Who opened America in which age. Official version

The first expedition of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) consisting of 91 people on the courts "Santa Maria", Pinta, Niña came out of the Parosa de la Fronterator on August 3, 1492, from the Canary Islands turned on West (September 9) crossed Atlantic Ocean In the subtropical belt and reached the Island of San Salvador in the Bahamas archipelago, where Christopher Columbus landed on October 12, 1492 (the official opening date of America). On October 14-24, Christopher Columbus visited a number of other Bahamas, and on October 28, December 5, he opened and examined the site of the north-east coast of Cuba. December 6, Columbus reached about. Haiti and moved along the northern shore. On the night of December 25, the flagship ship "Santa Maria" sat down on the reef, but people were saved. Columbus on the ship "Ninya" January 4-16, 1493 completed the examination of the Northern Coast of Haiti and returned to Castile on March 15.

2nd expedition

The 2nd Expedition (1493-1496), which Christopher Columbus was headed by Admiral, and in the post of vice king of newly open lands, consisted of 17 vessels with a crew of more than 1.5 thousand people. On November 3, 1493 Columbus opened the island of Dominica and Guadeloupe, turning to the northwest, - about 20 small Antille Islands, including Antigua and Virginsky, and on November 19, Puerto Rico Island and approached the North Bank of Haiti. On March 12-29, 1494 Columbus in search of gold committed a conquering campaign inside Haiti, and crossed the Ridge Cordillera Sentral. April 29-May 3, Columbus with 3 courts passed along the south eastern Shore Cuba, turned from Cruz Cruz to the south and on May 5 he opened about. Jamaica. Returning on May 15 to Cruz Cruz, Columbus passed along southern coast Cubes up to 84 ° Western longitude, discovered the Hardine-de-La Ryne archipelago, Sapat Peninsula and Pinos Island. On June 24, Christopher Columbus turned to the East and examined on August 19-15, the whole south coast Haiti. In 1495 Christopher Columbus continued to conquer Haiti; On March 10, 1496 left the island and returned to Castile on June 11.

3rd expedition

The 3rd expedition (1498-1500) consisted of 6 vessels, 3 of which Christopher Columbus himself led across the Atlantic Ocean near 10 ° Northern latitude. July 31, 1498 He opened the island of Trinidad, entered the South of the Paria Bay, found the mouth of the Western Sleeve of the Orinoco River and Paria Peninsula, putting the beginning of the opening South America. Going out to the Caribbean Sea, Christopher Columbus approached the Araha peninsula, opened on August 15 Margarita Island and 31 August arrived in the city of Santo Domingo (on the island of Haiti). In 1500 Christopher Columbus was arrested on denunciation and sent to Castile, where he was released.

4th expedition

4th expedition (1502-1504). Having achieved permission to continue the search for the Western way to India, Columbus with 4 courts reached on June 15, 1502 of Martinique Islands, July 30 - the Honduran Bay and opened from August 1, 150 to May 1, 1503 Caribbean coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama to the Bay of Harba. Turning then to the north, June 25, 1503 suffered a crash at Jamaica Island; Help from Santo Domingo came only in a year. In Castillia, Christopher Columbus returned on November 7, 1504.

Candidates for discovers

• The first people who settled America are the indigenous Indians who have passed around 30 thousand years ago from Asia along the Bering Break.
• In the 10th century, about 1000 g. - Vikings led by Leif Ericsson. In L'Hens-o-medical suite there are remnants of the Viking settlement on the continent.
• In 1492 - Christopher Columbus (Genoese in Spain); Columbus himself believed that he opened the way to Asia (hence the names of West India, Indians).
• In 1507 - Cartographer M. Waldzemueller offered to open land America was named after researcher of the New World Amerigo Vespucci - this is considered the moment from which America was recognized as an independent continent.
• There are sufficient grounds to believe that the continent was named by the name of the English patron Richard America From Bristol, who financed the second transatlantic expedition of John Cabota in 1497, and Vespucci took himself a nickname in honor of the already named continent. In May 1497, Cabot reached the shores of Labrador, becoming the first official European land-registered European land, two years earlier than Vespucci (talking about North America). Cabot made map of North America's coast - from New Scotland to Newfoundland. In Bristol's calendar, we read: "... On the day of St. John the Baptist found the Earth America merchants from Bristol, arriving on a ship from Bristol with the name" Matthew "(" Metik ").

Hypothetical

In addition, hypotheses were put forward on visiting America and contact with its civilization by navigators to Columbus, which presented various civilizations of the old light (see Contacts with America to Columbus). Here are just some of these hypothetical contacts:

• in 371 BC e. - Phoenicians
• in the V century - Hui Shen (Taiwanese Buddhist Monk, which made a trip to the country of Fusan in the V century, identified by various versions with Japan or America)
• in the VI century - Saint Brendan (Irish Monk)
• in the XII century - Madoga AP Owain Guynde (Welsh Prince, by Legend, visited America in 1170)
• there are versions according to which at least XIII century America was known to the Order of the Templars
• in 1331 - Abubakar II (Sultan Mali)
• oK. 1398 - Henry Sinclair (de Saint Claire), Orkney Count (approx. 1345 - approx. 1400)
• in 1421 - Zheng He (Chinese Researcher)
• in 1472 - Zhuan Kisterial (Portuguese)

The version of the Tour Heyerdala is also known about the visit to America by the Egyptians. As part of the proof, there were expeditions on boats of RA and RA-2, built according to ancient technologies. The first boat failed to reach the Caribbean Islands, but not only a few hundred kilometers. The second expedition of the goal reached.

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Notes

Literature

• Bakeles D. America's eyes of discoverers / per. from English 3. M. Kanevsky. - M.: Thought, 1969. - 408 p.: Il.
• Magidovich I. P. The history of the opening and study of North America. - M.: Geographiciz, 1962.
• Magidovich I. P. The history of opening and research of Central and South America. - m .: Thought, 1963.
• John Lloyd and John Mitchinson. The book of universal delusions. - Phantom press, 2009.

To Columbus Great naval discoveries Conquistadors Mapping

An excerpt characterizing the opening of America

While Boris continued to make the figures of Mazurki, he did not cease to torment the thought of which news Balashev brought and any other way to learn more.
In the figure, where he had to choose the ladies, whispering Helen, that he wants to take a countess Pototskaya, who seems to be released on the balcony, he gliding his feet on parquet, ran out at the weekend door to the garden and, noting the partner with Balashev , suspended. Sovereign with Balashev went to the door. Boris, hoping, as if not having time to move away, respectfully pressed against the pebble and hit his head.
The sovereign with the excitement of a personally offended person agreed the following words:
- Without the announcement of war to enter Russia. I am coming only when not a single armed enemy remains on my earth, "he said. As Boris seemed to be, the sovereign was pleased to express these words: he was pleased with the form of expressing his thought, but was dissatisfied with the fact that Boris heard them.
- So that no one knew anything! - added the sovereign, frowning. Boris realized that this belonged to him, and, closing his eyes, slightly tilted his head. The sovereign again entered the hall and still half an hour stayed on the ball.
Boris first found out the news about the transition by the French troops Neman and thanks to this there was a case to show some important persons that much, hidden from others, it happens, and through that there was a case to rise higher in the opinion of these Persons.

Unexpected news about the transition by the French Nemman was especially unexpected after a month unless expectations, and on the ball! The sovereign, in the first minute of receipt of the news, under the influence of indignation and insult, found that, then that was later famous, the saying that he liked himself and expressed his feelings. Returning home from the ball, the sovereign at two o'clock in the morning he sent the secretary to Shishkov and ordered to write an order for the troops and a rescript to Field Marshal by Prince Saltykov, in which he certainly demanded that the words were placed that he would not be reconciled until although alone The Armed Frenchman will remain in Russian land.
The next day was written the following letter to Napoleon.
"Monsieur Mon Frere. J "ai appris hier que malgre la loyaute avec laquelle j" ai maintenu mes engagements envers Votre Majeste, ses troupes ont franchis les frontieres de la Russie, et je recois al "instant de Petersbourg une note par laquelle le comte Lauriston, pour cause de CETTE AGRESSION, ANNONCE QUE VOTRE MAJESTE S "EST CONSIDEREE COMME ENTAT DE GUERRE AVEC MOI Des Le Moment Ou Le Prince Kourakine a Fait La Demande De Ses Passeports. Les Motifs Sur Lesquels Le Duc De Bassano Fondait Son Refus de Les Lui Delivrer, N "Auraient Jamais Pu Me Faire Supposer Que Cette Demarche Servirait Jamais De PretExte A L" Agression. EN EFFET CET AMBASSADEUR N "Y Y A JAMAIS ETE AUTORISE COMME IL L" A DECLARE LUI MEME, ET AUSSITOT QUE J "EN FUS INFORME, JE LUI AI FAIT CONNAITRE COMBIEN JE LE DONNANT L" ORDRE DE RESTER A SON POSTE. SI Votre Majeste n "EST PAS INTENIONNEE DE VERSER LE SANGENDU DE CE GENRE ET QU" ELLE CONSENTE A RUSSE SES TROUPES DU TERRITOIRE RUSSE, JE REGARDERA CE QUI S "EST PASSE COMME NON AVENU, ET UN ACCOMMODEMENT ENTRE Nous Sera Possible. Dans Le Cas Contraire, Votre Majeste, Je Me Verrai Force De RepoSser Une Attaque Que Rien N "A Provoquee de Ma Part. Il Depend Encore De Votre Majeste D "EVITER A L" HUMANITE LES CALAMITES D "UNE NOUVELLE GUERRE.
Je Suis, etc.
(Signe) alexandre.
["My sovereign is my brother! Yesterday I came to me that, despite the straightformers, with whom I followed my obligations in relation to your Imperial Majesty, Your troops switched to Russian borders, and only now received a note from St. Petersburg, which Graf Loriston informs me about this invasion that your Majesty consider itself in hostile relationship with me, since the prince Kurakin demanded its passports. The reasons for the Duke of Bassano found their refusal to issue these passports, could never make me assume that my ambassador's deed serve as a reason for the attack. And in fact, he did not have any commandments from me, as he was announced; And as soon as I learned about this, I immediately expressed my displeasure to Kurakin, who had led him to fulfill the duties entrusted to him. If your Majesty is not located to shed the blood of our subjects because of such misunderstandings and if you agree to bring your troops from Russian possessions, then I will leave without attention that happened, and the agreement between us will be possible. Otherwise, I will be forced to reflect the attack, which was not initiated by anything on my part. Your Majesty, you still have the opportunity to save humanity from the disasters of a new war.
(signed) Alexander. " ]

On June 13, at two o'clock in the morning, the sovereign, calling for Balashev and reading him his letter to Napoleon, ordered him to take this letter and personally transfer to the French emperor. By sending Balashev, the sovereign reiterated him the words that he would not be reconciled until he remained although one armed enemy in Russian land remains, and ordered certainly to transfer these words to Napoleon. The sovereign did not write these words in the letter, because he felt with his clock that these words were uncomfortable for transfer to that minute when the last attempt was made; But he certainly ordered Balashev to transfer them to Napoleon personally.
Leaving on the night from the 13th to the 14th of June, Balashev, accompanied by the trumpeter and two Cossacks, came to the village of Riestzt, to French Avantposts, forces of Neman. He was stopped by French cavalry watch.
The French Gusar Unter officer, in Malinov Mundir and a shaggy hat, shouted on the approaching Balashev, ordering him to stop. Balashev did not immediately stop, but continued to move along the road.
Unter Officer, frowning and cheating some kind of swearing, tuned the horse at Balashev, took up the saber and rudely shouted on the Russian general, asking him: whether he was deaf, he does not hear what he was told. Balashev called himself. Unter officer sent a soldier to the officer.
Without paying attention to Balashev, Unter officer began to speak with his comrades about his regiment and did not look at the Russian general.
It was unusually strange to Balashev, after proximity to the highest power and power, after talking three hours ago with the sovereign and generally accustomed to the honors to the honors, to see here, in Russian land, this is a hostile and most importantly - an integrity attitude towards itself.
The sun was just beginning to rise due to clouds; There was fresh and Rosisto in the air. On the road from the village kicked out herd. In the fields one by one, like bubbles in the water, were sprinkled with the farmers chunks.
Balashev looked around himself, waiting for the arrival of the officer from the village. Russian Cossacks, and trumpeters, and French hussars silently greeted each other.
The French Gusar Colonel, apparently, just with bed, left the village on a beautiful satellite gray horse, accompanied by two hussars. On the officer, on the soldiers and their horses was the type of satisfaction and scope.

In history, many random discoveries, when the discovers sought at all another goal. The most vivid example is the opening of America by Columbus, committed during searches of the sea route to India.

It all started with the idea of \u200b\u200bswimming in India on a new way - the Atlantic Ocean. Her Christopher Columbus first suggested Portugal: However, King Juan II did not approve the plan of the navigator.

Italian by origin, Columbus went to Spain. Here, near Palos, his familiar monk was found in one of the monasteries. He helped Columbus get an audience at Queen Isabella. After listening to the navigator, she instructed the scientific Council to discuss the project. The council was mainly people who worn spiritual san.

Columbus has prepared a bright report. He spoke that ancient scientists had proven that the Earth was a ball. Showed a copy of the card, compiled by the famous astronomer from Italy Toskanjelli. On it, the Atlantic Ocean was covered with a mass of the islands, followed by the Eastern Coast of Asia. He remembered the legends that the Ocean is the Earth, from which, by the sea, the wood trunks clearly treated by people are sometimes sailing. Columbus, which was well educated and owned four languages, managed to incorporate the council participants to their side.

In addition, the interest of the Spanish crown had other grounds.

In the country, just survived the seizure of Granada and the reconquist, the economy was in a deplorable state. There was no money in the treasury, many nobles ruined. If Would the Columbus travel managed, it could help change the situation. Columbus received the status of the vice-king of all lands that will be open - and went with the path.

First expedition

The first expedition began on August 3, 1492 in the Palos port. As part of the flotilla, there were 3 caravels ("Santa Maria", "Pint", "Ninya"), on which - 90 people. First, the trial went to Canary IslandsWhere turned to the West. On the way, Sargassovo Sea was opened, where green algae grew in amazing abundance.

It took 2 months before the team saw the land. On the night on October 12, 1492, at two o'clock, the watch noted shore, which was lit by flashes of lightning. These were BahamasBut Columbus believed that he managed to reach India, China or Japan. Therefore, people who encountered here were named Indians. And the archipelago received the name of West Indies.

The island, which travelers descended, was called San Salvador, belonging to the American continent. Officially, on October 12, 1492, it is considered a day of opening America.

Continuing swimming, ships reached new islands - Cuba and Haiti. It happened on December 6, and the 25th day of the Santa Maria vessel turned out to be on the mel.

The expedition returned to Spain on March 15, 1493. On the ship's ships and natives, as well as potatoes, tobacco and corn - unknown people then in Europe. Columbus was surrounded by honor and gave the title of admiral of the sea-ocean, as well as the vice-king of open lands and those that he was still to find.

Second expedition

During his second travel, Columbus examined most of the islands of the Caribbean. I went to swim in 17 ships, on which there were 1,500 people.

In this journey, Guadeloupe, Dominic Islands and Jamaica, Antigua and Puerto Rico were opened. It was in this expedition that he did not suspect themselves, the navigators reached the shore of the new continent, which is now called Colombia - named Columbus. June 11, 1496 Spanish courts returned to their homeland.

Third expedition

The third sailing of Columbus took place in 1498. Flotilla under his command reached the Orinoco River delta. It was the coast of a new unknown mainland. Two islands were also open - Trinidad and Margarita, as well as the Paria Peninsula.
In the 1500th Spanish settlers of the new world raised against Columbus rebellion. He was removed he was his duties of the head of new lands. However, he received permission to go on a new journey.

Fourth expedition

The fourth sailing of Columbus lasted 2 years. From 1502 to the 1504th he sailed along a large part of the coast of the new continent, which was later called Central America.

Four vessels passed a long distance and found new islands - Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama. But at the end of June 1503, the ships fell into the storm at Jamaica and wrecked.

Great and unhappy

Columbus himself did not suspect that he opened a new mainland. He died, being confident that all expeditions led to India, and his discovery was a way to India from the West. On the lands, which from discovered, there was no gold, there were no spices. It did not bring either Spain nor the very Columbus of wealth.

The navigator was poor. All his money that he had, he spent to equip a rescue expedition to save people on one of Karavel. He died sick and forgotten in 1506.

Who else revealed america

When the navigator and astronomer from Florence Amerigo Vespucci decided to go to the lands found by Columbus, he concluded that it was not India, but a completely new continent. This happened during the expedition in the 1501-1502 years. He published his thoughts that became the basis for creating new card Peace in 1507. To Europe, Asia and Africa added another mainland, first wearing the name of the land of Amerigo. Later it was transformed into America.

This continent, as it became clear later, opened more than once. In 1497, the fleet of Portuguese ships went to India, which was led by Vasco da Gama (1469-1524). 4 ships, on which there were 170 people, came out of the Lisbon port in the direction of Cape Good Hope. They walked around Cape, reached the mouth of Zambezi, passed to the north of Africa, after which they got to the harbor Malindi. From here, the ships reached the port of Calicate, where Arab Lotsman led them. It was the opening of the way to India, which went about 10 months.

The meeting in Calicut was cold. Having stayed there for 3 months, the Portuguese went on the way back. The captain decided to sail on the Indian Ocean, bypassing East Africa. Swimming lasted about a year, but by September 1499, two ships returned to Lisbon, losing most Teams.

America is part of the world, the official opening of which is attributed to Columbus, but the story is full of dark spots.

Modern US takes one of the key roles in political stripping, have a serious impact on other countries and world economy. But the path to such a high level was long and thorny. It all started from the date of opening of America.

Christopher Columbus was a Spanish navigator who discovered two new mainland for Europeans. He made 4 expeditions, each of which was sent to the kings, hoping to find a short trading path with India.

The first expedition consisted of three ships with a total of 91 people. She was on the island of San Salvador on October 12, 1492.

The second expedition, consisting of 17 ships and 1500 people, lasted from 1493 to 1496. During this time, Columbus opened Dominica, Guadeloud, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, about 20 small Antilles. In June, he has already reported to the Government about his amazing finds.

The third expedition, which consisted of 6 vessels, went to the road in 1498, and two years later returned to his native shores. There were several more lands, including Trinidad, Margarita, Peninsula Araha and Paria.

In the last expedition, which saved in 1502, included 4 vessels. For two years, the islands of Martinique, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica were opened. In Jamaica, Columbus has crashed, and the beam arrived only a year later. In Native Castile travelers arrived in November 1504.

Date when America was open - Vikings in 1000

Eric Redhead walked Great Viking. His Son - Leif Erickson was the first to stepped by American land. After overlooking her expanses, Erickson and his expedition returned to Greenland. It happened about 1000.

Two years later, Brother Torvald Erickson - the second son Erica Redhead founded his settlement on an open brother. There was no month, as local Indians attacked his people, killing Thorvald and forcing the rest to return home.

In the future, the daughter of Erica Red Freudis and his daunt Gudrid also tried to win new spaces. The latter even managed to trade with the Indians, offering various goods. But the settlement of Vikings could not exist in America for longer than 10 years, despite the permanent attempts.

When did America Amerigo Vespucci opened?

Amerigo Vespucci, in honor of which, according to certain historians, and the continents are named, visited first New World As a navigator. The expedition route Alonso de Othed was chosen by the card, which Christopher Columbus created. Together with me, Amerigo Vespucci grabbed about hundreds of slaves, which were indigenous people of America.

Vespucci visited the new territory even twice - in 1501-1502 and from 1503 to 1504. If the Spaniard Christopher wanted to stock gold, then Florentine Avego wanted to open as many new lands as possible to gain glory and save his name in history.

What does Wikipedia say about the dates of the opening of America?

The famous Wikipedia tells about the opening of America's mainland with an unprecedented detail. On the unknown encyclopedia, you can find information about all expeditions to a new light, about each of the possible discovers, the further history of the Indians.

Wikipedia's opening date of America calls on October 12, 1492, speaking about Christopher Columbus.

It was he who managed not to just open up new territories, and capture them on their map. A more full-fledged picture of how the continents look like to provide Europeans Amerigo Vespucci. Although his "complete" card was significantly different from modern.

In which year after opening, the settlement of America began?

The settlement of the American Earth began for many thousands of years before her official discovery. It is believed that the ancestors of the Indians were Eskimos, Inuit, Aleuts. Vikings, as you know, also tried to take possession of the territories of the new world. But they failed - the indigenous inhabitants were too zealous.

After the discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci, almost 50 years have passed before the first European settlements appeared.

In the American city of Saint Oghasting in 1565, the first small settlement of the Spaniards was organized.

In 1585, the first British Colony of Roanok was created, which the Indians destroyed. The next attempt by the British became a colony in Virginia, which appeared in 1607.

And finally, the first in New England, the village became the village, located in Plymouth in 1620. This year is recognized as the official date of the colonization of the new light.

Possible discoverers to Christopher Columbus

There are many people in the list of possible discovers. Historians cannot find reliable facts of this, but there are sources indicating that the information is still true.

From hypothetical discovers, it is worth highlighting:

• phoenicians - 370 BC.;
• ancient Egyptians;
• Hui Shen, who was a Buddhist monk who was performed first as it turned out trip around the world - V century;
• irish monk Brendan, who followed in the footsteps of Shen - VI century;
• malay Sultan Abubakara II - 1330;
• chinese researcher Zhen He - 1420;
• portuguese Zhuana Kurchiaila - 1471 year.

These persons had pure intentions, did not search for glory and gold, so they did not speak about their find to the general public. They did not try to bring evidence or enslave the indigenous inhabitants of America. Perhaps that therefore their names are not familiar with most contemporaries, and the discoverer of the new land is indicated more cruel and falling on Gold Christopher Columbus.

Fate of the indigenous inhabitants of America

The history of the opening of America is presented in modern history As a joyful event, the foundation of the new nation of "emigrants". But it also became a nightmare for many Indians who had to endure indescribable horrors created by conquerors.

The Spaniards killed several thousand indigenous people of America, and several hundred took into slavery. Over the Indians, the evil swashed, killed with a special cruelty, without even the babies. "White" who arrived on new lands, sprinkled their blood, minimizing the joyful discovery to the bloody slaughter.

One of the people who watched the fate of the Indians - the priest Bartoloma de Las Casas, who arrived along with Columbus, tried to protect the Indians, even reached the Spanish court in the hope of pardons. As a result, the court decided whether the Indians are worth named in general, if they have a soul.

The negative attitude is explained by the fact that Columbus left his team to look after the new light and went home. When he returned, he saw all his people dead. As it turned out, the Spaniards began to be heated, beating men and raping women of the tribe, as well as killing unoccupied. Indians who considered the originally "white" gods quickly cut down, how the situation is and began to defend themselves. That is what led to further tragic incidents.

In any case, the opening of America - A worthy event, which today is considered one of the most high-profile in the history of civilization.

In 1492 Columbus, recruit the Atlantic under the sail, and for a long time was considered the first European, which pulled into a new light. Then there was evidence of Vikings, under the leadership of Leif Ericsson (Leif Ericson), ahead of Columbus for five centuries. Early archaeological uncertainty caused controversy on the championship of the opening of America. The authors argued claimed that the Chinese General Jen He (Zheng He) was ahead of Columbus for just a few years. Not Europe, but since he arrived in a new light on the water, and not on the bridge through Bering Strait, let him take part in the competition. Then, someone opened petroglyphs in Western Virginia, indicating the Sixth Century Irish Navigator, St. Brandan (St. Brendan). Possible St. Brendan went around everyone in the opening of America? In the end, to the competition of Spaniards, Vikings, Irish and the Chinese joined Muslims, when researchers found evidence that Muslims from West Africa opened a new light earlier.

They declare their championship for the opening of America (as, however, on other discoveries, too, someone else. Today we will consider only the top five. Can not all be the first. Who has discovered America's first? And among those who lost the championship, did everyone visit everything there?

Now no one doubts the veracity of the history of Columbus. He landed at the Bahamas in 1492 and, although she believed that he reached India, saw a big continent, blocking a forward promotion. For the three expeditions within 12 years, Columbus explored the Caribbean, part of South America and the shore of Central America. In the footsteps of Colonists and other researchers arrived. It was after the discovery of Columbus established the relationship of America with Europe. Now consider other applicants for the championship in chronological order from the date of the deposit of Columbus.

Muslims do not declare a specific opening date of America. They express an opinion on the likelihood of visiting the continent by Europeans long before Columbus. Piri Reis (Piri Reis) was an Ottoman navigator and cartographer, which died in 1553. His name means Captain Piri and most famous in connection with the map drawn up in 1513. Alternative historians mention the map of Peel Reis, as an incredibly accurate image of the surface of the Earth, exceeding the knowledge of Columbus. Consequently, the Turks traveled around the world, including America, Brazil and even Antarctic. All modern statements about the championship of Muslim sailors in the opening of America are based on the map of Piri Reis.

There is no doubt in the historical significance of the Piri Reis card, but most sensational statements based on it are incorrect. The card does not turn the story, it corresponds to what we know. Notes of the Piri Reis itself in the map fields say that this is a generalized editorial office, which he fulfilled on the basis of two dozen existing cards compiled by nautical nations of Europe and Asia. Including the ancient Greek Maps of the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, Arab cards India Portuguese maps Pakistan and China, Columbus maps with a description of the Caribbean and the eastern shore of America. The Piri Reis card is far from the accuracy and completeness of the content that they try to rely on. Significant discrepancies are obvious at first glance. The lack of comments to the source materials, led to the Pyri Reis to errors. Pyiri joined Brazil to Antarctica. Perhaps it was an attempt to show the "land unopened", and maybe an attempt to sneak into one sheet deployed South America. Portuguese navigaters who followed Henry by the navigator carefully studied the Western banks of Africa and crossed the Atlantic to Columbus. Columbus studied navigation in Portugal. Portuguese sailors walked along Columbus heels when he reached a new light. Information about Western shores America, from Newfoundland to Argentina, was collected rather quickly. In the first decade of the 16th century, there was enough resources to compile a map of Piri Reis.

In short, there is no need to talk about Muslim travels to the shores of America to explain the origin of the card Peris. In addition, there are no documentary or archaeological confirmations of such an event. We give the versions of the Muslim discovery of America 0.5 points trust out of 5 possible.

Jen He was an outstanding Chinese admiral of the 15th century and died 18 years before the birth of Columbus. Many legends are associated with this name and his travels. It is well known and documented that he traveled to the south and west from China, reaching the shores of Africa. But there is no evidence that it was decided to cross the Atlantic and reach the shores of America. New information appeared in 2006 when the Chinese lawyer Louis Gang (Liu Gang) found a map of 1763, copied from the original dated 1418 year, called "Map of the whole geography under the Heaven" (Onderall Map of the Geography of All Under Heaven). A card that represents America in all its glory confirmed that Cartographers are Jen He ahead of Columbus in the opening of a new light, come on the other side.

Unfortunately, the card was not very significant. No one takes her seriously, as this is a copy of the well-known French map of 1600x. On the California map is an island and the description errors be borne. In the title, the usual error from the modern simplified language, but is not an error for the user of the traditional Chinese time of the Qing dynasty (Qing).

Louis Gang was his own enemy in this check. In 2009, he published a book "Code ancient card", To popularize the card itself. In the book, he leaves 400 years ago, announcing the opening of another Chinese world map dated 1093. This "card" is still sadder. Louis makes photographs of the tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng (Zhang Kuangzheng) of 1093, on which seeding paints and plaster are visible. He changed his interpretation of the card, due to the damage to the drawing, for causing pity an option. The discoverer JVEN HE receives one point of confidence out of five, and Louis has a deficit of 15.

Leif Ericsson was the son of Erica Redhead (Erik The Red), the viking landed in Greenland. Leif followed the feet of a powerful father and founded Windland colony (Vinland). Most of the acts of Leif are known from two sags: "Saga about Greenlanders" and "Saga about Eric Redhead". The main character saga is a person and not historical facts. The manner of the Saga narrative in the style "came and say". The main place of action in the sagas is a settlement WINLEND, the narrative time is about 1000 years.

Fortunately, the legend of Leif Ericsson, received more significant confirmation. In 1960, archaeologists discovered ruins in the northern tip of Newfoundland. Museum Grotto (L'Anse Aux Meadows or Jellyfish Cove) and some other Norwegian settlements were discovered. This is more than excellent historical finds. Method of building, design, materials without a doubt confirm the household traditions of Norwegians. We do not know the reliable connection between Winlands and L'Anse Aux Meadows, and whether Leif Ericsson was here. But there is confidence in the coincidence of the heyday of the Norwegian settlement and the period of the appearance of Sagi.

Since we have a Norwegian settlement in our hands, which reinforces the distant sea transitions of the Viking and corresponds to the period of about 1000 years, Leif Ericsson receives 4.5 confidence points, and the Vikings in general is 5 out of 5 possible.

St. Brendan Sea - was the legendary monk of the 6th century, which went under the sail around British Islands on leather boats. It is mentioned only in two sources: "Journey of St. Brendan" and "Life of Brandan". The story tells about the island of blessed or St. Brandan. Presumably it off the coast of Africa, but also Brendan, and his island live only in legends.

Unfortunately, a long list of problems stretches for this statement. Serious archaeologists are not taken to decipher cave drawings. Too too, they are far from texts. The opinion prevails that these are scratches from sharpening tools with ancient aborigines. Footprints on the stone were discovered by lovers, filled with ash rolling and photographed. Barry Fell, a marine biologist on a pension, saw the screenshots only in the photo and never examined the original. Experts of the transcript of Ogam did not agree with the conclusions of Barry Fell and refused to inspect the draw. It is not known what finds we expect us, but today no one is considering seriously petroglyphs of Western Virginia. St. Brendan receives 0 trust points from 5 possible and petroglyphs of 0.5 points before the appearance of new information.

By summing up, we have a winner. Vikings under the auspices of Leif Ericsson, and may in his presence, opened America before other Europeans. Portuguese, Spaniards, Irish and Turks appeared on these shores a lot later. Jen He would not get the championship even earlier than the Viking. Since the new light is sufficiently inhabited by immigrants from Asia through Bering, he would still be late for a holiday for several tens of thousands of years.

Translation Vladimir Maksimenko 2013