

The main processed land areas are occupied under rice (on the plains - irrigation rice, on the mountain slopes and hills - sudden). Usually two crop rice per year is removed. Yield in Delta R. Chongha - 10-15 tons.

In Vietnam, cultivated approx. 1,500 rice varieties - with white, yellowish, reddish brown (supro-rice) and even with almost black (it is considered healing) grain. There is also so-called. Fragrant and sticky rice, which goes on the preparation of festive dishes. In addition to rice unsuitable for rice breeding, in addition to rice are grown by non-core cultures: an earthen walnut (peanuts), corn, soy, legumes, butat, maniacs. Agricultural crops are divided into textile and fibrous (cotton, jute, rami, fissure, mulberry), sugar (sugar cane), oilseeds (peanuts, sesame, coconut), stimulating (tobacco, ginger, black pepper, tea, coffee, betel), Mixing juice and resin (gevent, lacquer, pine). The largest areas are settled under the plantations of the rubberous tree of GEVE (approx. 200 thousand hectares).

Of the fruit crops grow many varieties of bananas, oranges, lemons, mango, grapefruits, papaya (melon tree), pineapples, coconuts, breadwasters, personalities and many other exotic fruits. From vegetables, which cultivate predominantly in winter, in addition to brought from a moderate belt of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, cultivate numerous varieties of pumpkins, cabbage, spicy herbs, etc.

Livestock remains a secondary agricultural industry, but its role gradually increases. Cattle (buffaloes and cows) are mainly used as a major force; The dairy farm appeared only recently. The meat grows pigs and birds (chickens and ducks).

Fishing and crustaceans and the collection of seaweed is mainly in coastal waters.

Wood harvested, including valuable breeds for export, as well as cardamom, badyan, cinnamon, gum, rosin, raw materials to obtain tubyl and dyes.

According to the report of the Politburo of the CPV Central Committee, presented in late 1998, in the country on the principles of the ODA ("Official Assistance for Development" - the provision of subsidies or preferential loans for the needs of economic development) 130 agricultural projects were financed by foreign states or international financial organizations. Their total cost was estimated at about $ 1.5 billion. The World Bank financed six of them in the amount of $ 465 million, the Asian Development Bank - eight projects in the amount of $ 464 million, the rest was provided by government structures of different states. At the end of 1997, foreign direct investment in rural and forestry and fisheries reached $ 3.8 billion, of which 2.06 billion were invested in 127 projects focused on organizing the processing of agricultural products, and $ 146 million - in 43 projects aimed at stimulating aquaculture.

Industry.

Before World War II, when the Vietnam's economy was clearly colonial, the share of industry was 10% (1939), by the end of the war of resistance (1946-1954) decreased to 1.5%. In the 1950s and 1980s, a number of industries were founded by a number of industries, including those such as electric power industry, mechanical engineering (with dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises, hundreds of mechanical and repair shops), metallurgy, chemistry, building materials industry. Different industries developed development. Main industrial centers have developed: Hanoi, Ho Chimina - Bienhoa, Haiphong, Danang, Kuangnin, Wangtau, Namdy, Vin, Vietcha, Thainguen, Habak, Thanjoa. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minim are played in industry, which produces a significant part of industrial products.

Industry for 1991-1996 has almost doubled production. The average annual increase in production amounted to 13.3%. This rapid growth was due to a successful transition from the public administration system and subsidizing enterprises to the principles of a market economy, establishing broad foreign economic relations. An important role was played by the course for restructuring and modernization of the industry, attracting direct investment from abroad, the introduction of new industrial technologies. From 1991 to 1995, the total investment in industry from various sources and economic sectors amounted to approximately $ 4.7 billion, and the funds received from the state amounted to 54% of the total investment, foreign investment - 31%, funds invested by themselves enterprises, - 3.5%.

With the direct participation of foreign companies, the most important industries were developed: oil and gas, cement production, steel, electronics, sewing and textile products, recycling of agricultural products. Foreign foreign investments contribute to the formation and development of industries such as automotive industry, motorcycle production.

The "zones of export production", "zones of concentrated industrial production", having tax and other benefits, as well as other favorable conditions for attracting foreign investment (in Haifone, Danang, Cantho, Tanthuan, etc.).

If we compare the volume of gross products 1991-1995 with the corresponding volume for the previous five years, then it has grown from 35.6 to 57.1 billion kWh, crude oil from 1.2 to 30.5 million tons, steel - from 393 to 1241 thousand tons, fertilizers - from 2228 to 3340 thousand tons, cement - from 9.8 to 22.5 million tons, paper - from 410 to 713 thousand tons.

Vietnam has significant opportunities for the development of electric power industry, having large reserves of oil, gas, coal and hydropower resources. The capacity of the generated electricity has increased from 2161.7 MW in 1991 to 4360 MW in 1995. The largest Hoabini hydroezel has a capacity of 2 million kW, as well as HPP Thakba, Dahn, Vinshon, etc., gas turbine complexes in Baria and Thudik, TPP (Wongby, Falai), as well as hundreds of small hydroelectric power plants. A 500-volt power line "North-South" was built, approximately 2000 km elongated power lines with a voltage of 110-220 V and 350 V. Electrified 442 counties (90% of the total) and 5450 communities (over 60%).

In recent decades in Vietnam, intelligence has been conducted, and since the 1980s and oil mining. Since 1986, the joint Soviet-Vietnamese enterprise "Sovietpeetro" is being developed by the shelf oil field to the southeast of the port of Vungtau (8 million tons of oil was mined in 1996). There is a Vietnamese state company Petrovichnam. Vietnam signed several dozen agreements with foreign partners in the exploration of oil fields and the division of shares, including Shell, Mobile, British Petroleum, "Pedko" (Republic of Korea), Petronas Kargali (Malaysia), Japanese "Jay Vi Si" (JVPC). Two new large oil fields on the continental shelf (Rong and Dahukung) were commissioned.

The largest coal basin of the country is Cuangnin, where mining is conducted both in mines and in the open way (for example, in the canaone). In 1991-1995, coal mining remained at the same level as in 1986-1990, - 28.5 million tons.

The main center of ferrous metallurgy - Thainguen. There is a mining of iron ore, and in the late 1950s, with the help of China, the Metallurgical Combine was built, destroyed by American aviation, but restored in 1973. The steel industry increased production of steel from 149 thousand tons in 1995 to 550 thousand tons in 1995 : Annual growth rate amounted to 39%. In the same period, thanks to intensive investments, the production of rolled products in Bienho (Nambo) and Thainguen, as well as on machine-building factories (in Hanoi, Namdina, Camph), increased. In the coming years, it is planned to increase the release of rolling to 1.25 million tons. Color metallurgy is represented by smelting tin (Tintuk combine), antimony (in Thainguen), chromites (in Thanyhoa), copper, tungsten.

The basics of mechanical engineering were laid in the 1950s; In 1958, the Khanyan Machine-Planting Plant was launched. By the mid-1980s, there were already ok. 700 different machine-building enterprises on which 130 thousand people were busy. Currently, the production of tools, diesel engines, mechanical pumps, small tractors, agricultural instruments on tractor, agricultural equipment, equipment for processing agricultural products are established. Motor boats, tows, barges, small cargo ships, trailers and spare parts for locomotives, cargo and passenger cars are produced. There are ship repair enterprises. The largest enterprises of the machine-building industry - the Hanoi Mechanical Plant, Mechanical Plant named after Chan Hung Dao (in Hanoi), Shipyard in Haifone, Car Related Plant in Zyalama (in the vicinity of Hanoi), Machine-Building Plant for years in Thainguene, Plant for the production and repair of mining equipment in Camph.

In the industrial area of \u200b\u200bHo Chi Minh City - Bienho, where a significant number of enterprises are concentrated, the assembly of diesel generators, small-power tractors, water pumps, mechanical plows, other agricultural equipment, televisions, kinescops, consumer electronics, sewing machines, bicycles, motorcycles, scooters are established.

The chemical industry is largely working to meet the needs of agriculture and is developed mainly in the north of the country in Bakbo. The production of phosphate fertilizers in 1995 was brought to 750 thousand tons, there is a large superphosphate factory in Lamartho. Relatively large enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers (110 thousand tons per year) are located in the Buckyan. The most important raw material base for the production of mineral fertilizers is the apatite mine Lockey, where a chemical fertilizer plant has been built. Chemical enterprises in the south of the country in the field of Nambo are mainly producing tires for cars, tractors and bicycles, various rubber products, electroplating elements and batteries, chemical plants protection, plastics, dyes, varnishes. An oil refining and petrochemical industry is created.

The large scale of construction in Vietnam stimulates the growth of the building materials industry, primarily the production of cement, which has grown from 3.1 million tons in 1991 to 5.8 million tons in 1995. The largest enterprises of the industry are cement plants in Bimshone, Haifone, Bienho, Hatienne, Hoangthat.

Such industry has developed such industries such as textile, leather-shoe, porcelain and faience production, glass products, food, etc. Of particular importance for Vietnam has a developed network of rio-efficient plants. In 1995, the loss of light industry accounted for 62.5% of all Vietnamese industrial export products.

An important role in the country's economy plays the handicraft industry. In Vietnam there are whole villages of the handies. Many crafts, such as pottery, silkloxy and carpet, bronze, jewelry, wood carving and bones have centuries-old traditions. In the early 1990s, the handicraft industry produced OK. 30 thousand items of widespread goods. The weighty share of Vietnamese exports is the products of the handles, including the products of artistic crafts.

Transport.

More than 40 thousand km of large and small shipping rivers and canals, over 3 thousand km of the sea coast - this is the length of water communications Vietnam. In recent years, sea and river fleet replenished with tankers and container workers, although there are no big ships in its composition. Special place are occupied by boot and river transportation. The main ports are Ho Chi Minh City, Danang, Honggai, Nha Trang, Haiphong, Vungtau.

Vietnam's land roads have more than 310 thousand km long, about a third of them are automobile. The gasket of land communications in Vietnam is complicated by the need to build a variety of bridges. Roads are brown by stone, and only 10% of them have an asphalt coating, a third of the roads are soil. The most important highways: Hanoi -Hishmin, Hanoi - Haiphon. The fleet of trucks is approx. 20 thousand

The length of the railway network in the mid-1990s was 2,600 km. These are mostly narrow-chain roads. Railway tracks with wider kips have the length of approx. 400 km. The main railway line Hanoi - Ho Chi Minhmin (1730 km) stretches through the whole country from north to south. The largest railway knot - Hanoi (60% cargo turnover). 75% of the volume of rail transport falls on the northern part of the country. Railway transport - the weakest industry in the country's transport system, is distinguished by the unsatisfactory condition of the paths, an outdated fleet of locomotives and rolling stock, slow speeds.

Civil aviation is rapidly developing, serving 15 internal lines with a length of over 62 thousand km. From 1980, Vietnam became a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Vietnam Airlines serves international lines (flights to Moscow, Paris, Bangkok and other capitals). There is a network of airfields, airports in cities such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Danang, are intended for international messages.

International trade.

The export volume in 1997 reached $ 9.1 billion, which is 4 times higher than the 1990 indicator. Trading ties are supported primarily with States of East Asia and the European Union. In 1986-1990 OK. 40% of Vietnamese exports were sent to the USSR, and OK came from the USSR. 70% import. In 1997, goods were purchased in Russia in the amount of $ 130 million, and it was sold to her raw materials and other products by $ 330 million.

Sales of shoes, textiles and finished clothing were most energetically expanded, whose volume rose to $ 1,800 million per year. The share of finished products in exporting SRV is less than 35%. The basis of exports is rice, corn, coffee, tea, rubber, cache nuts and other agricultural products, the export of which has tripled for the period from 1992 to 1996. At the same time, more than doubled the export of coal, crude oil and various seafood. In 1996, rural, forest and fisheries products were 45% of all exports, crude oil and carbon 20% and industrial products 35%. Vietnam attracts foreign businessmen, as it represents a capacious market that does not provide high demands for the quality of goods. In imports, the role of the means of production increased (up to 33% compared with 22% in 1992) due to intermediate products (56% against 64%) and widespread goods (11% against 14%). The shortage of foreign trade balance remains at a high level (billion dollars): 1995 - 2.7; 1996 - 3.9; 1997 - 2.5 and 1998 - 2.

In 1998, Vietnam took 12.2 million tons of crude oil and 3.8 million tons of rice. In view of the sharp drop in world prices for these goods, it was not possible to prevent the reduction in foreign exchange earnings. As a result, the country is experiencing difficulties with the balance of payments, its external debt approached $ 11 billion. Slow down in 1998 the growth rates of such main export goods such as shoes, coffee, rubber and cache nuts, and simultaneous weakening of the influx of foreign investment meant for Vietnam the loss of order 1 billion dollars

Banking system.

In addition to the Central State Bank of Vietnam, in the country at the end of 1998, 4 state commercial banks were operating: Vietnam Trade and Industrial Bank (Inkombank), a foreign trade bank (Vietcombank), the Bank of Investment and Development of Vietnam and the Vietnamese Bank for Agriculture Development and Countryside. In addition, there are 52 joint-stock banks (the authorized capital of which is formed at the expense of the state, private firms and individuals) and over 10 branches of foreign banks.

The most dynamic trend in the national financial system, apparently, is the growth of the country's external obligations. It is believed that up to 70% of direct investment from abroad comes in the form of borrowed capital, although the exact data was not published. The debt of the British State Office - the management of foreign countries is slowly declining, but in 1993-1998 still exceeded $ 5 billion, and short-term debt on foreign trade transactions and delayed letters of credit reached $ 2.5 billion in 1998.

The financial crisis in Southeast Asia revealed many negative aspects of the investment climate and weakness of the currency and financial and banking system of Vietnam. This is primarily manifested in the fact that the mechanism for regulating the exchange rate and the interest rate is not yet regulated by the market; Policy of public investment distribution is aimed at supporting weak investment projects; The credit policy of banks is administrative and does not contribute to the rational distribution of funds; There remains a weak system of banks, many of which do not have significant capital and enjoy backward banking technologies; The practice of "knocking out" of public funds is preserved, etc.

Culture

Education and science.

The country introduced a mandatory five-year initial training. In the 1994/95 academic year, the contingent of students of schools of all steps reached 14.6 million. Nevertheless, in the mid-1990s, the share of illiterate on the village was still 20%. According to 1996 surveys, the most unfavorable position is observed in the provinces of the Mekong Delta, where they do not know how to read and write approx. 2.8 million people over the age of 10 years.

In 1994/95 academic year, the number of students reached 211 thousand. There are 102 higher and secondary specialized educational institutions in the country.

In Vietnam there is approx. 300 research institutions. Fundamental studies are engaged in the National Center for Scientific Research and the National Center for Public and Humanities, which have a network of institutes, departments, laboratories in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minhi, Nha Trang, Dalate, Haifone. The Hanoi is the National Library, the library of the Institute of Scientific Information on Public Sciences, the Library of the Institute of Hieroglyphic Writing.

Architecture and visual art.

The preserved early monuments of the visual art belong to the I millennium BC. - For example, the large bronze drums are made by drawings - an ancient model of the universe. The flourishing of architecture and breeding in Vietnam is associated with the formation of 2 V. Truepa states. The art of crazy developed under the influence of India, as well as Cambodia: Hindu and Shivatic temples of 7-10 centuries. In Chowyu, Mishon, Dongzionge, the Temple of Ponakar (in Nha Trang), in the composition of which a round sculpture plays a complementary role in relation to architecture. Numerous tower True Temples (Kalans).

The development of Vietnamese cult architecture is connected with Buddhism and Confucianism. In the temples there is a Chinese influence: the multi-tiered tower of the temple of the Khionny (fragrant traces of the Buddha, 11th century), the temple in the Binshone (11-14 centuries), the architectural and park ensemble of the Confucian "Temple of Literature" (founded in Hanoi in 1070), Buddhist temple Tya Mot Cat ("Temple on one column", 1049, restored in 1955) in Hanoi, Buddhist Temples of CEO (13-19 centuries), Booth Thap (16th century), Multi-tier THEENMU Tower (Heavenly Ladies, 1600 ) In Hue, the architectural and park ensemble of the Imperial Forbidden City (1808-1833) in Hue, Palaces and Mausoleums 19 V. in the vicinity of this city. Peculous monuments of wooden architecture are preserved from 16-17 centuries. Dini - community houses dedicated to the cult of local protorted spirits and decorated with carvings. The monument of military architecture is the Khanyan citadel with a bannyal tower (1812).

From the end of 19 century. Architectural forms are influenced by Western architecture: urban ensembles, Catholic cathedrals, city theaters in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Historical Museum building, presidential palace, Palace of Labor in Hanoi.

The cult sculpture (stone, as well as wooden, lacquered and with gilding) has a centuries-old history. Its vertex is considered expressive sculptural images of 18 V. In the Buddhist temple Tayfyong (near Hanoi). For Vietnamese traditional painting, posthumous portraits, muffins of temples and palaces, landscapes are characterized. The noticeable development reached a national picture, as well as the art of decorative miniature mountains (NONO).

In 1925, Hanoe was founded by the Higher School of Fine Arts, the active development of European painting and science experience began, at the same time peculiar painting techniques for lacquer and silk appear.

Literature.

The ancient folklore is represented by the cycle of mythological legends on the sovereign of the Dragon varnish (Lac Long Quen), about the birth of the first people from eggs, a bogatyr fairy tale about Fu Dong, legends about the construction of the Snail Fortress (Koloa), about the warrior sister Ching. Preserved cycle of mythoepic teles Birth of water and the birth of the earth. Early monuments of Vietnamese literature are dating 10-12 centuries. In 13-14 centuries. Received the development of court poetry. Patriotic sentiments are expressed in verses and rhythmic prose about the fight against the Mongolian invasion at 13 W.: Appeal to military leaders (1285) Chan Hung Dao (1232-1300). At the 14th century The medieval novel naval, which was formed on the basis of the traditions of narrative folklore and historical chronicles: Assembly of miracles and the mysteries of the Earth Viet (1329) Lee Te Xuien. At 15 in. The poetry is developing in spoken language, the founder of which was Nguyen tea (1380-1442) ( Collection of poems in his native language). An important role in this process was played by the poet le Than Tong (1442-1497) and the literary association Collection of twenty-eight stars. In 16-17 centuries. Rhythmic prose, philosophical poetry (Nguyen Bin Khih, 1491-1586, Fung Khak Khohan, 1528-1613). In late 17 - early 18 V. Historical and epic poem Book of Heavenly South.

Number in literature 18 V. The genre of the Liric Poem (NGEM) has opened up the possibilities for the deep disclosure of the spiritual world of a person (Poets Dan-Tha Diem, 1705-1748; Poet Nguyen Zya Thaiu, 1741-1798). The blooming of a narrative poem (Chuhen), reflecting Private Life (Nguyen Hyu Hao, Mind 1713; Fam Thai, 1777-1813). The synthesis of the traditions of these genres was the poem Nguyuz Pole (1766? -1820) Wallowed soul (or Kieu) - an outstanding monument of Vietnamese classical poetry. Two-footered verses poetess Ho Suan Hongg (end 18 - early 19 century) argued the value of the sensory life of a person. In prose, genres of Roman-epic appear ( Emperor Le - the country's united), Essays (Le Kui Don, Fam Din Ho), Travel Descriptions, including Europe ( Book of records of different cases, 1822, Felipe Bein, 1759-1832?).

From the second half of the 19th century. Vietnamese literature developed under the resistance of the French expansion. A direction appeared, the founder of which was the poet Nguyen Din Mouthu (1822-1888), associated with the national liberation movement. As the colonial society becomes becoming a satirical trend.

In the first quarter of the 20th century. Under the influence of European literature, modern prosaic genres form: Novella, Roman, drama. In the 1930s, the movement "New Poetry" arises. Romantic appears in the literature (Nyat Lin, 1906-1963; Khai Hung, 1896-1947; To pull Lam, 1910-1942) and realistic (NGO TAT, 1894-1954; Nguyen Kong Hoan, 1903-1977; Wu Chong Fung, 1912 -1939; We are Kao, 1915-1951) directions.

In recent decades, the 20th century The structure of Vietnamese literature is gradually converging with the structure of the literature of Europe and America. Among the modern authors, Prosaiki Nguyen Hong (1918-1982) are distinguished (1918-1982), then Hoi (r. 1920), Le Lyu (r. 1942), Nguyen Mag Tuan (r. 1945), Poets Suan Zieu (1916-1985), those Lan Viene (r. 1919), those Han (r. 1920), poet and playwright Nguyen Din Tha (r. 1924).

Theatre.

Ancient theatrical forms in Vietnam are the theater of co-dolls and the original theater dolls on the water, the scene for which is the water surface of the lake, pond or a special pool at the temple. The first mention of the theater of dolls on water refers to the beginning of the 12th century.

The Traditional Vietnamese Theater is musical, it is represented by two main genres: TUONG and THEOR. TUONE was considered a "high" theatrical genre. There were court troupes of the TUONE, as well as troupe at the houses of the feudal. TUONG as synthetic art is based on a combination of music, pantomime, dance, poetic words, partly acrobatics and fencing. Symbolic importance are made of make-up, gestures, few stage accessories. In the center of the performance of TUONE - a heroic character, making a feat in the name of the Motherland and the Monarch. TUONG often borrowed plots from novels Threecing, River creek and other works of Chinese classics. A noticeable effect on the development of TUONE in 17 V. I provided Tao Zyui (1572-1634): the tradition attributes him a popular TUONE Sean How.. At 19 in. The body was established, the TUONE troupes across the country. TUONG at this time reached a heyday in the work of the playwright Tao Tana (1846-1908); Some cycles of performances lasted up to one hundred evenings. In the middle of the 19th century Appeared People's Comedy Tong ( Mollusks, Ken's watchman and Old Town Nong).

Another genre of national stage art is the People's Theater Theo, which, as believed, leads its origin from the peasant festivities in the Delta region of R. Chongha, who arranged on the occasion of harvest. The scene for Theo served the courtyard of the community house, the troupes were amateur or semi-professional. Theo Theater absorbed folk melodies, dancing. The orchestra accompanying performances uses folk musical instruments. The basis of the performances Theo is the folklore plots, the plots of popular narrative poems: performances Plow sag, Kuang AM - Maiden Thi Kin.

In the process of updating the Vietnamese Theater in the 1920s there was another kind of musical theater - Kylong. From the scene, popular musical melodies interspersed with prose and poetic dialogues sounded. The musical part, the orchestra, the actor's game became more natural, appeared scenery, curtain, scene. The repertoire was formed not only at the expense of traditional plots, but also performances on modern topics. An example is the work of the playwright Chan Hyu Changa (1906-1966).

The theater in which music did not play a leading role, was created under the influence of French theatrical art in the 1920s. The development of modern drama in the second half of the 20th century. The Russian Theater School and the Stanislavsky system was noticeable.

HISTORY

In the political history of Vietnam, the following main trends are traced: expansion to the south, geographical regionalism (developed on the basis of administrative division or thanks to the informal relics, which provincial governors acquired) and the desire of the central authorities to control the actions of local leaders. It should be noted that there were few peaceful periods in the history of Vietnam. The ancient Vietnamese state was Venlang. He was changed by aulak, united with another state - navigate (258-111 BC). His rulers, apparently, managed in 190-180 to AD. Combine Tonkin (now - the northern part of Northern Vietnam) with South Chinese lands. In 111 BC The army of the Chinese Empire Han overagrance the last monarch of the Vietnamese dynasty Chieua is probably also Chinese by origin. Tonkin became after that the Chinese border province Jiaozhui. When the new ruler entered the conflict with the feudal structures that existed in Vietnam, an uprising occurred led by ChSN sisters (39-43 AD), which led to a short-term cessation of Chinese dominion. The second stage of the Chinese domination began in 44 and was interrupted only after the rebellion of the prominent representatives of the Lee dynasty (544-602). After 939, when the founder of the NGO dynasty seized power, Vietnam managed to gain independence, albeit with some elements of Chinese suzerita, which continued until the period of French colonial domination.

Having achieved independence, the Vietnamese expanded their lands from Tonkin to Northern Annam, fisted Khmer and Treas - farmers, navigators and merchants. The applicants for the Vietnamese throne often appealed for help from Chinese emperors whose invasion ended, as a rule, failures. Even the Mongolian armies of Hubila, who made hiking to the Delta region R. Chongha were twice (in 1285 and 1288) are divided by the Vietnamese commander Chiang Hung Dao. In 1407, the Chinese invasion of time ensured the restoration of the power of the Chan dynasty, which is the rules from 1225 to 1400. In the course of the Liberation War, led by Le Loi, the founder of the Dynasty of the Le, Chinese imperial troops were finally expelled from Vietnam (1427).

With the Le (1428-1789) dynasty (1428-1789), significant progress was made in managing, improving the legislation and the development of culture. But from the 16th century Le reigned nominally. Initially, the real power assigned the mighty family of the poppy. With the move in 1558 Nguyen Hoanga to the south, the power of the Nguyen clan, and at the end of the 16th century. In the north of the country, the authorities of the clan of Chin are issued. Le remained nominee-sacral figures until the fall of the dynasty. Nguyeni gradually entered the fore, because they managed to expand their influence zone by spreading it at the end of the 17th century. On the Mekong Valley and then on the whole Kohinhin (1757).

The unstable balance of the forces between the houses, Chin and Nguyen was disturbed after 1773, when the uprising was raised against both ruling clans, three brothers Taison, which led to the split of the country. One of the expelled members of the genus of Nguyenov, with the support of the French in the 1790s, came out the winner of civilians and subsequently proclaimed himself with Emperor Zia Longom (1802). The Nguyen Dynasty gradually weaker because of the uprisings in the south and north of Vietnam, which facilitated the French expansion in the middle of 19 century. France subjugated in 1862 three oriental and in 1867 three Western provinces of Kohinhina, which from 1874 gained the status of a colony. Northern (Tonkin) and Central (Annam) part of the country were turned into protectorates. All three areas together with Laos and Cambodia formed French Indochina, which the new government sought to consolidate in administratively with the help of a general budget and a unified program. public works. In the colonial period, a state monopoly on salt, alcoholic beverages and opium was introduced and the construction of bridges, iron and auto-road roads was encouraged.

In 1930, at the initiative of the Vietnamese National Party (Vietnamekok, Zang), created according to the model of the Chinese National Party (Khomintan), broke out an armed Jenbai uprising in the area to the north-west of Hanoi. After his suppression, the resistance movement was headed by the Indochina Communist Party, formed in 1930 Ho Chi Min. In the period when the Popular Front was held in France, Vietnamese communists, together with Trotskyist, expanded their influence and even participated in Kohinhin and Saigon in elections to local governments. In 1940-1941, the Communists headed the unsuccessful uprising in the extreme south, and Tai organized unrest in the north.

From July 1941 to August 1945, Japanese troops occupied all Vietnam. In 1941, Ho Chi Mini founded the league of the struggle for the independence of Vietnam, known as Vietmin.

At the end of World War II, in the northern part of the country, the Chinese-Khomintanov residents were entered, and the territory of South Vietnam - the British. Vietmin, led by Ho Shi Min, made Hanoi's base and formed "folk committees" throughout Vietnam. September 2, 1945, after the renunciation of the Emperor Bao G. (owned by the Nguyen dynasty), who used the location of China Vitimin as a result of the August revolution, announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and formed a temporary government, whose chairman became Ho Chi Min.

In accordance with the Vietnamese-French agreements 1946, France agreed to recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) as a "Free State", which has an army and parliament, as part of the Indochinese Confederation and the French Union. The first president of the DRV became Ho Chi Minh, who at the same time headed the government as a prime minister. At the end of 1946, France and Vitimin accused each other in violating concluded agreements, and on December 19, the French troops attacked the Vietmin. France sought to attract the local population to his side, putting in 1949 the former Emperor Bao gives the head of the nominally independent government. However, Vietmin refused to recognize the new regime and after 1949 strengthened his position using China's support. In turn, France received large military and economic assistance from the United States since 1951. In the spring of 1954, French troops were surrounded and broken at Dieenbienf. This circumstance and the requirement of the international public stop aggression accelerated the conclusion of a peace agreement at the International Meeting in Geneva.

Representatives of the United States, France, Great Britain, the USSR, China, Laos, Cambodia and two Vietnamese governments participated in the meeting: Bao G. (South Vietnam) and Vietmin (Northern Vietnam). Agreement on the termination of hostilities between France and Vietmine, signed in July 1954, provided for the temporary section of the country under the 17th parallel; In July 1956 elections necessary for the reunification of the Northern and South Vietnam; withdrawal of French military units from the north and prohibiting armaments to any of the zones; Education of the International Commission to monitor the implementation of the Agreement. Thus, the existence of two independent states - the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Northern Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) were recognized. North Vietnam retained the main state structures for subsequent years, which began to be formed in 1946, and proclaimed the line for the construction of socialism under the leadership of the Communist Party and President Ho Chi Minh. IN Southern Vietnam NGO Din Diem was shifted in 1955 Bao Giving and took the presidential post. I managed to cope with the opposition of the military elite, the sect Codais and Hoachao and the party give, and he was re-elected president in 1961. Saigon authorities tried to discredit Vietmin in the eyes of the remaining supporters in the south, but faced an active military confrontation in many rural areas, especially in Kohinhin. In 1960, opponents of the regime created the Prommunist National Front of the Liberation of South Vietnam (NFA). In cities, non-communist opposition groups opposed Dwema. Buddhists pound the regime in discriminatory policies, and several Buddhist monks and nuns even burned themselves in protest.

November 1, 1963 Military overthrew NGO Ding Diem, followed the series of coups. Unrest among Buddhists, Catholics and Students continued until at the end of 1964, civilian government has been restored.

In June 1965, the post of head of state was taken by General Nguyen Van Thyu, and the post of Prime Minister - General Nguyen Kai. In 1966, a specially elected meeting adopted a constitution approved by the military, entered into force on April 1, 1967. The presidential election was held in September. Thieu and Ki according to the results of voting were by the president and vice president, respectively. The elected campaign did not take part up to a third of the entire population who lived in the territory, which was under the control of the NFA.

Meanwhile, the scale of the fighting has been expanding. American military advisers were in the south since 1960, and yet Nfyuv was close to victory. In 1965, the United States sent army compounds to the help of the Saigon government, caused the first aviation strikes throughout the territory of Northern Vietnam and strengthened the bombardment of rebellious areas of South Vietnam. NFAYV received military reinforcements from the north, the help of which the USSR and China provided. The American military presence temporarily stabilized the situation, but at the beginning of 1968 the units of the NFAYUV and Northern Vietnam conducted combat operations in almost all major South Names. In April, peace negotiations began between representatives of the United States and Northern Vietnam. Then the partial evacuation from the south of American soldiers began, the number of which one time reached 536 thousand people. In the summer of 1969, the People's Revolutionary Administration was created on the free democratic elections in the liberated areas of South Vietnam. On June 6-8, the Republic of South Vietnam (RUV) was proclaimed at the Congress of People's Representatives and a temporary revolutionary government was created (VRP). In the same year, Ho Chi Minh died.

From 1969 to 1971, the South Namestone army expanded the zone under its control. At that time, the United States brought his military units from the country, compensating these steps with air bombings. In 1971, Theeu was re-elected for the presidency of South Vietnam. In the spring and early summer, 1972, the Communists organized a major offensive, which proceeded very successfully, until it was stopped by the actions of American aviation and the counterdowers of the Southern Troops. The United States in response to the participation of air raids and conducted a wide mining of the Northwenthenemian ports and marine and riverways. At the end of the year, the United States began a massive bombardment of the cities of Northern Vietnam.

January 27, 1973 Four Parties involved in the war signed a peace agreement in Paris, which provided for the cessation of fire in the south, recognition of the 17th parallel as a temporary demarcation line and withdrawal from the country of American troops. The convocation of the National Council and the elections were supposed to solve the fate of the South Names Government.

The last American compounds left Vietnam in April 1973, but the political articles of the contract were not fulfilled. Saigon administration tried on its own forces to hold a elected campaign, against which the VRP was made, demanding the creation of a tripartite council. Moreover, fighting were not interrupted. In March 1975, the Saigon army was forced to leave the area of \u200b\u200bthe central plateau (Taneguen), after which it was broken. A few weeks later, the Armed Forces of VRP and Northern Vietnam surrounded the southern capital. Thieu resigned on April 21, and on April 30, 1975 Saigon military divisions capitulated.

It originally it seemed that both parts of the country would be able to exist as independent, although closely related public entities. However, the Communists hurried with the merger process. In the summer and autumn 1975, they nationalized banks and large enterprises of the South. In April 1976, universal elections were held in the National Assembly of the Unified Vietnam. On July 2, 1976, the official reunification of Vietnam and the proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam took place.

During the war, Vietnam helped both the USSR and China. In the late 1970s, Vietnam has established close ties with the Soviet Union. Socialist transformation of the economy in the south caused damage primarily by the large Chinese community in Vietnam. Her conflicts with Vietnamese acquired the form of inter-ethnic retail and adversely affected the relations of Vietnam and China. In addition, China spoke on the side of the Antivenam regime floor of Pot in Cambodia. In December 1978, Vietnamese troops entered Cambodia and at the beginning of 1979 occupied most of its territory. In February 1979, an armed conflict occurred on the Vietnamese-Chinese border.

In 1978-1980, at least 750 thousand people left the country (more than half of them ethnic Chinese). Many returned on historical Motherland Susha, and part went on the road to the South China sea on the boats.

The desire of the Vietnamese authorities to implement socialist transformations in the late 1970s led to negative consequences. The Government in Hanoi concentrated all efforts on military actions and fully depended on the help of the USSR. The South Economy, based on private entrepreneurship, was artificially fueled by major cash inflows.

In the 1980s, the government leaned towards a more pragmatic course, providing additional freedom of action to local planned authorities, removing restrictions for the development of commodity relations and allowing peasants to sell part of the products in the market. However, in the middle of the decade, a huge budget deficit and emissions spawned violent inflation. In 1989, a long-term radical reform program was adopted in the country, including measures to suppress inflation trends, liberalization of banking and other legislation and stimulating the private sector in industry. The adopted state policy of "updates" ("Doy Möh") was confirmed and received further development At VII (1991) and VIII (1996) CPV congresses.

Vietnam at the end of 20V - early 21st century

In the framework of economic reforms, in January 1991, a law on the assumption of private enterprises was adopted. The new Constitution adopted in 1992 envisaged a clearer separation of functions between the party and the state, the introduction of a market economy, strengthening the role of the private sector and the possibility of private land use. Nevertheless, the leadership of the country stated that the course for socialism under the leadership role of the Communist Party remains and the multiparty democracy is established. At the seventh Congress of the Communist Party in June 1991, the new Secretary General was elected to the usa, until the post of head of the government (he was replaced by the post of head of the government (in this post he was replaced by Van Kayet). New appointments reflected the balance of power in the party leadership. Up to MOO, a member of the communist movement since 1939, was considered a supporter of an orthodox course, Van Kieet - one of the leading adherents of market transformations. In June 1992, the government announced the release of all members, advisers and supporters of the former South Namenam regime. In the elections to the National Assembly in July 1992, for the first time more candidates were launched than there were places in parliament. 2 independent candidates were admitted to the elections. In July 1993, the National Assembly adopted a law that allowed the peasants to acquire land for use (the state of the land owner remained).

Vietnam established communications with the International Monetary Fund and began to cooperate with him in conducting economic policies. In November 1994, the Vietnamese government and the IMF agreed a medium-term economic program that provided for real growth in 1994-1996 by 8-8.7% and decreased inflation from 10.5 to 7%. In November 1995, Vietnam, international organizations and lenders agreements agreed to provide this country in 1996 aid in the amount of 2.3 billion dollars. Negotiations on the payment of debts on loans granted in the 1970s of Japanese banks continued. In 1996, Vietnam and Western lenders reached an agreement on the restructuring of debt of 900 million dollars. In 1997, Hanoi had to get 2.4 billion dollars again.

Economic liberalization in the country was not accompanied by a Communist Party with a monopoly position in the state. In November 1995, the Supreme Court condemned the prison for a period of 15 and 18 months of two former high-ranking party figures for "abuse of rights to freedom and democracy to the detriment of national security." Both advocated the reform and democratization of the ruling party. The eighth Congress of the Communist Party in June - July 1996 spoke in favor of continued cautious reforms while maintaining state control over the economy and the political system.

In 1997, the leadership has occurred in the country. In connection with the elections to the National Assembly, all three leading leaders were replaced in July: the general secretary of the Communist Party to Maoy, the President Le Sok Anh and the Head of the Government in Wang Kayet. Commanded Communities received 85% of votes and occupied 384 out of 450 seats, 63 places went non-partisan, 3 mandates received independent. In September 1997, the new president was Chan Duc Lyong, the head of government - Fam Wang Hai, the Community was headed in December 1997 le Kha Fieu, and in 2001 - Nong Duc Mag.

In the late 1990s, Vietnamese leadership launched a campaign against corruption. Within its framework, some of the highest officials and politicians of the country, including the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Head of Government, etc. were shifted from its posts. The bureaucracy was accused of continuing economic staging. Since 1998, 3,000 members were excluded from CPV in connection with corruption, 16 thousand are imposed of recovery.

In general, in the decade of reforms, Vietnam managed to maintain economic growth at the level of 7.6% per year and double the gross product, since 1985-1986, industrial production increased five times, and the production of food - twice. But market reforms led to the growing social differences and gap between the city and the village, to dissatisfaction with the poorest segments of the population and national minorities. In February 2001, the party leadership was concerned about major unrest among minorities that protested against the placement on their lands of large industrial rubber and coffee plantations (the program was developed with the participation of the International Monetary Fund).

These problems were discussed at the next IX CPV Congress in April 2001. It was stated that the country is located at a stage of a long and complex "transition to socialism", in which the diversity of economic forms and forms of ownership is preserved. Economic system in this period CPV characterizes as a "socialized oriented market economy", emphasizing, at the same time, the priority role of the public sector. In an attempt to soften social tensions, the congress ended the introduction of changes to the party charter, prohibiting the members of the CPV to have its own private business. Corruption in the party and the state, "individualism, opportunism, thirst for power, fame and profits, locality" were sharp and emotional attacks. The party leaders at the district level will have to take the post of no more than two deadlines in a row, the party intends to be keen to keep the principle of care from office. After a certain age, democratic procedures were expanded.

The new Secretary-General of the CPV became the sixty-year-old Nong Duc Mag, the former chairman of the National Assembly. This is the first party leader belonging to the national minority (Tai). Its choice is considered a compromise between the "reform" and more "conservative" wing of the party.

In the elections to the National Assembly in May 2002 of 498 seats, the majority received candidates of the Communist Party, 51 - non-partisan, 3 are independent. In 2002 and 2003, despite the prohibition of strikes, labor conflicts broke out in various sectors of the Vietnam's economy.

In the 1990s, Vietnam's relations with the United States and China improved. In October 1990, Vietnam Foreign Minister for the first time visited Washington and held talks about the fate of 1700 missing American soldiers. In March 1992, the United States and Vietnam reached an agreement that the US side would annually provide Vietnam humanitarian aid in the amount of $ 3 million in exchange for help wanted by the missing Americans. In December, the United States softened the commercial embargo against Hanoi, introduced in 1964. Finally, in August 1994, both countries established diplomatic relations. In April 1997, Vietnam made obligations to pay US debts of the former South Names government in the amount of $ 145 million. In June 1997, the US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright was visited in Hanoi, in March 2000 - the US Defense Minister, who brought official apologies for the role of the United States during the Vietnamese War, which took the lives of almost 3 million Vietnamese and 58 thousand American soldiers. In 2000, Vietnam visited President Clinton, which gave a new impetus to the relations of two states.

In the fall of 1990, for the first time since the freezing of diplomatic relations between Vietnam and China in 1979, both countries signed a citizen travel agreement in Beijing. In November 1991, China and Vietnam agreed on the official normalization of relations, and in February 1992 the Chinese Foreign Minister trained in Hanoi. In November - December of the same year, the visit of the Chinese Prime Minister Lee Pan was followed. He discussed controversial territorial issues with Vietnamese leaders, a position in Cambodia, and also signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of economics, science, technology and culture. The Chairman of the People's Republic of Jiang Zemin agreed in November 1994 on the expansion of economic ties between the two countries. In turn, the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party to Wea at the end of 1995 in Beijing and continued negotiations on border disputes.

The relationship of Vietnam with Asian, as well as Western countries developed. In 1995, Vietnam was adopted in ASEAN. In February 1993, French President Francois Mitteran became the first chapter of the Western state who visited Hanoi since 1954. He signed seven cooperation agreements and promised to double financial assistance to 360 million francs. In July 1995, Vietnam and the European Union concluded a trade and cooperation agreement.

In June 2006, Nguy Ming Mines became the president of the country - Chairman of the Department of the Communist Party in Goshimin. For his candidacy voted 94% of deputies of the National Assembly.

Literature:

Mazaev A.G. Agricultural reform in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1959.
Friedland V.M. Nature of Northern Vietnam. M., 1961.
Rastorguev V.S. Finance and Credit of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1965.
The history of Vietnam in the newest time(1917–1965 ). M., 1970.
Alosova L.A. Industry of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1973.
Nikulin N.I. Vietnamese literature. From middle ages to a new time. X-XIX centuries. M., 1977.
New history of Vietnam. M., 1980.
Nguyen Fi Hoan. Art of Vietnam. Essays History of Fine Arts. M., 1982.
History of Vietnam. M., 1983.
The newest history of Vietnam. M., 1984.
Isaev M.P., Chernyshev A.S. History of Soviet-Vietnamese relations 1917-1985. M., 1986.
Deopic D.V. History of Vietnam, h. 1. M., 1986
Voronin A.S., Ogoznov I.A. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Directory. M., 1987.
Isaev M.P., Pivovarov Ya.N. Essay of agrarian relations in Vietnam. M., 1987.
Alosova L.A. Vietnam on the threshold of XXI in., Part 1-2. M., 1993.
Hu Kuque V, Trigubenko M.E., Anosova L.A. Vietnam. Directory. M., 1993.
Posner P.V. The history of Vietnam of the era of antiquity and early medieval to the X century. AD. M., 1994.
Novakova O.V., Flowers P.Yu. History of Vietnam, h. 2. M., 1995
Reform and update of the economy in Vietnam. M., 1996.

Vietnam (Viet Nam), the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cong Hoa Hoi CHU NGHIA Viet-Nam), is the state in Southeast, in the east of the Indochina Peninsula (15% of the Peninsula Square). It borders in the north with, in the West with and. In the south and east is washed by the waters of the South China Sea and Bacbo and Siamese bays. Area 332.6 thousand km 2. The territory of Vietnam also includes a significant number of islands located in the South China Sea: Fukuok (568 km 2), Katba (180 km 2), Konda (56 km 2). Population of 54 million people (1981, assessment). Capital - Hanoi (2.57 million inhabitants in 1979). In administrative terms, Vietnam consists of 36 provinces, 3 cities of central subordination (Hanoi, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minhin) and one special purpose area (Vungtau-Konda). The largest city is Ho Chimina (3.4 million inhabitants in 1979). Official language - Vietnamese. Monetary unit - Dong. Vietnam - Member (since 1978).

General characteristics of the economy. Industry and handicraft production of Vietnam give more than 50% of the total volume of gross industrial and agricultural products (1980). For industrialization, the country has considerable mineral resources. The main industries are metalworking and mechanical engineering, mining, electric power, woodworking, textile production. Developed handicraft industry. In 1981 produced 3845 million kWh of electricity. Important For the development of the country's national economy, imports contribute to the technical re-equipment of sectors of the economy. Due to imports, Vietnam meets its needs in many types of machinery and equipment, in petroleum products, black and non-ferrous metals, etc. The length of the railways is about 1 thousand km (reconstructed), a road of 40.5 thousand km, river shipping routes of 6 thousand km ( 1970). The largest ports: Ho Chi Minhon, Haiphone, Danang, Hongai, Camf.

Nature. The territory of Vietnam is almost entirely located within the tropical belt of the northern hemisphere. The coast is predominantly low, weakly cut. Most of the territory of Vietnam is occupied by the mountain ranges (the maximum absolute mark of 3143 m - fanshippa) and only in the extreme north and south there are low-lying sites dedicated to the Delta of large rivers - Hongha (Red) and Mekong. The climate is monsoon subequatorial, with hot in the south (25.6 ° C) and cool in the north (16.6 ° C) in winter and a sharply pronounced maximum precipitation during the wet monsoon. Precipitation Over 1500 mm per year (in places - over 3000 mm). All Vietnam Rivers belong to the South China Sea basin. They allow you to satisfy the need for the water of agriculture and industry, contribute to the development of water transport, contain huge hydropower resources. The largest rivers of the country - Hongha, Yes, Ma and Mekong. More than 30% of the country's area is occupied by the natural forests of the tropical belt. There are plastic and savanna. Vietnam's forests are not homogeneous, mixed, with valuable rocks.

Geological structure. Vietnam is located on the junction and. Separate parts of the territory of Vietnam are associated with the following large-scale regional-tectonic units - Catalyonian Caledonian, rolling part, the East-Indochinese (North Vietnamese) folded system, an Indosinosian median array, West-Indojian (Laosco-Malay) folded system. Features of the geological structure allow you to partition the territory of the republic into four areas.

Northeast Bacbo refers to the mobile outskirts of the South China platform and the southwestern end of the catalog system. The formation of an ancient foundation of the platform (, granitoids) is blocked by Verkhneprotorozoic and Paleozoic. Along the northeastern coast of Bacbo Bay (south-west of the Cataly System), terribution-effusion deposits are strongly crumpled to form a folded complex of the lower. Volcanogenic and sedimentary and terrigenous strata perform individual and. Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic acid and main composition are associated with. In this part of the country, the deposit and late-grade, titanoagnetite ores associated with the gabbroids were established - in Mesozoic intrusions, hydrothermal and - in Perm-Triassic Granitoids and acid volcanites - in sediments, and - with mel-Paleogenic agents and in modern and modern and Dr. and installed in the Khanyna, and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Bacbo Bay is potentially promising on and.

North-West Bakbo and North Chungbo - Rannegritskaya and Indosinoskaya (laterium) geosynclinal-folded system. North Chongbo is composed of terrific and volcanogenic formations of the Lower Paleozoic and Devon with large concordant granitoid arrays; Upperopeozoic carbonate sediments form covers. North-Western Bacbo is characterized by special permotry-triad ophiolite formations, transformed into a block-folded zone of the Indosinosi complex. Here are chromites in - formed due to the destruction of serpentinized Harzburgites; RUD deposits associated with differentiated and gabbro-norite intrusions; deposits of ore rare earth elements, and - with alkaline intrusions of the late chalk, Paleogen; Hydrothermal-metasomatic field of copper ores and rare earth elements, ccheded ore deposits - with volcanogenic formations. In North Chungbo, the ore deposits in the scannes of Mesozoic granitoids are installed. References and fields associated with triad and chalk-paleogenic granitoids are opened here, hydrothermal deposits of lead ores, zinc in and in the pre-sacrosic zones, etc.

Central Khungbo is busy with an Indosinosian median array (with the protum plateau). (Proterozoic) Crystal formations of the foundation of the array in separate sites are blocked and beads. Cenozoic plates are widespread here. Among intrusions, Paleozoic and Mesozoic Granitoids dominate. On this area, the field is known in the crystal shale of the foundation, the latice boxites in basalts, gold in quartz among the Precambrian breeds, the oretricity of lead, zinc, etc.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe South Chungbo - Nambo refers to the West-Indochinese geosyncline-folded system, which is complexized by a complex of folded upperpaleozoic and mesozoic volcanogenic and sedimentary formations with widespread early and late-seasy granitoids. Large areas are occupied by Cenozoic loose deposits of the deflection of the Mekong Delta and the cover of the Platipasalts. There are places of ownership of tin, and in connection with the Latezois-frozen granitoids, boxite deposits in the cords of the weathera of basalts, in, etc., oil and gas were found on the adjacent in the neogenic deflection of the South China Sea.

Hydrogeology and engineering geology. In the mountainous structures of Vietnam, pores are developed, and karst fresh water that feed numerous springs. Three main aquifers are distinguished: quaternary sedimentary, coal-triad carbonate-sedimentary and neogene-quaternary basalt. Hundreds of sources and hydrothermal waters are installed with a temperature of 36-80 ° C, sometimes 95-100 ° C. For individual areas, the conditions of operation of these waters is difficult (small, deep flow of water).

In engineering and geological terms, the territory of Vietnam is divided into mountainous, hilly and flat areas. In mountainous and hilly areas there are landslide processes, collaps, chili streams and karst phenomena, in the flat - decay phenomenon, precipitation washed, wiping and blurring the banks of rivers; In places there are outputs of high-pressure waters that penetrate the hoods of structures and in.

The territory of the country lies on a relatively stable substrate. However, sometimes it happens by force to 6-7 points, it is very rare to 8-9 points.

Minerals. Vietnam is one of the richest and diversity of the countries of the Indochinese Peninsula. Over 60 types of valuable minerals: oil and gas, stone coal, iron, manganese, tin, copper, lead, zinc, rare-earth elements, bauxite, various building materials, etc., which is an important prerequisite for the creation of reliable raw materials Bases for the development of industry (see Map).

The deposits of oil and gas have been revealed within the South Vietnam shelf, in the non -ogenic sediments of the Hanoic depression in the north of the country. Both areas are located in the extensive Cenozoic deflection of the South China Sea, very promising, but little studied.

Most of the coal deposits is located in the north-east of the country. Coal brands - from brown to anthracite. The main coal pool - Kuangninsky (Hongay) late-grade age (Northeast Vietnam), where the incision of the coal thickness of a total capacity of 1500-1700 m contains about 30 medium capacity of 2.7-10.7 m. Geological reserves reach 5-6 billion tons , incl. explored 2 billion tons. Main: Kokshau (reserves of 500 million tons), Deonai (250), hut (350), Kaoshon (400), Maoxe (381), Wangzyng (about 400). Neogene coals are represented by brown differences and are placed mainly in the Khanaya depression. The productive part of the coal thick thickness of more than 300 m contains about 40 coal mining reservoirs of 1-2 m. The proposed reserves are estimated at several tens of billion tons. Engineering and hydrogeological conditions of coal development are complex. In quaternary sediments there are deposits.

Ore of black metals. There are numerous manifestations and deposits of various genetic types, which are located mainly in the north-east and west of the country. Common RUD reserves are estimated at 1 billion tons. The largest industrial importance is the foam deposits; The largest of them - Colekhe (Province of Ngetin), the reserves of which are estimated at 500-600 million tons of ores in the content of FE over 60%. Chrome ores were revealed in quaternary sediment plants and in the radical location; Their explored reserves are tens of million tons. All of them are focused in the Thanhoa region. Small deposits of manganese ore (Tokakta, Langbai) and Titan are known.

Ore non-ferrous metals. represented by bauxite two genetic types. In the northeast Vietnam, sedimentary bauxites are known (Tapna, Dongdang, Mameo deposits), which occur on the carbonate rocks of the Late Perm. The main ore-forming minerals - and with the content of Al 2 O 3 40-56%, SiO 2 1-12%. Reserves reach 100 million tons of ore. In the south of Vietnam, there are latitite boxites in the edge of the weathered of non-quaternary basalts (Vanko, Daknong, Buna, Bolan). The main ore - with the content of Al 2 O 3 35-49%, SiO 2 1-8%, deposit power varies from 2 to 10 m. The forecast reserves of laterite bauxite are estimated in several billion tons. Presented by leicing sulfide copper-nickel fields related to with, and hydrothermal-metasomatic copper-sulfide deposits with, rare-earth elements and. The explored copper reserves exceed 1 million tons. At the Sinkuen field (Northeast Vietnam), the explored copper reserves are 550 thousand tons. With an average Cu content of 1.07%. The deposits are located within three rolling areas in Northeast Bakbo and North Chongbo. The forecast stocks of tin ores reaches several hundred thousand tons. Major reserves are associated with placer deposits. The explored reserves of the axes are several tens of thousands of tons of tin. The content in axes ranges from 200 to 2000 g / m 3, constituting an average of 400-500 g / m 3. Indigenous ores studied extremely weak. The ores of rare-earth elements (mainly cerium group) have forecast reserves of several million tons (on the sums of oxides of rare earth elements) with the content of these oxides from 2 to 10%. Known deposits and manifestations of lead, zinc, antimony, mercury, gold, molybdenum, tungsten, radioactive elements, etc., among which only some leads, zinc and antimony deposits are explored. In the fields, Töden and Langhit, total lead and zinc reserves reach 569 thousand tons, the Langba deposit has antimony reserves of 60 thousand tons.

Mining raw materials. Deposits have the greatest importance. Apatitis deposits are concentrated in the development zone of lateokbrey - early banking sediments along the right bank of the Hongha River (Lockey deposits). Power of apatite reservoirs varies from several meters to tens of meters. The content of P 2 O 5 ranges from 8 to 41%. Apatitis reserves reach several billion tons, among which about 400 million tons are divided.

Nonet industrial raw materials and non-metallic building materials. On the territory of Vietnam, deposits, pyrothillitis, graphite, quartz sands are explored. Kaolina deposits are represented by two main genetic types: weathered and hydrothermal (kaolinitis and pyrothillitis). The reserves of Kaolin (weathered deposits) are estimated at 27 million tons. The reserves of the Piroshillite deposit of Tangamai (Cuangnin Province) are set to 5 million tons. The graphite deposits are available in Namuthe, Maya, Ourkhyong. They are associated with crystalline shale and processed by hydrothermal-metasomatic processes. The explored stocks of three fields 5 million tons, forecast reserves amount to 10-15 million tons with content in ores from 8 to 35%.

Precious stones in Vietnam are found in various formations: in basalts (,), (grenades, corundum, sfen), pegmatites and hydrothermal veins (, smoky, etc.). The most frequent rich clusters (forecast reserves are estimated by hundreds of kilograms).

Mining. Historical essay. Metals in Vietnam were used since the end of the 2nd millennium BC. (Donshon culture). Periodic primitive development of ores of gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, tin and other metals was carried out until the end of the 9th century. AD At 10 c. The intensive development of mining, caused by the increased need of metals for the production of workers, weapons, coins, etc. at 14 V. Zinc ore production increases (from 1323 used for the manufacture of coins), in 16-18 centuries. - Red copper (at the Tongue field, about 450 tons of metal received annually). In 1839, coal mining began in the country. In the 1st half of the 20th century. Its annual volume amounted to an average of 1.5 million tons. So, in 1913-40 about 40 million tons of coal mined (mainly at the Kuangnignan Basin deposits). In the same period, 337 thousand tons of zinc ore (in the fields of Töden, Langhit et al.), 40 thousand tons, 360 thousand tons of iron and manganese ores, 280 thousand tons of phosphates, as well as 5 thousand tons Tungsten ores (in terms of oxides) - Tintuk deposits, Piaoac and others. High rates of the development of the mining industry were marked in 1928-29. Exports of mineral raw materials during this period amounted to 0.5% of its total volume in indochite.

general characteristics. The share of the mining industry accounts for 5% GNP (1982). In a relatively small scale, deposits are developed in 30 types of minerals.

The greatest importance in the structure of the mining industry is the extraction of stone coal, ores of iron, tin, chromium, apatite, etc. (Table). The development of the industry on the basis of the reconstruction and construction of new mining and processing enterprises, especially their attention is paid to equipping their modern mining equipment in the country. (Placing mountain objects See on the map.)

Coal mining in the country (s) is carried out on a small scale - in 1980, 5.3 million tons of stone coal were obtained. The level of production is explained by the fact that the coal industry is in the recovery stage (since 1973). The main coal mining area is Kuangnin Province. The development of the enterprises are mostly three coal associations: Hongaysky in the province of Kuangnin - Deposits of Deonai, Hut, Kokshau, Thonggnang, Khalam, Kaoshon; Wangbish in the same province - Wangzyng, Maoxe; Bakthaysky - the Hapoanui Hong field (in the province of Bakthai), Nazong (Langeson). Production capacity is the largest about 0.5-1 million tons per year - up to 1 million tons. Products of enterprises are distinguished by high quality - the heat of combustion of anthracite 33.6-35.7 MJ / kg, 14.5-16%, Content S 0.4%. In the country, with the assistance of CEA member countries, technical re-equipment of the industry is carried out. On the careers began to be used and automotive themselves, the mining and other mining equipment are introduced in the mines. A further increase in the amount of coal production is envisaged. The project for the reconstruction of the Maoxe mine has been developed with the briefings of its annual production capacity to 2.1 million tons.

The mining of iron ore is carried out in the province of Bakthai. From 1963, the Seagull deposit is being developed, where 360 \u200b\u200bthousand tons of ore (1979) is produced. Raw materials enters the metallurgical plant in Thainguen. Chrome ores are mined in the province of Thanhoha at the Codin field, which is exploited from 1956. Only tin and antimony are developed from the ore metal ore deposits. Colored metallurgy is a new industry in Vietnam. The first enterprises for the extraction and production of tin and antimony were built in 1950-1970.

The largest mining enterprises are the first to be built and put into operation in 1955, in the 60-70s its reconstruction was carried out with an increase in annual production capacity of up to 900 tons of tin concentrate per year. Bedera "Shonzyong" annually It produces about 200 tons of tin concentrate. Basic mining equipment - excavators and automobiles. For processing of ore, gravitational enrichment is used.

The development of apatite deposits in the country began in 1940 at the Lockey field, then mining was suspended; Renewed in the 50s at the Kamdyong mine. The company has been restored and upgraded with technical assistance. In 1963, the release of apatite concentrate has reached 925 thousand tons. In the early 80s, the mine is the largest mining enterprise of this kind in Southeast Asia. Its capacity for the production of concentrate reached 1 million tons (1982). Products contains 35% p 2 O 5.

During the 2nd World War, 1939-45 also began the development of phosphorite deposits. Minerals were removed by hand (from a depth of about 2 m), crushed and used for the production of fertilizers. Modern development of phosphate deposits provide raw materials a major superphosphate factory in Lamarth.

In Vietnam, the industry of non-metallic building materials (over 500 small businesses has been created and developed. Development of limestone, granite, sand, pebbles - in an open way. The largest production is in the province of Canamnin (since 1960), Haifone (since 1970) and others. Careers are included in the combination of building materials. The industry provides industry in the required raw materials. On the basis of it, large cement plants in the Binshon (built using CCCP), Hoangthac (with technical assistance in Denmark), as well as restored and extended Hahphon and Hatch plants. The total capacity of enterprises for the production of cement 705 thousand tons (1979).

Mountain engineering. Vietnam in small quantities produced shock-rope drilling machines, crashing for sorting coal, equipment for enriching the coal with gravitational and flotation methods, etc. In camphor, yenviene and viguphors there are plants for the production and repair of mining equipment. Mining and drilling equipment and vehicles are imported mainly from socialist countries, and first of all from CCCP.

Security for subsoil and land reclamation. The importance of environmental protection was reflected in the first Constitution of the DRV (1946). In the early 80s, the Environmental Protection Organization and Mineral Resources operate in Vietnam. State control is carried out by managing the protection of mineral resources with the main geological management.

Geological service. Scientific institutions. Personnel training. Print. The intelligence and development of mineral deposits in Vietnam are under main geological management, ministries of the mountain and coal industry, as well as the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and Metallurgy. Scientific research in the field of geology and mining is carried out at the Institute of Earth Sciences (National Scientific Research Center of Vietnam, created in 1976), Institute of Geology and Mineralnye Raw Materials (Chief Geological Administration, 1976), Institute of Color Metallurgy and Institute of Scientific and Technical Information on Mechanical Engineering and metallurgy (ministries of engineering and metallurgy, 1967), Institute for planning and designing coal deposits and coal research (ministries of the mountain and coal industry, 1967), Institute of Oil and Gas (1980). Training for mining and geological specialties is carried out by the Hanoi Mining and Geological Institute (1966), Geological Faculties of Universities in Hanoi (since 1967), Ho Chi Minh City (until 1975) and Polytechnic Institute in Ho Chi Minh City (since 1977), geological and technical schools (from 1962) .

Socialist Republic state-V. in the southwerry Asia. Initial oblast Resetting the people of Viget included more sowing. Bass lands. river Sizyan (South. China) where Viegets on the coastal plains gradually moved to YU. Hence the name - "Southern Visets" or "Country of South Viets" (Viet, Pat "south") , unlike other territories that are populated by other groups of vietnov.

Geographical names of the world: toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001.

Vietnam

(Công Hòa XA Hôi Chu Nghia Viêt Nam), Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), Gos-in south-east. Asia, on Pen Indochytay . Pl. 332 thousand km²; It is divided into 52 provinces and 3 cities in the rights of the provinces: Hanoi (capital), Ho Chimina , Haiphon. . The first state diving was formed in the x in. On S. Countries at the hall. Bakboy . In 1858-84 B. Captured by France and dismembered for three hours, which became part of the French Indochina. In 1941-45 Occupied by Japan. After the war, 2 states are formed: to S. from 17 ° S.Sh. - Democratic Republic of Vietnam, to Yu. - Republic of Vietnam with a center in Saigon. War of Saigon authorities in 1965-73. (With the participation of American troops) with the partisans ended in 1976 by the reunification of the country. The head of the State - President, the legislature belongs to National. Collection.
OK. 4/5 of the territory occupy mountains and platea (the highest point of the country - Fantaspan, 3143 m); On Yu. - Plateau and Plateau Conte, Darlac, etc.; Along the zap. Borders - Mountains Chiongshon . At the shores - the bottom. Plains. Tropical climate, monsoon: with hot (on Yu.) And cool (on C.) in winter and everywhere hot and very wet (especially in the mountains) in the summer. Non-blind typhoon and floods; in winter - drought, and on C. - Crowdding ( grad. , frost , frost). The country is cut by rivers and canals that are of great importance in life. V. (hydroresurs, irrigation, lespal, transport , fish, water vegetables, silt after spill, floating villages on junks). Mekong (or Kyulong - "9 Dragons") flows 9 OSN. Sleeves in the South China Sea, a large delta forms p. Hongha . Huge number of ponds and lakes (with thickets of hyacinth and lotus). Up to 40% of the territory is covered with wet rainforests (ch. Arr. In the mountains), where Tick, iron, red, ebony, camphor, etc. are growing, and other trees. Instead of revealed forests, shrubs, rare-resistant forests and savannahs appear; Along the rivers - bamboo; on the coast - swamps, mangars, palm trees; Sacred Banyan tree. Nat. Parks, Kukfyong Reserve; Reserves, reserves. Rich and diverse fauna.
Population of 79.9 million people. (2001); over 60 nations; OK. 88% - Vietnamese (self-confession - Viget or Kin); The rest are Khmers (0.8 million people), Otoni (0.8 million people), Chinese, Taii, Thai, and others. Official. Language - Vietnamese (Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet). Religion - Mahayama Buddhism, intertwined with Taoism, Confucianism and a cult of ancestors (10 million believers), Catholicism (6 million people); On Yu. - Sects of Codais (2 million people) and Khaohao (1 million people). River valleys and Primorye are most populated (in Delta Hongha Over 1000 people. Per 1 km²); Characterized by the rapid growth of the population, overpopulation in rural areas, unemployment, emigration. Citizens 20%. Like China, V. builds socialism from nat. specificity: market, mixed property, involvement of foreign capital and a significant role of the state-bet. A stable increase in GDP at the level of 8% (in 1995 - 9.5%). Sel. X-in provides the country with food and allows you to export surplus rice. OSN. The agriculture area is the river delta, terraces are created on the slopes of the mountains. Rice, corn, sahs are grown. Reed, maniacs, oilseeds, coconut palm, gevent, pepper, coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, flowers, tobacco, cotton, dricks, Kleschevin, Jute, Rami, Mulberry, Fly (for weaving mats and dishes), lacquer tree. Pigs are bred, big horn. Cattle, buffalo (as a body force), bird; Walked-in (on C.). Fish-in (including and on rice fields - checks). Forest harvesting and shellac collection, cardamom, badyan, cinnamon, benzo, gum, rosin. The leading industries are fuel and energy and mining. Large oil reserves (on the shelf), Kam. Coal, apatite, polymetallic ores, bauxite. Mining is also gold, silver, salt (from sea water). The largest in the south-east. Asia Housing Hoabin on r. Yes ("black"). Food., Tab., Text., Sewing, wood, Cell.-boom., Cem., Stack., Chem., Rubber, Farm. Prom-st. Masha, black and non-ferrous metallurgy. Over 100 types of remodes (1.6 million busy): Weaving from bamboo and reassembly, wood carving and ivory; painting on silk, lacquer and ceramics; Embroidery, manufacture of bronze products, silver, etc. Tourism. TRANSVIETNAME ZH.D. Hanoi - Ho Chi Minhine (1.7 thousand km) serves internal. and external communications. 12 airports, incl. Intern Rice (4th place in the world in exports), oil, coal, sewing products, coffee, seafood are exported. Competently 80% of the population. Un-you, museums; Ancient art of the theater; Archite Ansumps MI Son and Pagoda Dong Zyong in Kuanname (VIII-IX centuries), palaces, temple ensembles, distinguished by miniature sizes. Cash. - Dong.

Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Ekaterinburg: y-factor. Under the general edited by Acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), the state in the eastern part of P-ov Indochina in Southeast Asia. It borders in the north with China, in the west with Laos and Cambodia, is washed by the South China Sea and his Bacbo (Tonkinsky) and Siamese bays. The state consists of three historical regions: North ( Bakboy), Central (Chungbo) and South (Nambo). During the domination of the French from the end of 19 century. They were respectively called Tonkin, Annam and Kohinhin ( see also French Indochina).
In 1945, the league of the struggle for the independence of Vietnam (Vietmin) announced the formation of an independent Democratic Republic Vietnam. In the war of resistance (1946-1954), Vietnamese as a result of the Victory at Dieenbienf forced the French troops to leave Indochina. The war ended with the signing of the agreement between the fighting parties. The country was divided from the 17th parallels. The section was recognized as temporary, but the outlined elections for the purpose of unification of Vietnam did not take place. The northern part of the country has become the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, or Northern Vietnam, with a territory of 158,335 square meters. KM, where about half of the entire population lived. The city of Hanoi became the capital of the DRV. Another part is the Republic of Vietnam, or South Vietnam, held an area of \u200b\u200b173,354 square meters. km. The capital was in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). In the late 1950s, the war began between the Northern and South Vietnam, and in the 1960s the hostilities acquired a large-scale nature. The war ended in 1975 Victory DRV. July 2, 1976 there was an official association of Northern and South Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed.
NATURE
Relief area.The territory of Vietnam is stretched in the meridional direction (the distance between the extreme north and southern dots - approx. 1750 km), and in the latitudinal direction, its length from 616 km in the north (from Mongkaya to the Vietnamese-Lao border) to 46.5 km in the central part ( in the Chungbo region). The length of the coastline resembling the letter S is 3260 km. The position of Vietnam at the junction of several natural zones, as well as the presence of an ancient geological structure, determine the diversity of its natural conditions. Relief country mostly mountain. More than three quarters of the territory occupy mountains, plateau and plateau. Vietnam also owns islands and archipelagoes. The largest of them are Baytylong, Koto, Kutba, Konda in the South China Sea, Fukuok in the Siamese of the Bay and others. The area of \u200b\u200bthe continental shelf is approx. 500 thousand square meters. km. From neighboring states, Vietnam is separated by mountain ranges.
From the northern border of the country in the southeastern direction, the Hoanglenshon Ridge (translated "Main Mountain Rang"), forming a watershed of Hongha River (Red) and Yes. Within this ridge throughout OK. 200 km There are several peaks with more than 2500 m above, including the highest mountain indocidant fanshippa (3143 m). Next to the West, up to the border with Laos, a series of lower parallel ridges with vertices are traced from 1600 to 2100 m. Right tributaries R. Chongha, crossing Hoanglenson Mountains, have narrow canyon-shaped valleys. Although the mountain slopes are usually covered with forest, on the rainy time of the year the landslides, coinspads and sat down.
South of the 20th parallels along the border with Laos and Cambodia, the Mountains of Chiongshon ("Long Mountains") extended to 1200 km, having steep oriental slopes and stepping on the west, to the R.Mekong valley. The highest point of the Silayleng mountain (2711 m) is located in the north-west, on the border with Laos. The North and South Chonegshon is structurally distinguished. Northern Chonegshon is a series of a variety, stretching at different angles towards the coast. Flowing from the mountains of the river carry their waters in the southeast and eastern directions.
South Chonegshon forms the ridge system, Nagrai, Plateau and Valley. South of the 15th parallel, a group of vertices with heights of more than 2000 m is concentrated. The highest of them is a folded greents of Ngoklin peak (2598 m). Between 11 and 12 ° S.Sh. Separate vertices reach 2100 m. The most extensive plateau of the southern Chonegshon - the contamines, playlock, Darlac, Langbiang and Zilin are united under the general name of Taneguen ("Western Plateau"). Their average height is 500-1000 m. These plateaus are composed of basalt lavs, among which the pictorial cones of extinct volcanoes are towering. The mountain Hamron is highlighted ("Dragon") on Plateau Plateau. With these plateaus, numerous rivers belonging to the Mekong basin or flowing directly to the ocean are originated. Some South Chonegshon Ridges are suitable close to the coast of the South China Sea.
On the plain in Vietnam there are only a quarter of the entire territory, but it is there that the main economic activity is concentrated. The most extensive plains are formed by Delta Hongha rivers in the north and Mekong in the south. Between them stretches the chain of narrow coastal plains and the delta with respect to small rivers. The total flow of the Vietnamese rivers is 785 cubic meters. km, and more than 76% accounts for the basins of the Mekong Rivers (475 cubic meters) and Hongh (121 cm km). Other large rivers - ma, ka, thubon.
Plain Square OK. 15 thousand square meters KM in the lower reaches of R. Chongha (its length in the territory of Vietnam Ok. 510 km) is composed of Holocene Alluvius, which made at the bottom of the ancient shallow bay. The absolute height of the Delta surface is less than 25 m. On alluvial sediments, extremely fertile soils were formed. Only on the northern and southern periphery of this plain are common more ancient alluvium. Space mountains, sand dunes and sea terraces are elevated in places. Thanks to the large volume of solid flow of rivers, their delta is made annually into the sea at a distance of up to 100 m. Since the Hongha Delta has been populated for several millennia, natural vegetation cover is mainly destroyed and it has undergone substantial anthropogenic changes. For many centuries, OK was erected to prevent floods along the river banks. 3000 km dam. Hongha, like other Rivers of the Babbo region (yes, Lo, Thajbin), is distinguished by a sharp drop in the level during the rainy and dry seasons - from 30 thousand to 700 cubic meters. m.
Delta Mekong (its length within the Vietnam 250 km), on the contrary, is largely not touched by a person, especially in the north-west (Dongthap province) and in the Far Southern (Pn Kamau). Delta Square - OK. 50 thousand square meters. km. It is also formed as a result of the deposition of river nansions in the maritime bay, which once stretched to the Phnom Penh district. In fact, at the Cambodian capital and the Delta region of Mekong begins, the channel of which is divided into two main sleeves downstream - Mekong and Bassak actually. In turn, these water artery, passing through the territory of Vietnam a third of their way to the sea, are divided into another amount. In the formation of a single alluvial lowland, two other rivers - Kadong and Dongene took part. Mekong is also called Kyulong ("9 Dragons") in Vietnam). The river carries a lot of suspended nans, especially in the southern ducts, and the speed of the sushi of the sea reaches an average of 60-80 m per year. The Mekong Delta has the most thick hydrographic network in the world, including artificial channel systems. Movement of people in the area is carried out almost exclusively on SAMPAN boats. The active development of the Mekongian delta began approximately 300 years ago, and currently 60% of the total rice and most of the fruits collected in the country are produced.
The coastal plains of Chongbo region stretched with narrow ribbon occurrence due to the accumulative activity of watercourses flowing from the eastern slopes of Chiongshon Mountains. Almost all the boundaries of the provinces pass on river chains. The seaside strip is divided by the spurs of the mountain ranges and the ridges of the hills on isolated, small in the lowland area, the largest of which, in the north of Thanhoha's province, occupies a territory of 3200 square meters. km.
Vietnam has large reserves of hydroenergoresours. For example, the energy potential of R. Chongha is at least 1.5-2 million kW. At the RD (Black), with the assistance of the USSR, the largest HOABIN GES in Vietnam was constructed.
A special attraction of Vietnam is the Halong Bay in Babbo Bay (Tonkinsky), recognized by UNESCO with one of the miracles of the world. On the azure sea space of this bay, 1600 small islands and cliffs of fancy forms resembling fighter roosters, frogs, ritual vases, etc. are scattered. On the Rocky Islands there are caves with stalactites and stalagmites. On the sea coasts of Vietnam with beaches from white and golden sand there are resort areas of Vungtau, Nha Trang, doshone, etc.
Climate.Vietnam is divided into three climatic areas: North, central and southern. Due to the diversity of relief and shifting direction during the year, significant internal differences are traced in the areas themselves.
The Northern District extending to the north of 18 ° C.Sh., is characterized by a wet hot summer during the equatorial monsoon, which blows from the Pacific Ocean, and the raw cool winter when the effect of cold northwestern winds is affected. On the plains, including delta, the average temperatures of the three winter months are 17-20 ° C. But the days occur when the thermometer column falls below 5 ° C. in the vicinity of Hanoi, located at an absolute height of OK. 5 m, at the most cool time of the year, the air warms up to 14-16 ° C, at night the temperature can be reduced to 2.7 ° C. In the winter mountains, frosts occur in the border ridges. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Shap, at an altitude of approx. 1570 m, and in other elevated places sometimes even falls out. From the end of January to mid-March, the constant animal is common.
Summer, rainy season, lasting from April to October. From July to September, approximately 80% of the annual rate of precipitation falls (in Hanoch 300 mm in each of these months). In the hottest months, the average maximum air temperature in the capital is 31-32 ° C, and the registered absolute maximum of 42.8 ° C. Since the difference between the average maximum and medium minimum temperatures is 14-16 °, the climate of the Northern Area cannot be called tropical. Nevertheless, the soil, vegetation and animal world are clearly tropical. In the Northern region, areas of primary tropical forests are preserved, in which the trees reach a height of 50-55 m.
On the contrary, the southern area, located to the west of 108 ° V.D. And south of 13 ° Yu.Sh., it is distinguished by a typical tropical monsoon climate. Northern winds do not penetrate into South Vietnam, so the temperature regime is stable throughout the year. In the Mekong Delta, for example, the average temperatures of 26-27 ° C, their amplitude between the hottest and coolest months does not exceed 3-4 °. In terms of moisture supply, two seasons are allocated - wet and dry. During the first, beginning in April-May and ending in October-November, more than 90% of the annual rainfall (equal to approx. 2000 mm), and during the second is only 7%. Sometimes there are droughts. Sometimes typhoon collapses on the coast.
On the climate of the Central District, the Mountainschon Mountains and their sings, who serve as a barrier, who in the summer prevents the penetration of wet south-western winds in summer. The rains begin in August and achieve maximum intensity in October-November, when clear weather is established in the rest of the country. It happens that the wet period stretches until January. More precipitation, up to 3000-3500 mm per year, it receives the northern half of this climatic area, primarily the eastern ridges and the foothills of Chyongshon, at least - coastal plains. At the mining plateau at the level of 1800 m is the famous resort of Dalat, where the air temperature is not exceeded all year round + 25 ° C.
The destruction of forests led to the activation of destructive floods on the Rivers of the Chungbo River. In the wet season, the invasion of powerful typhoons, the strength of which decreases towards the southwards. Winter months are pretty cool on the territory located between 16 and 20 ° S.Sh. In January, the air temperature is below 20 ° C. South of 16 ° C.Sh. All year round heat and temperature regime is similar to the conditions of South Vietnam.
Minerals.The depths of Vietnam, especially its northern and northwestern regions, are rich in minerals. The most important place among them is occupied by oil and gas found in the pools of the Hongha and Mekong rivers, mainly on the continental shelf. The results of geological exploration in the haunoe deflection of geological exploration testify to the presence of significant reserves of natural gas. According to estimates, total oil reserves on the continental shelf are approximately 2.5 billion tons. Coal reserves are estimated at 130 billion tons, of which 5.2 billion tons - stone coals, 125 billion tons - brown. The coal deposit in Southeast Asia is in Kuangnin Province (approximately 12-15 billion tons). There are deposits of iron ore, manganese, lead, bauxite, zinc, copper, chromium, graphite, asbestos, barium, mica, field spat, gold, silver, titanium ores, rare-earth metals. Industrial tin production is maintained (Tintuk in the field of Babo), there are huge stocks of apatite (Lockey in Bakbo - up to 1 billion tons).
Soil.The process of soiling in Vietnam in the conditions of a wet tropical climate proceeds very intensively and throughout the year. As a result, soil profiles are generated in a power of several meters. Vietnam's zonal soils are various types of latheritis (reds, yellow-beams, mountain laaterites). The most fertile soils are formed on volcanic rocks. The largest economic importance is the avison alluvial soils of plains, especially the Mekong and Hongha delta. Many low-lying areas are marshy and wetted soils. The largest areas of such soils are concentrated in the Mekong Delta. In coastal soil areas, seeds are salted.
Vegetable world.A significant part of the territory of Vietnam, mainly in the mountains, covered with forests (7.8 million hectares). Common stocks of wood are estimated at 565.6 million cubic meters. M. Operating stocks of wood are 226 million cubic meters. M. Zonal types of vegetation Vietnam are mostly secondary wet evergreen tropical forests, and in those areas in the south of the country, where the amount of precipitation is much smaller - savanna and rare-resistant tropical forests. Preserved sections of primary wet rainforests. In Vietnam, many valuable wood species grows: iron, black, pink, camphor, ebony, sandalwood, etc., more than 30 types of bamboo are common. 76 types of forest plants produce aromatic substances, 600 species - Tanin, 200 - dyeing substances, 260 species - oil. Raw materials for different industries serve red shellac, cinnamon, anise, pine extract.
Due to the predominance of mountain relief, in addition to the latitudinal zonality of vegetation, its high-altitude explanancy is expressed. The lower parts of the mountains (up to the heights of 800-1000 m in nambo and 600-700 m in the cooler Bacbo) are covered with wet tropical evergreen forests. Above 1700-2000 m above U.m., we grow wide subtropical mountain forests with an undergrowth of various bamboo, and even above the mixed forests appear, where, in addition to oak, maple and ash, there are coniferous rocks.
In the seaside zone, mangroves are common: in nambo they reach a height of 25-30 m, in Bakbo - 2-3 m. The total mangrove area is OK. 400 thousand hectares, of which 300 thousand are located in Nambo and southern Chunbo. In the lowlands of the country, coconut palm trees are common. On the plateau in the southwestern district, savanna forests are growing and savannahs with thickets of rigid herbs and bamboo are located.
Animal worldVietnam has approx. 170 species of mammals, approximately 970 species of birds, 270 species of reptiles, more than 1000 species of marine and freshwater fish. In coastal waters, crabs, shrimps, mollusks are found. In the rainforest zone, panthers, leopards, tigers, monkeys (macales and gibbons), bears, woody viverse, flying, large wired, white and green parrots, pheasants, peacocks are common. Occasionally there are rhinos. Many snakes (blows, cobra, etc.), turtles, lizards. Indian elephant, antelopes, deers, buffaloes, boars, eagles, eagles, partridges live in savannah forests and savannahs. In the delta rivers and the swamps will settle pink flamingos, storks, pelicans, herons, wild ducks, geese. Water flooded fields are replete with fish and small crabs. In rivers and lakes a lot of freshwater fish.
Marine resources are diverse and conducive to the development of not only fishing, but also tourism and recreation. Sea fish stocks in the shelf zone are estimated at about 3 million tons per year, and shrimps - 65 thousand tons. Significant molluscs, sea cabbage and other seafood.
In order to preserve the animal world and rare plants (including medicinal) in Vietnam, 87 specially protected territories are created by a total area of \u200b\u200b750 thousand hectares, incl. 7 national parks, 80 reserves and reserves. The area of \u200b\u200bprotected areas on the Tanguen Plateau will be approx. 240 thousand hectares. It is planned to create national parks in the reservoir area of \u200b\u200bthe Baba, on O. Kondao and in other areas.
POPULATION
Demographic data.According to estimates for 2003, there are 81.62 million inhabitants in the country belonging to 54 ethnic groups. More than 64% - Vietnamese aged 15 to 64 years. Women make up 51% of the population. The average life expectancy in the country is 70.05 (men - 67.58, women - 72.7) population growth rates in 2003 were estimated at 1.29%.
Comparatively complete demographic statistics refers to 1995. Then from 72,916 thousand inhabitants in the cities lived 14,566 thousand, and in rural areas - 58,350 thousand people (in the north, respectively, 5250 thousand and 31,450 thousand and in the south of 9316 thousand . and 26 900 thousand people). The population of the country in 1990-1995 increased by an average of 2.4% per year, and in the villages this figure was 2.6%, and in cities - 1.5%.
In the northern part of Vietnam, the population growth was estimated at 2.2% in rural areas and in 3% in urban settlements (in the Delta region R. Chongha, respectively, 1.8% and 3.4%), in South - 3.1 and 0, 7%. Thus, the process of urbanization in the Mekong Delta actually stopped. Moreover, in areas where the three largest centers are located ( Ho Chimina , Bienhoa and Vungtau) and the administrative centers of the four provinces, the number of the village population in the first half of the 1990s increased by an average of 4.4%. Significant urbanization rates in Northern Vietnam partially became a consequence of small-earth and limited development opportunities for agricultural production.
Ethnic composition and languages.When the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was proclaimed in 1945, there were up to 70 nationalities in the country. In language terms, they belong to three families: the Chinese-Tibetan, Austro-Insian and Austronesian, and then are divided into a number of groups. Noticeable differences are also observed in the lifestyle and practice of economic groups. Some peoples for hundreds and thousands of years have been engaged in pasty drawback, others - with firefight agriculture, the third led half-blooded lifestyles, producing means to the existence of collecting, hunting and fisheries.
Until 1945, Vietnamese called primarily equible inhabitants. Recently, the most common ethnonym "Vieget" has become the most common ethnonym, and "Vietnamese" is called all residents of Vietnam. In 2003, Vieta was approx. 85/90% of the population of the country, closer to them in culture and the language, Outlies live in mountainous terrain Bacbo and the province of Ngean, the Chinese, Thais and others were 5-15%. Two more large ethnic communities are resetted on the plains: Chinese and Khmer (Cambodian). The Chinese, which are approaching ok. 1 million people are focused primarily in the former city of Sholon ("Tölon", i.e. "big market"), which has become a major district of Ho Chi Minhine, and control up to 40% of national capital in Vietnam. Khmer, the number is approx. 850 thousand people are resettled mainly in the Delta region of Mekong and in the city of Ho Chi Minh City.
Other peoples of Vietnam are distributed in the following language families and groups: Austrians, speaking Thai languages \u200b\u200b- Thai, Nung, Tai, Lao, Zei, Sanny (Shanai), Lians, Bui; in the languages \u200b\u200bof the Meo-CJSC Group (HMONG), CJSC; On Mont-Khmer languages \u200b\u200b- Bakhnara, Sedangi, Monsgi, Ma, Koho, Chron, Strenga, Khma. Living in the southwestern part of the country. Peoples who speakers the Malaysian-Polynesian languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family, Jarai, Ede, Rhalam, Tura, Ede Bih, live on the Plateau Playk and Darlak. In the language of the Malaysian-Polynesian group, Tyums (CHAMS) are also spoken, now the descendants of the ancient people of rices created by 2nd. AD On the territory of the current Chongbo, the state of Trimpa (CHAMPA) and a bright culture that was under strong Indian influence. The Chinese-Tibetan language family is also represented by the Tibeto Burmese branch: Hani, Fula, Laho, Lolo.
Religion.Vietnamese society is prone to religious syncretism. It finds an expression that in a community house (Ding), which also serves as a village temple, presented altars with a pantheon of various local patrons and numerous images of Buddha and Bodhisattva, Confucius and historical characters. In Buddhist temples, not only Buddha, but also local deities and spirits are often worshiped. Almost every peasant dwelling can see two altars - one dedicated to the ancestors, and the other - the spirit of the Earth (ONG Dia).
Most Vietnamese, regardless of religious preferences and political views, believes that there is their moral and religious debt. The grave is reassigated, but in fact they are not dead: when a person becomes the dead man, his soul continues to exist. Live and dead live in the same world, but exist in different forms. Therefore, the ancestors take part in the daily affairs of their descendants and protect them, sometimes visiting during sleep or warning of threatening danger. Due to the fact that the souls of the ancestors play such an important role in the fate and well-being of descending generations, sown and child duties require to comply with a long-lasting mourning for the dead, take care of sacrifices and keep grave and cemetery in the order.
At the beginning of the 20th century In those areas of the Mekong basin, where colonization and the development of agricultural land occurred, two new religious sects have arisen: Caedis ("Supreme Palace") and Hoacho ("Harmony and nobility"). The first of them adheres to the syncretic doctrine, the canon of which is based on the teachings of Buddha, Christ, Confucius, Viktor Hugo, Lion Tolstoy, etc. Symbol of the codaii sect is the so-called. Heavenly Oko, and heads her own "dad" living in the province of Tinin, in the western part of the Mekong delta. The second syncretic organization, Hoacho, adheres to the combination of the ideas of Buddhism, Taoism and a number of other religious flows. In the 1940s - early 1950s, both sects showed claims to the territorial spheres of influence and contained their own police forces. However, in the mid-1950s, taking advantage of American financial and military support, NGO Din Diem managed to undermine their military and political positions. In the 1990s, approximately 1 million supporters of codes and approx. 0.5 million followers of Hoacho.
Mountain peoples of Vietnam retained early primitive beliefs, part of the crazy (cham) adheres to Hinduism, the other part is Islam.
In 1998 in Vietnam, there was approx. 2 million Catholics. Protestants in Vietnam little, mainly these are representatives of mountain peoples.
State device
Central authorities.According to the 1992 Constitution, the supreme body of state power is a unicameral national assembly, consisting of 450 deputies, which are elected for a five-year period by direct universal voting. The National Assembly consists of 2002 of 498 deputies.
The duties of parliamentarians include the "appointment, temporary termination of powers and retirement" of the President, the Vice-President and Prime Minister (only deputies of the National Assembly are put forward for these posts), as well as the chairman of the Supreme People's Court and other states of the state. The President is the commander-in-chief armed forces and leads the Council of National Defense and Security. The president owns the right to appoints from the consent of the National Assembly of officials to a number of responsible posts, including the posts of the Chairman of the Supreme People's Court and the Prosecutor General. The term of office of the president - 5 years. The Prime Minister who is responsible for the current government activities, appoints and displays the members of the Cabinet, but necessarily with the approval of the National Assembly. The head of government can cancel or suspend the execution of decisions and decisions adopted at the level of ministries and departments, and accountable to the highest legislative body of the country.
President of the Socialist Republic Vietnam since September 1997 - Chan Duc Lyong, re-elected for a new term in 2002. Born in 1937, studied geology in the USSR, worked as a metallurgist engineer. From 1981 he was a deputy of the National Assembly, since 1987 Vice-President of Vietnam, in 1996 he was elected to the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam.
The post of head of government since 1997 occupies Fam Wang High. Born in 1933, he studied in the USSR, after returning to Vietnam made a party career. In 1985 he became the head of the People's Committee in Ho Chi Minh City, in 1991 he was elected to the Communist Party Politburo. He headed the state scheduled commission and served as the first deputy head of the government. Fam Van Hai is considered a pragmatist and a supporter of reforms.

Local authorities.In administratively, Vietnam consists of 61 provinces, one special district and four cities of central subordination: Hanoi, Haiphona, Dananga and Ho Chi Minhine (former Saigon, which sprinkled with the "Upper City" of Scholone). In these cities and provinces, national advice acts - the state authorities elected by the population. The term of their powers - 4 years. The provinces are divided into districts, in which, as everywhere in cities and villages (communities), folk tips elected by the population. Since 1997, provinces and other administrative-territorial units are granted the right to engage in foreign trade operations.
Political parties.The Communist Party of Vietnam is the ruling, established in February 1930 at the disastrous conference of the Communist Groups in Hong Kong, which existed since the 1920s. The leader of the party became Ho Chi Min. In October 1930, she was renamed the Indochina Communist Party (CPIK). The political program of the CPIK provided for the overthrow of French colonial authorities, the creation of an independent republic and the outstanding of the "bourgeois-democratic" revolution in the "socialist". I Congress PPIK took place in March 1935 in emigration in Macau. Communists actively worked under underground conditions. Since 1941, they began to prepare an armed uprising. In August 1945, the Communists and formed under their aegid Front Vietmin organized an armed performance, captured the power and proclaimed the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which from 1946 was in a state of war with the former colonial metropolis - France. At the second CPIA Congress in February 1951, it was transformed into a batch of workers of Vietnam (PTV). The President of the Central Committee was the president of the DRV Ho Chi Minh, who remained in this post to death in 1969. The program of PTV proclaimed the main objectives of the expulsion of the imperialists, the achievement of the independence and unity of Vietnam, the destruction of colonialism and feudalism, the creation of the "Fundamentals of Socialism". After the country section north and south in 1954, the Northern part of Vietnam turned out to be under the rule of PTV.
The III Congress of PTV in September 1960 proclaimed a course on the "Construction of Socialism" and the country's reunification. In the south, the Communists acted under the name of the People's Revolutionary Party. After the victory in the war from the United States and the defeat of the Government of the South Vietnam in 1975, the Vietnamese Communists held in December 1976 the Congress in Hanoi, Renamed PTV to the Communist Party of Vietnam and announced that the "socialist revolution" was held in the country. The Secretary-General of the CPV was Le Zuan, who remained to him before his death in 1986. In 2001, 2.4 million members were held in the CPV. The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) is the only party in the country, since the Democratic and Socialist Party ceased to exist in 1988. Among other political organizations, the Domestic Front of Vietnam, created in 1955, has been allocated and incorporated in 1977 to its composition National Front of the Liberation of South Vietnam (1960- 1977) and the Union of National, Democratic and Peaceful Forces of South Vietnam (1968-1977). The Domestic Front of Vietnam also includes the Communist Party, the Universal Confederation of Workers (Created in 1976), the Union of Communist Youth Ho Chi Mini (created in 1931), the Union of Women's Vietnam (created in 1930) and other organizations. The leadership of the Executive Committee of the Domestic Front and other mass associations, such as the Universal Confederation of Workers, the Universal Peasant Union and the Union of Women, has the right to attend the meetings of national councils and committees of different levels and express their point of view on local life issues.
Although the Constitution states that the Communist Party of Vietnam is the "leading power of the state and society", the party itself is limited in its actions by the "Frames of the Constitution and Law". Moreover, partially due to the changes made to the basic law, the expansion of the real rights of the president, the Prime Minister and the National Assembly is observed. As a result, as well as thanks to institutional innovations, many functions from the Center were transferred to legislative and executive bodies in the provinces. According to a joint document of the Ministry of Finance and the CPV Financial Control Committee dated September 1998, the budgets of party organizations at all levels, starting with national and ending with rural, 1.5-2 times exceed the total budgets of all government agencies.
Judicial systemincludes the Supreme People's Court in Hanoi and lower folk courts in the provinces and major cities. The National Assembly may in special cases, for example, when the interests of national security are affected, to create a special legal body of legal proceedings. The Supreme People's Court carries out control over the work of subordinate institutions. Representatives of national minorities are entitled to enjoy the native language in court. At the state and provincial levels and in the army there are folk inspections, each of which is guided by the responsible staff of the prosecutor's office. They fulfill the tasks of monitoring the implementation of the law in government agencies, private organizations, military personnel and civilians. Cases on the processes of the judge considers jointly with the Council of People's Assessers, consisting of 5-9 people. There are over 10 thousand such tips in the country.
Power departments.The data relating to the Vietnamese People's Army and other power structures is strictly classified. In November 1998, the National Assembly voted for the "transparency" of information in the field of public administration, after which the government developed a detailed program of familiarization of the public with funding services and departments led by him (it does not concern the army, internal security bodies and party organizations). The number of military personnel in the country is estimated at about 0.5 million people, and security authorities are 2 million people.
Foreign policy.As of 1998, the SRV recognized more than 160 countries of the world. In 1991, relations with China were restored, in July 1995 - with the United States, in the same month Vietnam became a member of the Association of States of Southeast Asia (ASEAN). Within the framework of this organization, Vietnam held in 1998 at the highest level to discuss the Asian "financial crisis" and other issues. SRV is a UN member (from 1977), as well as a participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum and the Asia-Pacific Economic Community (APK), in 1995 signed a protocol on cooperation with the European Union. Vietnam is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
ECONOMY
After removing the military units from Cambodia in 1989, Vietnam was able to completely end with the Military Communism regime. As early as 1986, the Congress of the Vietnam Communist Party made a change to the country's senior management and laid the beginning of the process officially called "update", thanks to which the country entered the period of modernization. The far-reaching reforms scheduled for the congress were aimed at eliminating direct state intervention in pricing, production and scope of foreign trade.
To speed up the influx of financial resources and revive the activity in the private sector, in Vietnam, legislation concerning preferential taxation of foreign investors is developed, "export production zones" are created and the activities of foreign banks are stimulated. The country began the formation of a legal framework for a market economy. After 1990, a number of important laws in the field of civil law were adopted, business standards, firms, etc. were developed. Reorganization and gradual privatization of a number of public sector enterprises are carried out. The number of state-owned enterprises decreased from 12 084 in 1991 to about 6,300 in 1995, mainly due to the elimination of weak enterprises and the associations of a number of enterprises of the adjacent profile. The system of privatization of public sector enterprises is systematically implemented.
Movement to the market brought impressive results. From 1990 to 1997, the gross domestic product (GDP) increased annually by an average of 8.9%, and actual investments increased by about 25% per year. In 1995-1997, in the pace of economic growth, Vietnam was led to ASEAN member countries. By 2000, the GDP per capita amounted to $ 400. Direct foreign investments authorized by the authorities, which in 1991 were approximately $ 2.3 billion, in 1997 reached $ 31.2 billion, which amounted to 30% of all investments. In 1991-1998, there was a rapid increase in exports - from $ 2042 million to $ 9356 million, or 27% per year, and imports from $ 2105 million to $ 11,390 million, or 32% per year. In 1998, the export of goods and services was estimated at 42% of GDP, import - in 47% of GDP. Despite the results achieved, Vietnam is experiencing economic difficulties. The underdeveloped infrastructure and weakness of economic potential are manifested in a low production of the main types of products: electricity - 226 kWh, coal - 117 kg, oil - 118 kg, steel rolled - 8.6 kg, cement - 83.3 kg, sugar - 7 , 8 kg, rice - 352 kg, mineral fertilizers - 12.8 kg and exports of $ 96 per capita per capita (as of 1997). In the same year, the national income per capita was approx. 300 dollars Asian financial crisis 1998-1999 led to the fact that imports into the country decreased at a cost of 3% when exporting exports by 0.9%, and foreign investments decreased.
The economic growth of Vietnam did not cease to 2002; Such images in 2002, GDP was estimated at $ 183.8 billion or $ 2,300 per capita. According to the GDP sectors, it was shared as follows: the agricultural sector occupied 24%, the industry - 37% and other services - 39%. On the verge of poverty in the country about 37%.
Foreign investmentadjusted by the Special Law of November 12-20, 1996, according to which four forms of direct investment are established: Share participation, joint ventures, enterprises with 100% foreign capital and SEP agreements (construction - operation - transmission) and SP (construction - transmission). In 1998, 2,200 investment projects were carried out with capital involvement of 60 countries with the amount of registered investments in $ 32 billion; The amount of investment has amounted to $ 12 billion. Direct foreign investments found a dynamic growth in 1991-1997, although in 1997 they were sanctioned by about 1/3 less than in 1996, and half less than in 1995. At the end of 1997 foreign directs. Investments were distributed as follows: Oil and gas industry - 26%; lightweight industry, first of all, food - 17.6%; Heavy industry - 13.4%; Hotel business and tourism - 16%; Communication - 6.8%; rural and forestry and fisheries - 3.8%; banking sector - 2.2%; and the processing zones of imported raw materials - 1.2%.
Foreign and government investments sent primarily to industry and the scope of services, mainly to large cities - Hanoi, Hayfon and Ho Chi Minh. Thus, an imbalance in the income of leading urbanization centers and the rest of the country is aggravated. In 1995, the average per capita income in Hanoi was $ 695 and in Ho Chi Minhine, 912 dollars, and in general, OK. 220 dollars. From 1996 to 1998, GDP in these cities increased twice as fast as across the country, and three times faster than in rural areas.
Of $ 31.2 billion. Foreign direct investments registered at the end of 1997, most of the part arrived from Eastern and Southeast Asia (in billion dollars): Singapore - 6.3, Taiwan - 4.3, Japan - 3.6, South Korea - 3.1, Sianggan - 2.7, Malaysia - 1.4, Thailand - 1.1, Philippines - 0,31, Indonesia - 0.244. Among European powers in this respect, France was led to $ 1.5 billion, respectively. And $ 1.4 billion, respectively. Advisions from China amounted to $ 112 million, from Russia - $ 99 million in 1998 Under the influence of the financial crisis, there was a massive outcome of European and American businessmen from Vietnam. Only in Ho Chi Minh City, approximately 180 representative offices of foreign firms were closed.
Agricultureit remains the main branch of the Vietnam Economy, which ensures the food security of the country. 78% of the population lives in the village (1997). Already in the 1980s, an indicator of agricultural overpopulation was clearly shown: the area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land at the rate of each inhabitant was 0.1 hectares: historically there was an irrational placement of the population, at which 80% resides in 20% of the country's territory. In Vietnam there are also more than 13 million hectares of virgin and lands, as well as land located on the slopes of hills and at the foot of the mountains, which, in principle, can be allowed into the economic turnover.
Agriculture is characterized by the presence of three sectors: state-owned (state disease, specializing in the production of industrial crops, raw materials for industry and export), private sector and collective sector - cooperatives, production teams.
The share of the private sector in agriculture is estimated at about 90%. Functions of the so-called. The updated cooperatives are reduced to the provision of various kinds of services and assistance in production, as well as to the organization of different forms of public life in the village. In 1994, around the country for each peasant yard (on average, 4.77 consumers, 2,29 employees) accounted for only 4143 square meters. M agricultural land. Labor resources in the village are involved only by 30-50%, i.e. The excess amateur population, in need of employment, is 6-7 million people. Increases and without that significant gap in the income of citizens and the village.
In most cases, primitive guns are used in agriculture. Only 10% of land areas are processed by machines. The volume of annual accumulations in peasant farms is very low (in 1993 he did not exceed 700 thousand dongs to one farm, i.e. approximately $ 70). In late 1998, the Politburo of the Central Communist Party of the Vietnam (CPV) in his report noted that over the past 10 years, food production in the country increased by an average of 5.7% per year and gross grain harvest increased per capita from 281 kg to 398 kg. The share of family-peasant farms suffering from malnutrition decreased from 30 to 17%, which in absolute terms is 2.4 million farms, of which 300 thousand are related to a group with chronic starvation and 400 thousand to a group with periodic starvation. In the agrarian sector, 25% of GDP and 36.3% of all export products are created. 68.8% of the country's workforce are employed in rural, forest and fisheries, and at about the same level, these industries are presented in the "Rustic" economy. In 1995, 27.5 million tons of food were produced in terms of Fig, in 1996 - 29 million tons, in 1997 - 31.5 million tons.
The main processed land areas are occupied under rice (on the plains - irrigation rice, on the mountain slopes and hills - sudden). Usually two crop rice per year is removed. Yield in Delta R. Chongha - 10-15 tons.
In Vietnam, cultivated approx. 1,500 rice varieties - with white, yellowish, reddish brown (supro-rice) and even with almost black (it is considered healing) grain. There is also so-called. Fragrant and sticky rice, which goes on the preparation of festive dishes. In addition to rice unsuitable for rice breeding, in addition to rice are grown by non-core cultures: an earthen walnut (peanuts), corn, soy, legumes, butat, maniacs. Agricultural crops are divided into textile and fibrous (cotton, jute, rami, fissure, mulberry), sugar (sugar cane), oilseeds (peanuts, sesame, coconut), stimulating (tobacco, ginger, black pepper, tea, coffee, betel), Mixing juice and resin (gevent, lacquer, pine). The largest areas are settled under the plantations of the rubberous tree of GEVE (approx. 200 thousand hectares).
Of the fruit crops grow many varieties of bananas, oranges, lemons, mango, grapefruits, papaya (melon tree), pineapples, coconuts, breadwasters, personalities and many other exotic fruits. From vegetables, which cultivate predominantly in winter, in addition to brought from a moderate belt of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, cultivate numerous varieties of pumpkins, cabbage, spicy herbs, etc.
Livestock remains a secondary agricultural industry, but its role gradually increases. Cattle (buffaloes and cows) are mainly used as a major force; The dairy farm appeared only recently. The meat grows pigs and birds ( kernel and ducks).
Fishing and crustaceans and the collection of seaweed is mainly in coastal waters.
Wood harvested, including valuable breeds for export, as well as cardamom, badyan, cinnamon, gum, rosin, raw materials to obtain tubyl and dyes.
According to the report of the Politburo of the CPV Central Committee, presented in late 1998, in the country on the principles of the ODA ("Official Assistance for Development" - the provision of subsidies or preferential loans for the needs of economic development) 130 agricultural projects were financed by foreign states or international financial organizations. Their total cost was estimated at about $ 1.5 billion. The World Bank financed six of them in the amount of $ 465 million, the Asian Development Bank - eight projects in the amount of $ 464 million, the rest was provided by government structures of different states. At the end of 1997, foreign direct investment in rural and forestry and fisheries reached $ 3.8 billion, of which 2.06 billion were invested in 127 projects focused on organizing the processing of agricultural products, and $ 146 million - in 43 projects aimed at stimulating aquaculture.
Industry.Before World War II, when the Vietnam's economy was clearly colonial, the share of industry was 10% (1939), by the end of the war of resistance (1946-1954) decreased to 1.5%. In the 1950s and 1980s, a number of industries were founded by a number of industries, including those such as electric power industry, mechanical engineering (with dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises, hundreds of mechanical and repair shops), metallurgy, chemistry, building materials industry. Different industries developed development. Main industrial centers have developed: Hanoi , Ho Chimina - Bienhoa, Haiphong, Danang, Kuangnin, Wungtau, Namdy, Vin, Vietcha, Thainguen, Habak, Thanjoa. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minim are played in industry, which produces a significant part of industrial products.
Industry for 1991-1996 has almost doubled production. The average annual increase in production amounted to 13.3%. This rapid growth was due to a successful transition from the public administration system and subsidizing enterprises to the principles of a market economy, establishing broad foreign economic relations. An important role was played by the course for restructuring and modernization of the industry, attracting direct investment from abroad, the introduction of new industrial technologies. From 1991 to 1995, the total investment in industry from various sources and economic sectors amounted to approximately $ 4.7 billion, and the funds received from the state amounted to 54% of the total investment, foreign investment - 31%, funds invested by themselves enterprises, - 3.5%.
With the direct participation of foreign companies, the most important industries were developed: oil and gas, cement production, steel, electronics, sewing and textile products, recycling of agricultural products. Foreign foreign investments contribute to the formation and development of industries such as automotive industry, motorcycle production.
The "zones of export production", "zones of concentrated industrial production", having tax and other benefits, as well as other favorable conditions for attracting foreign investment (in Haifone, Danang, Cantho, Tanthuan, etc.).
If you compare the volume of gross production 1991-1995 with the corresponding volume for the previous five years, then for the production of electricity, it has grown from 35.6 to 57.1 billion kWh, crude oil - from 1.2 to 30.5 million tons , steel - from 393 to 1241 thousand tons, fertilizers - from 2228 to 3340 thousand tons, cement - from 9.8 to 22.5 million tons, paper - from 410 to 713 thousand tons.
Vietnam has significant opportunities for the development of electric power industry, having large reserves of oil, gas, coal and hydropower resources. The capacity of the generated electricity has increased from 2161.7 MW in 1991 to 4360 MW in 1995. The largest Hoabini hydroezel has a capacity of 2 million kW, as well as HPP Thakba, Dahn, Vinshon, etc., gas turbine complexes in Baria and Thudik, TPP (Wongby, Falai), as well as hundreds of small hydroelectric power plants. A 500-volt power line "North-South" was built, approximately 2000 km elongated power lines with a voltage of 110-220 V and 350 V. Electrified 442 counties (90% of the total) and 5450 communities (over 60%).
In recent decades in Vietnam, intelligence has been conducted, and since the 1980s and oil mining. Since 1986, the joint Soviet-Vietnamese enterprise "Sovietpeetro" is being developed by the shelf oil field to the southeast of the port of Vungtau (8 million tons of oil was mined in 1996). There is a Vietnamese state company Petrovichnam. Vietnam signed several dozen agreements with foreign partners in the exploration of oil fields and the division of shares, including Shell, Mobile, British Petroleum, Pedco (Republic of Korea), Petronas Kargali ( Malaysia), Japanese "Ja W Pi C" (JVPC). Two new large oil fields on the continental shelf (Rong and Dahukung) were commissioned.
The largest coal basin of the country is Cuangnin, where mining is conducted both in mines and in the open way (for example, in the canaone). In 1991-1995, coal mining remained at the same level as in 1986-1990, - 28.5 million tons.
The main center of ferrous metallurgy - Thainguen. There is a mining of iron ore, and in the late 1950s, with the help of China, the Metallurgical Combine was built, destroyed by American aviation, but restored in 1973. The steel industry increased production of steel from 149 thousand tons in 1995 to 550 thousand tons in 1995 : Annual growth rate amounted to 39%. In the same period, thanks to intensive investments, the production of rolled products in Bienho (Nambo) and Thainguen, as well as on machine-building factories (in Hanoi, Namdina, Camph), increased. In the coming years, it is planned to increase the release of rolling to 1.25 million tons. Color metallurgy is represented by smelting tin (Tintuk combine), antimony (in Thainguen), chromites (in Thanyhoa), copper, tungsten.
The basics of mechanical engineering were laid in the 1950s; In 1958, the Khanyan Machine-Planting Plant was launched. By the mid-1980s, there were already ok. 700 different machine-building enterprises on which 130 thousand people were busy. Currently, the production of tools, diesel engines, mechanical pumps, small tractors, agricultural instruments on tractor, agricultural equipment, equipment for processing agricultural products are established. Motor boats, tows, barges, small cargo ships, trailers and spare parts for locomotives, cargo and passenger cars are produced. There are ship repair enterprises. The largest enterprises of the machine-building industry - the Hanoi Mechanical Plant, Mechanical Plant named after Chan Hung Dao (in Hanoi), Shipyard in Haifone, Car Related Plant in Zyalama (in the vicinity of Hanoi), Machine-Building Plant for years in Thainguene, Plant for the production and repair of mining equipment in Camph.
In the industrial area of \u200b\u200bHo Chi Minh City - Bienho, where a significant number of enterprises are concentrated, the assembly of diesel generators, small-power tractors, water pumps, mechanical plows, other agricultural equipment, televisions, kinescops, consumer electronics, sewing machines, bicycles, motorcycles, scooters are established.
The chemical industry is largely working to meet the needs of agriculture and is developed mainly in the north of the country in Bakbo. The production of phosphate fertilizers in 1995 was brought to 750 thousand tons, there is a large superphosphate factory in Lamartho. Relatively large enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers (110 thousand tons per year) are located in the Buckyan. The most important raw material base for the production of mineral fertilizers is the apatite mine Lockey, where a chemical fertilizer plant has been built. Chemical enterprises in the south of the country in the field of Nambo are mainly producing tires for cars, tractors and bicycles, various rubber products, electroplating elements and batteries, chemical plants protection, plastics, dyes, varnishes. An oil refining and petrochemical industry is created.
The large scale of construction in Vietnam stimulates the growth of the building materials industry, primarily the production of cement, which has grown from 3.1 million tons in 1991 to 5.8 million tons in 1995. The largest enterprises of the industry are cement plants in Bimshone, Haifone, Bienho, Hatienne, Hoangthat.
Such industry has developed such industries such as textile, leather-shoe, porcelain and faience production, glass products, food, etc. Of particular importance for Vietnam has a developed network of rio-efficient plants. In 1995, the loss of light industry accounted for 62.5% of all Vietnamese industrial export products.
An important role in the country's economy plays the handicraft industry. In Vietnam there are whole villages of the handies. Many crafts, such as pottery, silkloxy and carpet, bronze, jewelry, wood carving and bones have centuries-old traditions. In the early 1990s, the handicraft industry produced OK. 30 thousand items of widespread goods. The weighty share of Vietnamese exports is the products of the handles, including the products of artistic crafts.
Transport.More than 40 thousand km of large and small shipping rivers and canals, over 3 thousand km of the sea coast - this is the length of water communications Vietnam. In recent years, sea and river fleet replenished with tankers and container workers, although there are no big ships in its composition. Special place are occupied by boot and river transportation. The main ports are Ho Chi Minh City, Danang, Honggai, Nha Trang, Haiphong, Vungtau.
Vietnam's land roads have more than 310 thousand km long, about a third of them are automobile. The gasket of land communications in Vietnam is complicated by the need to build a variety of bridges. Roads are brown by stone, and only 10% of them have an asphalt coating, a third of the roads are soil. The most important highways: Hanoi -Hishmin, Hanoi - Haiphone. The fleet of trucks is approx. 20 thousand
The length of the railway network in the mid-1990s was 2,600 km. These are mostly narrow-chain roads. Railway tracks with wider kips have the length of approx. 400 km. The main railway line Hanoi - Ho Chi Minhmin (1730 km) stretches through the whole country from north to south. The largest railway knot - Hanoi (60% cargo turnover). 75% of the volume of rail transport falls on the northern part of the country. Railway transport - the weakest industry in the country's transport system, is distinguished by the unsatisfactory condition of the paths, an outdated fleet of locomotives and rolling stock, slow speeds.
Civil aviation is rapidly developing, serving 15 internal lines with a length of over 62 thousand km. From 1980, Vietnam became a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The company "Vietnam Airlines" serves international lines (flights to Moscow, Paris , Bangkok And other capitals). There is a network of airfields, airports in cities such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Danang, are intended for international messages.
International trade.The export volume in 1997 reached $ 9.1 billion, which is 4 times higher than the 1990 indicator. Trading ties are supported primarily with States of East Asia and the European Union. In 1986-1990 OK. 40% of Vietnamese exports were sent to the USSR, and OK came from the USSR. 70% import. In 1997, goods were purchased in Russia in the amount of $ 130 million, and it was sold to her raw materials and other products by $ 330 million.
Sales of shoes, textiles and finished clothing were most energetically expanded, whose volume rose to $ 1,800 million per year. The share of finished products in exporting SRV is less than 35%. The basis of exports is rice, corn, coffee, tea, rubber, cache nuts and other agricultural products, the export of which has tripled for the period from 1992 to 1996. At the same time, more than doubled the export of coal, crude oil and various seafood. In 1996, rural, forest and fisheries products were 45% of all exports, crude oil and carbon 20% and industrial products 35%. Vietnam attracts foreign businessmen, as it represents a capacious market that does not provide high demands for the quality of goods. In imports, the role of the means of production increased (up to 33% compared with 22% in 1992) due to intermediate products (56% against 64%) and widespread goods (11% against 14%). The shortage of foreign trade balance remains at a high level (billion dollars): 1995 - 2.7; 1996 - 3.9; 1997 - 2.5 and 1998 - 2.
In 1998, Vietnam took 12.2 million tons of crude oil and 3.8 million tons of rice. In view of the sharp drop in world prices for these goods, it was not possible to prevent the reduction in foreign exchange earnings. As a result, the country is experiencing difficulties with the balance of payments, its external debt approached $ 11 billion. Slow down in 1998 the growth rates of such main export goods such as shoes, coffee, rubber and cache nuts, and simultaneous weakening of the influx of foreign investment meant for Vietnam the loss of order 1 billion dollars
Banking system.In addition to the Central State Bank of Vietnam, in the country at the end of 1998, 4 state commercial banks were operating: Vietnam Trade and Industrial Bank (Inkombank), a foreign trade bank (Vietcombank), the Bank of Investment and Development of Vietnam and the Vietnamese Bank for Agriculture Development and Countryside. In addition, there are 52 joint-stock banks (the authorized capital of which is formed at the expense of the state, private firms and individuals) and over 10 branches of foreign banks.
The most dynamic trend in the national financial system, apparently, is the growth of the country's external obligations. It is believed that up to 70% of direct investment from abroad comes in the form of borrowed capital, although the exact data was not published. The debt of the British State Office - the management of foreign countries is slowly declining, but in 1993-1998 still exceeded $ 5 billion, and short-term debt on foreign trade transactions and delayed letters of credit reached $ 2.5 billion in 1998.
The financial crisis in Southeast Asia revealed many negative aspects of the investment climate and weakness of the currency and financial and banking system of Vietnam. This is primarily manifested in the fact that the mechanism for regulating the exchange rate and the interest rate is not yet regulated by the market; Policy of public investment distribution is aimed at supporting weak investment projects; The credit policy of banks is administrative and does not contribute to the rational distribution of funds; There remains a weak system of banks, many of which do not have significant capital and enjoy backward banking technologies; The practice of "knocking out" of public funds is preserved, etc.
Culture
Education and science.The country introduced a mandatory five-year initial training. In the 1994/95 academic year, the contingent of students of schools of all steps reached 14.6 million. Nevertheless, in the mid-1990s, the share of illiterate on the village was still 20%. According to 1996 surveys, the most unfavorable position is observed in the provinces of the Mekong Delta, where they do not know how to read and write approx. 2.8 million people over the age of 10 years.
In 1994/95 academic year, the number of students reached 211 thousand. There are 102 higher and secondary specialized educational institutions in the country.
In Vietnam there is approx. 300 research institutions. Fundamental studies are engaged in the National Center for Scientific Research and the National Center for Public and Humanities, which have a network of institutes, departments, laboratories in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minhi, Nha Trang, Dalate, Haifone. The Hanoi is the National Library, the library of the Institute of Scientific Information on Public Sciences, the Library of the Institute of Hieroglyphic Writing.
Architecture and visual art.The preserved early monuments of the visual art belong to the I millennium BC. - For example, the large bronze drums are made by drawings - an ancient model of the universe. The flourishing of architecture and breeding in Vietnam is associated with the formation of 2 V. Truepa states. The art of crazy developed under the influence of India, as well as Cambodia: Hindu and Shivatic temples of 7-10 centuries. In Chowyu, Mishon, Dongzionge, the Temple of Ponakar (in Nha Trang), in the composition of which a round sculpture plays a complementary role in relation to architecture. Numerous tower True Temples (Kalans).
The development of Vietnamese cult architecture is connected with Buddhism and Confucianism. In the temples there is a Chinese influence: the multi-tiered tower of the temple of the Khionny (fragrant traces of the Buddha, 11th century), the temple in the Binshone (11-14 centuries), the architectural and park ensemble of the Confucian "Temple of Literature" (founded in Hanoi in 1070), Buddhist temple Tya Mot Cat ("Temple on one column", 1049, restored in 1955) in Hanoi, Buddhist Temples of CEO (13-19 centuries), Booth Thap (16th century), Multi-tier THEENMU Tower (Heavenly Ladies, 1600 ) In Hue, the architectural and park ensemble of the Imperial Forbidden City (1808-1833) in Hue, Palaces and Mausoleums 19 V. in the vicinity of this city. Peculous monuments of wooden architecture are preserved from 16-17 centuries. Dini - community houses dedicated to the cult of local protorted spirits and decorated with carvings. The monument of military architecture is the Khanyan citadel with a bannyal tower (1812).
From the end of 19 century. Architectural forms are influenced by Western architecture: urban ensembles, Catholic cathedrals, city theaters in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, the building of the Historical Museum, the Presidential Palace, the Palace of Labor in Hanoi.
The cult sculpture (stone, as well as wooden, lacquered and with gilding) has a centuries-old history. Its vertex is considered expressive sculptural images of 18 V. In the Buddhist temple Tayfyong (near Hanoi). For Vietnamese traditional painting, posthumous portraits, muffins of temples and palaces, landscapes are characterized. The noticeable development reached a national picture, as well as the art of decorative miniature mountains (NONO).
In 1925, Hanoe was founded by the Higher School of Fine Arts, the active development of European painting and science experience began, at the same time peculiar painting techniques for lacquer and silk appear.
Literature.The ancient folklore is represented by the cycle of mythological legends on the sovereign of the Dragon varnish (Lac Long Quen), about the birth of the first people from eggs, a bogatyr fairy tale about Fu Dong, legends about the construction of the Snail Fortress (Koloa), about the warrior sister Ching. Preserved cycle of mythoepic teles Birth of water and the birth of the earth. Early monuments of Vietnamese literature are dating 10-12 centuries. In 13-14 centuries. Received the development of court poetry. Patriotic sentiments are expressed in verses and rhythmic prose about the fight against the Mongolian invasion at 13 W.: Appeal to military leaders (1285) Chan Hung Dao (1232-1300). At the 14th century The medieval novel naval, which was formed on the basis of the traditions of narrative folklore and historical chronicles: Assembly of miracles and the mysteries of the Earth Viet (1329) Lee Te Xuien. At 15 in. The poetry is developing in spoken language, the founder of which was Nguyen tea (1380-1442) ( Collection of poems in his native language). An important role in this process was played by the poet le Than Tong (1442-1497) and the literary association Collection of twenty-eight stars. In 16-17 centuries. Rhythmic prose, philosophical poetry (Nguyen Bin Khih, 1491-1586, Fung Khak Khohan, 1528-1613). In late 17 - early 18 V. Historical and epic poem Book of Heavenly South.
Number in literature 18 V. The genre of the Liric Poem (NGEM) has opened up the possibilities for the deep disclosure of the spiritual world of a person (Poets Dan-Tha Diem, 1705-1748; Poet Nguyen Zya Thaiu, 1741-1798). The blooming of a narrative poem (Chuhen), reflecting Private Life (Nguyen Hyu Hao, Mind 1713; Fam Thai, 1777-1813). The synthesis of the traditions of these genres was the poem Nguyuz Pole (1766? -1820) Wallowed soul (or Kieu) - an outstanding monument of Vietnamese classical poetry. Two-footered verses poetess Ho Suan Hongg (end 18 - early 19 century) argued the value of the sensory life of a person. In prose, genres of Roman-epic appear ( Emperor Le - the country's united), Essays (Le Kui Don, Fam Din Ho), Travel Descriptions, including Europe ( Book of records of different cases, 1822, Felipe Bein, 1759-1832?).
From the second half of the 19th century. Vietnamese literature developed under the resistance of the French expansion. A direction appeared, the founder of which was the poet Nguyen Din Mouthu (1822-1888), associated with the national liberation movement. As the colonial society becomes becoming a satirical trend.
In the first quarter of the 20th century. Under the influence of European literature, modern prosaic genres form: Novella, Roman, drama. In the 1930s, the movement "New Poetry" arises. Romantic appears in the literature (Nyat Lin, 1906-1963; Khai Hung, 1896-1947; To pull Lam, 1910-1942) and realistic (NGO TAT, 1894-1954; Nguyen Kong Hoan, 1903-1977; Wu Chong Fung, 1912 -1939; We are Kao, 1915-1951) directions.
In recent decades, the 20th century The structure of Vietnamese literature is gradually converging with the structure of the literature of Europe and America. Among the modern authors, Prosaiki Nguyen Hong (1918-1982) are distinguished (1918-1982), then Hoi (r. 1920), Le Lyu (r. 1942), Nguyen Mag Tuan (r. 1945), Poets Suan Zieu (1916-1985), those Lan Viene (r. 1919), those Han (r. 1920), poet and playwright Nguyen Din Tha (r. 1924).
Theatre.Ancient theatrical forms in Vietnam are the theater of co-dolls and the original theater dolls on the water, the scene for which is the water surface of the lake, pond or a special pool at the temple. The first mention of the theater of dolls on water refers to the beginning of the 12th century.
The Traditional Vietnamese Theater is musical, it is represented by two main genres: TUONG and THEOR. TUONE was considered a "high" theatrical genre. There were court troupes of the TUONE, as well as troupe at the houses of the feudal. TUONG as synthetic art is based on a combination of music, pantomime, dance, poetic words, partly acrobatics and fencing. Symbolic importance are made of make-up, gestures, few stage accessories. In the center of the performance of TUONE - a heroic character, making a feat in the name of the Motherland and the Monarch. TUONG often borrowed plots from novels Threecing, River creek and other works of Chinese classics. A noticeable effect on the development of TUONE in 17 V. I provided Tao Zyui (1572-1634): the tradition attributes him a popular TUONE Sean How.. At 19 in. The body was established, the TUONE troupes across the country. TUONG at this time reached a heyday in the work of the playwright Tao Tana (1846-1908); Some cycles of performances lasted up to one hundred evenings. In the middle of the 19th century Appeared People's Comedy Tong ( Mollusks, Ken's watchman and Old Town Nong).
Another genre of national stage art is the People's Theater Theo, which, as believed, leads its origin from the peasant festivities in the Delta region of R. Chongha, who arranged on the occasion of harvest. The scene for Theo served the courtyard of the community house, the troupes were amateur or semi-professional. Theo Theater absorbed folk melodies, dancing. The orchestra accompanying performances uses folk musical instruments. The basis of the performances Theo is the folklore plots, the plots of popular narrative poems: performances Plow sag, Kuang AM - Maiden Thi Kin.
In the process of updating the Vietnamese Theater in the 1920s there was another kind of musical theater - Kylong. From the scene, popular musical melodies interspersed with prose and poetic dialogues sounded. The musical part, the orchestra, the actor's game became more natural, appeared scenery, curtain, scene. The repertoire was formed not only at the expense of traditional plots, but also performances on modern topics. An example is the work of the playwright Chan Hyu Changa (1906-1966).
The theater in which music did not play a leading role, was created under the influence of French theatrical art in the 1920s. The development of modern drama in the second half of the 20th century. The Russian Theater School and the Stanislavsky system was noticeable.
HISTORY
In the political history of Vietnam, the following main trends are traced: expansion to the south, geographical regionalism (developed on the basis of administrative division or thanks to the informal relics, which provincial governors acquired) and the desire of the central authorities to control the actions of local leaders. It should be noted that there were few peaceful periods in the history of Vietnam. The ancient Vietnamese state was Venlang. He was changed by aulak, united with another state - navigate (258-111 BC). His rulers, apparently, managed in 190-180 to AD. Combine Tonkin (now - the northern part of Northern Vietnam) with South Chinese lands. In 111 BC The army of the Chinese Empire Han overagrance the last monarch of the Vietnamese dynasty Chieua is probably also Chinese by origin. Tonkin became after that the Chinese border province Jiaozhui. When the new ruler entered the conflict with the feudal structures that existed in Vietnam, an uprising occurred led by ChSN sisters (39-43 AD), which led to a short-term cessation of Chinese dominion. The second stage of the Chinese domination began in 44 and was interrupted only after the rebellion of the prominent representatives of the Lee dynasty (544-602). After 939, when the founder of the NGO dynasty seized power, Vietnam managed to gain independence, albeit with some elements of Chinese suzerita, which continued until the period of French colonial domination.
Having achieved independence, the Vietnamese expanded their lands from Tonkin to Northern Annam, fisted Khmer and Treas - farmers, navigators and merchants. The applicants for the Vietnamese throne often appealed for help from Chinese emperors whose invasion ended, as a rule, failures. Even the Mongolian armies of Hubila, who made hiking to the Delta region R. Chongha were twice (in 1285 and 1288) are divided by the Vietnamese commander Chiang Hung Dao. In 1407, the Chinese invasion of time ensured the restoration of the power of the Chan dynasty, which is the rules from 1225 to 1400. In the course of the Liberation War, led by Le Loi, the founder of the Dynasty of the Le, Chinese imperial troops were finally expelled from Vietnam (1427).
With the Le (1428-1789) dynasty (1428-1789), significant progress was made in managing, improving the legislation and the development of culture. But from the 16th century Le reigned nominally. Initially, the real power assigned the mighty family of the poppy. With the move in 1558 Nguyen Hoanga to the south, the power of the Nguyen clan, and at the end of the 16th century. In the north of the country, the authorities of the clan of Chin are issued. Le remained nominee-sacral figures until the fall of the dynasty. Nguyeni gradually entered the fore, because they managed to expand their influence zone by spreading it at the end of the 17th century. On the Mekong Valley and then on the whole Kohinhin (1757).
The unstable balance of the forces between the houses, Chin and Nguyen was disturbed after 1773, when the uprising was raised against both ruling clans, three brothers Taison, which led to the split of the country. One of the expelled members of the genus of Nguyenov, with the support of the French in the 1790s, came out the winner of civilians and subsequently proclaimed himself with Emperor Zia Longom (1802). The Nguyen Dynasty gradually weaker because of the uprisings in the south and north of Vietnam, which facilitated the French expansion in the middle of 19 century. see also French indochytay. France subjugated in 1862 three oriental and in 1867 three Western provinces of Kohinhina, which from 1874 gained the status of a colony. Northern (Tonkin) and Central (Annam) part of the country were turned into protectorates. All three areas, together with Laos and Cambodia, formed French Indochina, who a new government sought to consolidate administratively with the help of a general budget and a unified public work program. In the colonial period, a state monopoly on salt, alcoholic beverages and opium was introduced and the construction of bridges, iron and auto-road roads was encouraged.
In 1930, at the initiative of the Vietnamese National Party (Vietnamekok, Zang), created according to the model of the Chinese National Party (Khomintan), broke out an armed Jenbai uprising in the area to the north-west of Hanoi. After his suppression, the resistance movement was headed by the Indochina Communist Party, formed in 1930 Ho Chi Min. Ho Shi Mystick Communists, together with Trotskyist, expanded their influence and even participated in Kohinhin and Saigon in the elections to local governments. In 1940-1941, the Communists headed the unsuccessful uprising in the extreme south, and Tai organized unrest in the north.
From July 1941 to August 1945, Japanese troops occupied all Vietnam. In 1941, Ho Chi Mini founded the league of the struggle for the independence of Vietnam, known as Vietmin.
At the end of World War II, in the northern part of the country, the Chinese-Khomintanov residents were entered, and the territory of South Vietnam - the British. Vietmin, led by Ho Shi Min, made Hanoi's base and formed "folk committees" throughout Vietnam. September 2, 1945, after the renunciation of the Emperor Bao G. (owned by the Nguyen dynasty), who used the location of China Vitimin as a result of the August revolution, announced the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and formed a temporary government, whose chairman became Ho Chi Min.
In accordance with the Vietnamese-French agreements 1946, France agreed to recognize the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) as a "Free State", which has an army and parliament, as part of the Indochinese Confederation and the French Union. The first president of the DRV became Ho Chi Minh, who at the same time headed the government as a prime minister. At the end of 1946, France and Vitimin accused each other in violating concluded agreements, and on December 19, the French troops attacked the Vietmin. France sought to attract the local population to his side, putting in 1949 the former Emperor Bao gives the head of the nominally independent government. However, Vietmin refused to recognize the new regime and after 1949 strengthened his position using China's support. In turn, France received large military and economic assistance from the United States since 1951. In the spring of 1954, French troops were surrounded and broken at Dieenbienf. This circumstance and the requirement of the international public stop aggression accelerated the conclusion of a peace agreement at the International Meeting in Geneva.
Representatives of the United States, France, Great Britain, the USSR, China, Laos, Cambodia and two Vietnamese governments participated in the meeting: Bao G. (South Vietnam) and Vietmin (Northern Vietnam). Agreement on the termination of hostilities between France and Vietmine, signed in July 1954, provided for the temporary section of the country under the 17th parallel; In July 1956 elections necessary for the reunification of the Northern and South Vietnam; withdrawal of French military units from the north and prohibiting armaments to any of the zones; Education of the International Commission to monitor the implementation of the Agreement. Thus, the existence of two independent states - the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (Northern Vietnam) and the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) were recognized. North Vietnam retained the main state structures for subsequent years, which began to be formed in 1946, and proclaimed the line for the construction of socialism under the leadership of the Communist Party and President Ho Chi Minh. In the southern Vietnam NGO Din Diem shifted in 1955 Bao Giving and took the presidential post. I managed to cope with the opposition of the military elite, the sect Codais and Hoachao and the party give, and he was re-elected president in 1961. Saigon authorities tried to discredit Vietmin in the eyes of the remaining supporters in the south, but faced an active military confrontation in many rural areas, especially in Kohinhin. In 1960, opponents of the regime created the Prommunist National Front of the Liberation of South Vietnam (NFA). In cities, non-communist opposition groups opposed Dwema. Buddhists pound the regime in discriminatory policies, and several Buddhist monks and nuns even burned themselves in protest.
November 1, 1963 Military overthrew NGO Ding Diem, followed the series of coups. Unrest among Buddhists, Catholics and Students continued until at the end of 1964, civilian government has been restored.
In June 1965, the post of head of state was taken by General Nguyen Van Thyu, and the post of Prime Minister - General Nguyen Kai. In 1966, a specially elected meeting adopted a constitution approved by the military, entered into force on April 1, 1967. The presidential election was held in September. Thieu and Ki according to the results of voting were by the president and vice president, respectively. The elected campaign did not take part up to a third of the entire population who lived in the territory, which was under the control of the NFA.
Meanwhile, the scale of the fighting has been expanding. American military advisers were in the south since 1960, and yet Nfyuv was close to victory. In 1965, the United States sent army compounds to the help of the Saigon government, caused the first aviation strikes throughout the territory of Northern Vietnam and strengthened the bombardment of rebellious areas of South Vietnam. NFAYV received military reinforcements from the north, the help of which the USSR and China provided. The American military presence temporarily stabilized the situation, but at the beginning of 1968 the units of the NFAYUV and Northern Vietnam conducted combat operations in almost all major South Names. In April, peace negotiations began between representatives of the United States and Northern Vietnam. Then the partial evacuation from the south of American soldiers began, the number of which one time reached 536 thousand people. In the summer of 1969, the People's Revolutionary Administration was created on the free democratic elections in the liberated areas of South Vietnam. On June 6-8, the Republic of South Vietnam (RUV) was proclaimed at the Congress of People's Representatives and a temporary revolutionary government was created (VRP). In the same year, Ho Chi Minh died.
From 1969 to 1971, the South Namestone army expanded the zone under its control. At that time, the United States brought his military units from the country, compensating these steps with air bombings. In 1971, Theeu was re-elected for the presidency of South Vietnam. In the spring and early summer, 1972, the Communists organized a major offensive, which proceeded very successfully, until it was stopped by the actions of American aviation and the counterdowers of the Southern Troops. The United States in response to the participation of air raids and conducted a wide mining of the Northwenthenemian ports and marine and riverways. At the end of the year, the United States began a massive bombardment of the cities of Northern Vietnam.
January 27, 1973 Four Parties involved in the war signed a peace agreement in Paris, which provided for the cessation of fire in the south, recognition of the 17th parallel as a temporary demarcation line and withdrawal from the country of American troops. The convocation of the National Council and the elections were supposed to solve the fate of the South Names Government.
The last American compounds left Vietnam in April 1973, but the political articles of the contract were not fulfilled. Saigon administration tried on its own forces to hold a elected campaign, against which the VRP was made, demanding the creation of a tripartite council. Moreover, fighting were not interrupted. In March 1975, the Saigon army was forced to leave the area of \u200b\u200bthe central plateau (Taneguen), after which it was broken. A few weeks later, the Armed Forces of VRP and Northern Vietnam surrounded the southern capital. Thieu resigned on April 21, and on April 30, 1975 Saigon military divisions capitulated. see also Vietnamese War.
It originally it seemed that both parts of the country would be able to exist as independent, although closely related public entities. However, the Communists hurried with the merger process. In the summer and autumn 1975, they nationalized banks and large enterprises of the South. In April 1976, universal elections were held in the National Assembly of the Unified Vietnam. On July 2, 1976, the official reunification of Vietnam and the proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam took place.
During the war, Vietnam helped both the USSR and China. In the late 1970s, Vietnam has established close ties with the Soviet Union. Socialist transformation of the economy in the south caused damage primarily by the large Chinese community in Vietnam. Her conflicts with Vietnamese acquired the form of inter-ethnic retail and adversely affected the relations of Vietnam and China. In addition, China spoke on the side of the Antivenam regime floor of Pot in Cambodia. In December 1978, Vietnamese troops entered Cambodia and at the beginning of 1979 occupied most of its territory. In February 1979, an armed conflict occurred on the Vietnamese-Chinese border.
In 1978-1980, at least 750 thousand people left the country (more than half of them ethnic Chinese). Many returned to the historic Motherland of Susha, and the part went on the road in the South China Sea by boats.
The desire of the Vietnamese authorities to implement socialist transformations in the late 1970s led to negative consequences. The Government in Hanoi concentrated all efforts on military actions and fully depended on the help of the USSR. The South Economy, based on private entrepreneurship, was artificially fueled by major cash inflows.
In the 1980s, the government leaned towards a more pragmatic course, providing additional freedom of action to local planned authorities, removing restrictions for the development of commodity relations and allowing peasants to sell part of the products in the market. However, in the middle of the decade, a huge budget deficit and emissions spawned violent inflation. In 1989, a long-term radical reform program was adopted in the country, including measures to suppress inflation trends, liberalization of banking and other legislation and stimulating the private sector in industry. The adopted state policy of "updates" ("Doy Möh") was confirmed and received further development on VII (1991) and VIII (1996) CPV Congres.
In the framework of economic reforms, in January 1991, a law on the assumption of private enterprises was adopted. The new Constitution adopted in 1992 envisaged a clearer separation of functions between the party and the state, the introduction of a market economy, strengthening the role of the private sector and the possibility of private land use. Nevertheless, the leadership of the country stated that the course for socialism under the leadership role of the Communist Party remains and the multiparty democracy is established. At the seventh Congress of the Communist Party in June 1991, the new Secretary General was elected to the usa, until the post of head of the government (he was replaced by the post of head of the government (in this post he was replaced by Van Kayet). New appointments reflected the balance of power in the party leadership. Up to MOO, a member of the communist movement since 1939, was considered a supporter of an orthodox course, Van Kieet - one of the leading adherents of market transformations. In June 1992, the government announced the release of all members, advisers and supporters of the former South Namenam regime. In the elections to the National Assembly in July 1992, for the first time more candidates were launched than there were places in parliament. 2 independent candidates were admitted to the elections. In July 1993, the National Assembly adopted a law that allowed the peasants to acquire land for use (the state of the land owner remained).
Vietnam established communications with the International Monetary Fund and began to cooperate with him in conducting economic policies. In November 1994, the Vietnamese government and the IMF agreed a medium-term economic program that provided for real growth in 1994-1996 by 8-8.7% and decreased inflation from 10.5 to 7%. In November 1995, Vietnam, international organizations and lenders agreements agreed to provide this country in 1996 aid in the amount of 2.3 billion dollars. Negotiations on the payment of debts on loans granted in the 1970s of Japanese banks continued. In 1996, Vietnam and Western lenders reached an agreement on the restructuring of debt of 900 million dollars. In 1997, Hanoi had to get 2.4 billion dollars again.
Economic liberalization in the country was not accompanied by a Communist Party with a monopoly position in the state. In November 1995, the Supreme Court condemned the prison for a period of 15 and 18 months of two former high-ranking party figures for "abuse of rights to freedom and democracy to the detriment of national security." Both advocated the reform and democratization of the ruling party. The eighth Congress of the Communist Party in June - July 1996 spoke in favor of continued cautious reforms while maintaining state control over the economy and the political system.
In 1997, the leadership has occurred in the country. In connection with the elections to the National Assembly, all three leading leaders were replaced in July: the general secretary of the Communist Party to Maoy, the President Le Sok Anh and the Head of the Government in Wang Kayet. Commanded Communities received 85% of votes and occupied 384 out of 450 seats, 63 places went non-partisan, 3 mandates received independent. In September 1997, the new president was Chan Duc Lyong, the head of government - Fam Wang Hai, the Community was headed in December 1997 le Kha Fieu, and in 2001 - Nong Duc Mag.
In the late 1990s, Vietnamese leadership launched a campaign against corruption. Within its framework, some of the highest officials and politicians of the country, including the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Head of Government, etc. were shifted from its posts. The bureaucracy was accused of continuing economic staging. Since 1998, 3,000 members were excluded from CPV in connection with corruption, 16 thousand are imposed of recovery.
In general, in the decade of reforms, Vietnam managed to maintain economic growth at the level of 7.6% per year and double the gross product, since 1985-1986, industrial production increased five times, and the production of food - twice. But market reforms led to the growing social differences and gap between the city and the village, to dissatisfaction with the poorest segments of the population and national minorities. In February 2001, the party leadership was concerned about major unrest among minorities that protested against the placement on their lands of large industrial rubber and coffee plantations (the program was developed with the participation of the International Monetary Fund).
These problems were discussed at the next IX CPV Congress in April 2001. It was stated that the country is located at a stage of a long and complex "transition to socialism", in which the diversity of economic forms and forms of ownership is preserved. Economic system in this period CPV characterizes as a "socialized oriented market economy", emphasizing, at the same time, the priority role of the public sector. In an attempt to soften social tensions, the congress ended the introduction of changes to the party charter, prohibiting the members of the CPV to have its own private business. Corruption in the party and the state, "individualism, opportunism, thirst for power, fame and profits, locality" were sharp and emotional attacks. The party leaders at the district level will have to take the post of no more than two deadlines in a row, the party intends to be keen to keep the principle of care from office. After a certain age, democratic procedures were expanded.
The new Secretary-General of the CPV became the sixty-year-old Nong Duc Mag, the former chairman of the National Assembly. This is the first party leader belonging to the national minority (Tai). Its choice is considered a compromise between the "reform" and more "conservative" wing of the party.
In the elections to the National Assembly in May 2002 of 498 seats, the majority received candidates of the Communist Party, 51 - non-partisan, 3 are independent. In 2002 and 2003, despite the prohibition of strikes, labor conflicts broke out in various sectors of the Vietnam's economy.
In the 1990s, Vietnam's relations with the United States and China improved. In October 1990, Vietnam Foreign Minister for the first time visited Washington and held talks about the fate of 1700 missing American soldiers. In March 1992, the United States and Vietnam reached an agreement that the US side would annually provide Vietnam humanitarian aid in the amount of $ 3 million in exchange for help wanted by the missing Americans. In December, the United States softened the commercial embargo against Hanoi, introduced in 1964. Finally, in August 1994, both countries established diplomatic relations. In April 1997, Vietnam made obligations to pay US debts of the former South Names government in the amount of $ 145 million. In June 1997, the US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright was visited in Hanoi, in March 2000 - the US Defense Minister, who brought official apologies for the role of the United States during the Vietnamese War, which took the lives of almost 3 million Vietnamese and 58 thousand American soldiers. In 2000, Vietnam visited President Clinton, which gave a new impetus to the relations of two states.
In the fall of 1990, for the first time since the freezing of diplomatic relations between Vietnam and China in 1979, both countries signed a citizen travel agreement in Beijing. In November 1991, China and Vietnam agreed on the official normalization of relations, and in February 1992 the Chinese Foreign Minister trained in Hanoi. In November - December of the same year, the visit of the Chinese Prime Minister Lee Pan was followed. He discussed controversial territorial issues with Vietnamese leaders, a position in Cambodia, and also signed an agreement on cooperation in the field of economics, science, technology and culture. The Chairman of the People's Republic of Jiang Zemin agreed in November 1994 on the expansion of economic ties between the two countries. In turn, the leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party to Wea at the end of 1995 in Beijing and continued negotiations on border disputes.
The relationship of Vietnam with Asian, as well as Western countries developed. In 1995, Vietnam was adopted in ASEAN. In February 1993, French President Francois Mitteran became the first chapter of the Western state who visited Hanoi since 1954. He signed seven cooperation agreements and promised to double financial assistance to 360 million francs. In July 1995, Vietnam and the European Union concluded a trade and cooperation agreement.
In June 2006, Nguy Ming Mines became the president of the country - Chairman of the Department of the Communist Party in Goshimin. For his candidacy voted 94% of deputies of the National Assembly.
LITERATURE
Mazaev A.G. Agricultural reform in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1959.
Friedland V.M. Nature of Northern Vietnam. M., 1961.
Rastorguev V.S. Finance and Credit of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1965.
The history of Vietnam in the newest time(1917–1965 ). M., 1970.
Alosova L.A. Industry of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. M., 1973.
Nikulin N.I. Vietnamese literature. From middle ages to a new time. X-XIX centuries. M., 1977.
New history of Vietnam. M., 1980.
Nguyen Fi Hoan. Art of Vietnam. Essays History of Fine Arts. M., 1982.
History of Vietnam. M., 1983.
The newest history of Vietnam. M., 1984.
Isaev M.P., Chernyshev A.S. History of Soviet-Vietnamese relations 1917-1985. M., 1986.
Deopic D.V. History of Vietnam, h. 1. M., 1986
Voronin A.S., Ogoznov I.A. Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Directory. M., 1987.
Isaev M.P., Pivovarov Ya.N. Essay of agrarian relations in Vietnam. M., 1987.
Alosova L.A. Vietnam on the threshold of XXI in., Part 1-2. M., 1993.
Hu Kuque V, Trigubenko M.E., Anosova L.A. . Directory. M., 1993.
Posner P.V. The history of Vietnam of the era of antiquity and early medieval to the X century. AD. M., 1994.
Novakova O.V., Flowers P.Yu. History of Vietnam, h. 2. M., 1995
Reform and update of the economy in Vietnam. M., 1996.

Encyclopedia Krugosvet. 2008 .

VIETNAM

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
State in Southeast Asia. In the north borders with China, in the West - with Cambodia and Laos. In the east and south is washed by the South China Sea. Area of \u200b\u200bthe country 329707 km2. Vietnam occupies the easiest part of the Indochina Peninsula. The country can be divided into four main physico-geographic regions. In the north there is a mountainous part of Highland Yunnan, where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Fan-Si-Pan (3143 m). To the east of the mountain region lies Delta of the Hongha River (Red). Next to the south lie Annam Mountains, which occupy the central part of Vietnam. The fourth region in the very south of the country is the Mekong River Delta. Hongha (Red) and Mekong are the main rivers of the country. Both fall into the South China Sea.
The population of the country (estimated for 1998) is about 76,236,200 people, the average population density is about 231 people per km2. Ethnic groups: Vietnamese - 88%, Chinese - 2%, MUUON, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Mans, Cham. Language: Vietnamese (State), Chinese, Khmer, Cham, there is also French, English and Russian. Religion: Buddhism - 55%, Taoism - 12%, Catholicism - 10%, Islam, Protestantism, paganism - 23%. Capital - Hanoi. Largest cities: Ho Chimina (Former Saigon) (3555,000 people), Hanoi (1247,000 people), Haiphon (449747 people), Danang (369,743 people), Hue (260,500 people). State Device - Communist Mode. Head of State - President Le Sok Anh (in office since September 23, 1992). Head of Government-Prime Minister in Wang Kayet (in office since August 8, 1991). Monetary unit - New Dong. The average life expectancy (for 1998): 63 years old - men, 67 years old are women. Birth rate (per 1000 people) - 21.6. The mortality rate (per 1000 people) is 6.7.
The first state education in the territory of modern Vietnam was the Kingdom of 0-lacquer, which existed in the I millennium BC. In 221 BC Northern Vietnam became part of the Chinese Empire, as part of which he, despite the attempts to get out of the empire, remained until 939 AD. At the beginning of the XI century, the first of the Great Vietnamese dynasties was founded, whether Vietnam had been ruled by Vietnam. However, despite independence, state institutions of Vietnam were based on the Chinese sample, the main religion was the Confucianism. The country was like a "small dragon" in the shade of a huge empire in the north. In the middle of the XIX century, during the reign of the Nguyen dynasty, France began to show interest in Vietnam and in 1858 the actual conquest of Vietnam began, and by 1884 most of the country became a protectorate of France. After the end of World War II in Vietnam, the liberation war broke out, which lasted until 1954, when the French army suffered a crushing defeat under Dieenbienf. According to the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was divided into two states (on the 17th parallels). In the north, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was formed, officially proclaimed on December 31, 1959. In the south of Vietnam, on October 26, 1955, the Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed. Almost immediately after the formation of two states, an armed conflict began, which took place in 1965 into a large-scale war with the participation of the Army of the United States (the number of soldiers in April 1969 reached 54,3400 people). The truce was signed on January 27, 1973, but the agreement never entered into force, and at the beginning of 1975 Saigon fell. The political association of two Vietnam occurred in 1976. In the early 1990s, economic and partly political reforms began in Vietnam. In 1995, Vietnam and the United States resumed diplomatic relations. The country is a member of the UN, IMF, UNESCO, WHO.
The climate of the country of non-denials in different regions. In the north - subtropical with dry and soft winter and wet hot summer. In the central and southeastern regions, the climate is tropical monsoon with high levels of humidity and high temperature. In the southwest, the climate is similar to the climate of the North of the country, however, the average temperatures are higher. Vietnam's vegetation is very rich. In mixed rainforests, pine, widecit trees, bamboo, numerous lianas are growing. In the delta rivers - thick mangroves thickets. Fauna is represented by elephants, deer, bears, tigers, leopards. Among small mammals, hare, protein, monkey are especially widespread. Birds and reptiles are widely represented. Among the latter, crocodiles, snakes and lizards are especially common.
Among the Museums of Vietnam, the art museum in Hanoi is particularly allocated, where, in particular, household items and costumes of all 60 ethnic groups living in Vietnam are exhibited. In addition, the Turtle Pagoda are located; Lake Hoan-Kihe; Mausoleum Hoshimin; Pagoda Trankouk ; A small zoo; Army Museum. In Hue - the Palace of Emperors Annama and the Tombs of the Emperors. In Dananga - Museum of Relics of the Nathodology of Cham. In Nharangi - four Buddhist churches of the VII-XII centuries. In the Malatte-Popular Resort, located among the picturesque pine forests, lakes and Waterfalls. In Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) - Notre Dame Cathedral (1883); City Hall (XIX century); Giak Lama Pagoda (1744); Pagoda of the Jadeitis Emperor (1909); Hindu Church of Mariamman (XIX century); Tang; Botanical Garden; Several Museums - Museum of Revolution, Art Museum, Ho Chi Minh Museum, Museum of War Crimes American and Chinese Army during wars 1965-1975 and 1979.

Encyclopedia: Cities and Countries. 2008 .

Vietnam is an agricultural country with a developing industry. Most industrial enterprises were built with the assistance of the USSR. They produce most of the electricity, coal, engineering products. In the south of the country, enterprises built with the help of foreign capital - on the assembly of electronic equipment, bicycles, motorcycles. On the continental shelf of the country there are large oil reserves. Exports of crude oil gives the main part of foreign exchange earnings. In agriculture employs 75% of those working. Main culture - Fig. According to his export, Vietnam is located in the 4th place in the world. Other export cultures - coffee, tea. Monetary unit - Dong.

History
In the 2nd century BC e. Most of the territory was conquered by China. In the 10th century n. e. From China separated by an independent state diving with the capital of Hanoi. At the end of the 18th century, after a number of uprisings, the power passed to the new dynasty, which expelled Catholic missionaries and produced mass executions of Christians. Under this pretext in 1858-1884. French invaded the country, Vietnam became the French Protector. The August 1945 revolution was completed by the Proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). President and Prime Minister became Ho Chi Min. After unsuccessful hostilities, France entered into 1954 Geneva agreements, according to which Vietnam was divided into two parts of 17 ° parallels. Support for the pro-Western government of South Vietnam took over the United States. In 1964-1965 The United States launched an air war against the DRV, in 1965 he was introduced into the South Vietnam troops. In January 1973, the Paris Agreement on the Termination of War and the restoration of peace in Vietnam was signed. In July 1976, the State Reunion of Vietnam was completed. In 1992, a new constitution was adopted. In the 1990s. Economic reforms started, the transition from the administrative command system to the market. On January 11, 2007, Vietnam became the 150th member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). National holiday - September 2 (DVR proclaiming day).
National cuisine
Vietnamese national cuisine is distinguished by its diversity. The main feature is the minimum fat content in food. The main ingredients: rice, noodles, vegetables, seafood, meat, as well as all sorts of sauces and seasonings (mint leaves, coriander, basil, ginger). One of the original dishes - bamboo shoots. In the northern part of the country, noodles soup, having a unique taste, as well as seafood and fried meat dishes are particularly popular. In South Vietnam, you can taste crabs, lobs, squid and various fish varieties. Central Vietnam is famous for intricate dishes that prepare on ancient recipes. Much value of Vietnamese give freshness.

Encyclopedia of Tourism Cyril and Methodius. 2008 .

Synonyms:

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Viet Nam), Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Socialist State in South East Asia, on Indochina Peninsula. The oldest monuments of artistic culture in the territory of Vietnam (bronze drums) belong to the Dongshonian ... Artistic Encyclopedia.

Natural resources of Vietnam. Natural resources

Most popular tours

Nature

Geographic zones

Northern Highlands

Delta Red River

South of the Red River Del

Central coastal strip

Delta Mekong

Relief

Climate

Minerals

Soil

Flora and Fauna Vietnam.

Vegetation

Animal world

Protection of Nature

National parks

National Park Karba

Condo National Park

National Park - Batma Reserve

Kukfyong National Park

Bavi National Park

Baba National Park

Hoanglienshon National Park

NATURE

Relief area.

Climate.

Minerals.

Soil.

Vegetable world.

Animal world

POPULATION

Demographic data.

Ethnic composition and languages.

Religion.

State device

Central authorities.

Local authorities.

Political parties.

Judicial system

Power departments.

Foreign policy.

ECONOMY

Foreign investment

Agriculture

Industry.

Transport.

International trade.

Banking system.

Culture

Education and science.

Architecture and visual art.

Literature.

Theatre.

HISTORY

Vietnam at the end of 20V - early 21st century