Kara Sea, the outskirts of the Northern Ocean, between the shores of Northern Eurasia, island archipelagoes New Earth, Land Franz Joseph and Northern Earth. Washes the coast of Russia. In the north is widely open to the Arctic pool, here the borders of the sea were held from the cape of the desire (New Earth archipelago) to the Mission Colzate (Graym-Bell Island in the Land of Franz Joseph) and further to the Cape Arctic (Island Komsomolets in the Archipelago Northern Earth). Water borders in the southwest are held along the Western Borders of the Straits of the Kara Gate and the Ugra Ball, in the northeast - along the eastern borders of the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky (Northern Earth) and Wilkitsky. In the West borders with the Barents Sea, in the east with the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, in the north with the Arctic Basin of the Northern Ocean. Area 883 thousand km 2, the volume of 98 thousand km 3. The greatest depth of 620 m.
In the Kara Sea a large number of islands, of them are large: white, shocal, deer, Sibiryakova, Taimyr, Visa, Schmidt, Ushakov, Russian. Most small islands are located in the coastal areas of the eastern part of the sea, many are part of the archipelagos: the Arctic Institute, the news of the CEC, Nordencheld, Sergey Kirov, etc. The coastline is very winding, forms numerous fjords and several large bays: Yenisei, Pysky; Baidarats, Obskaya, Gydan's lips. The shores of the new earth are cool, incisive; On Yamal and the Gydansky Peninsula - lowlands, abrasion; The Taimyr is predominantly high, rocky. On the islands subject to the coating glaciation, the glaciers (Ushakov Islands, Schmidt) are suitable for the sea.
Relief and geological structure of the bottom.Most of the sea is located within the shelf. The relief of the bottom is uneven with prevailing depths of about 100 m. The underwater central karsa elevation shares the triggers of St. Anne (depth up to 620 m) in the West and Voronin (up to 270 m) in the East. A narrow Novoemel trop stretches along the new Earth. A young West Siberian platform continues on the cale sea shelf, in the structure of a sedimentary cover of which the South Kara (in the southwestern part of the sea) and the North-Kars (in the north-eastern part) of the depression are distinguished. Yuzhno-Karakina is filled with terrific deposits of Yura and chalk (power 8-14 km). At the base of the sedimentary case, paleolarifs crossing the folded Paleozoic foundation were revealed. The structure of the cover is complicated by crops and shafts. Within the departures, giant gas and gas condensate deposits (Leningrad, Rusanovskoe) are open. In the North Cara Wpadine, the depth of the platform foundation is 12-20 km; It is filled with paleozoic and mesozoic sediments, has oil and gas potential. Modern bottom sediments are presented in gutters with brown, gray and blue clay yals; on underwater elevation and shallow water - sandy yals, in which iron orders are immersed; On the shallow and near the shores - sands.
Climate. The polar marine climate with a short cool summer and long-term cold winter is somewhat softened by the influence of warm atlantic waters. Polar night lasts 3-4 months a year. In winter, the weather is formed by the Siberian anticyclone, the polar maximum and partial influence of the hollows of Icelandic depression. Northern winds of moderate strength prevail in the northeastern areas, over the rest of the water management - the winds of the southern directions. Storm weather is more characteristic of Western regions. The coast of the archipelago has a new land, a local hurricane wind is observed - Novoemel Bora, a duration of several hours to 2-3 days. In summer, temperate winds of variable directions are dominated over the sea. The air temperature in February from -18 ° C off the coast of the New Earth to -26 ° C off the coast of Northern Earth, the minimum -52 ° C is marked at Cape Chelyuskin. The air temperature in August is from 0 ° C in the north to 6 ° C in the south, the maximum 22 ° C is a southwestern mainland coast.
Hydrological mode. The share of the Kara Sea accounts for more than half of the river flow in the Arctic Seas of Russia; Rivers Ob, Yenisei, Pupina, Pur, Taz, etc. They supply about 1,300 km of 3 freshwate per year. The whole river drain enters the sea from the south and for the most part in summer. Fresh river waters create a surface collapsed layer of water in the sea, which makes it difficult to vertical stirring with the underlying layers, which contributes to the Ice formation process.
The temperature of surface waters in February is close to the freezing temperature, which varies depending on the salting from -1.3 ° C in the south to -1.8 ° C in the north. In August, the water temperature varies from 0 ° C in the northeast to 5 ° C in southern regions Near the mainland coasts. Malty in February falls from the north-west to the southeast - from 34 ‰ in the new land to 20 ‰ at Dixon Island. In August, salting decreases from north to south - from 33 ‰ on the latitude of the Land of Franz Joseph to 11 ‰ at the island of Dixon.
In the Kara Sea, the correct semi-sufficient tides prevail, in some areas - daily and mixed. The magnitude of the tide is small, almost everywhere 0.5-0.8 m, in the Orsk lip more than 1 m. The wave height is an average of 1.5-2.5 m. Ice formation begins in September, from October to May almost the entire water area is covered marine ice. The shallow shores in the lips and the bays are well developed. Spare ice are well developed. Per season, with medium weather conditions, The thickness of the ice reaches 1.5-2.0 m. Between the soldering and drifting ice are often formed by recruiting wormlies. Of these, the so-called stationary wormlies are especially regularly appear: the Amdrminskaya, Yamal and Ob-Yenisei. The melting of ice begins in June, in August most of the sea waters are free from ice. Water circulation is formed by the East-Novoemel flow (from the cape of desire to Karian gates, the average speeds of 5-7 cm / s), Yamal and Ob-Yenisei currents (from the south-west to the northeast, 2-5 cm / s). Between the new earth and northern The yamal is formed cyclonic cycle.
Story study. Kara Sea got a name in the 18th century on the Kara River, which played an important role in the development of Siberia by Zemlip. The first navigators in the Kara Sea were Russian dresses, penetrating his south-western part no later than the 1st quarter of the 16th century. In the middle of the 16th century, the Pomor has mastered the coastal swimming around the Yamal Peninsula to the Obskaya and Taza lips (the so-called mangazeysky sea stroke). In 1594 through the Ugra ball in the Kara Sea penetrated dutch navigators K. Naj and B. Tetgals, in 1596-97 Expedition of the Villem Barentsov Winterhouse on the northeast coast of the North Archipelago of New Earth. Traces of Russian stay on the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula date back to the 1st quarter of the 17th century. Mainland coasts of the Carian Sea are drawn up by Russian maritime officers during the Great Northern Expedition in 1733-1743. Western coast of the Kara Sea (Eastern shores of the New Earth) began to appear on maps in the 30s of the 19th century, and mapping was completed in 1911. Eastern shores of the Kara Sea (Archipelago North Earth) appeared on maps in 1932.
The start of marine trade operations in the Kara Sea was the delivery in 1876 by the sea through commercial cargo from Europe at the mouth of the Yenisei, the return commercial flight with Siberian goods was held in 1877.
Hydrographic and oceanographic work in the Kara Sea began to lead in the swimming of expeditions: Swedish on VEGA vessel (N. A. E. Nordencheld, 1878), Norwegian on Fram (F. Nansen, 1893), as well as Russian on schooner " Zarya "(E. V. Toll, 1900-02). In the summer of 1913, a Russian hydrographic expedition took place to the West to the West to the West on the Wayer and Vaigach iceplaces. The most intense research work in the Kara Sea has become in the 1920s and 30s, when mastering the Northern Sea Path (SMP). Soviet scientists, polar explorers, sailors and pilots of polar aviation these years have opened large islands Visa, Ushakov, Schmidt and dozens of small islands; corrected old and made up new navigation maps and bottom relief maps received a real idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of the seaside flows and ice mode seas. By 1939, 25 polar stations and marine observatories worked on the islands and mainland coasts of the Kara Sea. Research work has acquired a greater practical orientation in connection with the exploration and development of large shelf fields of hydrocarbon raw materials.
Economic use. Kara Sea is characterized by high bioproductivity. Salmon, siga, sturgeon, in the lips and bays - herd of blessed are widespread. Among the objects of fishing is a cod, Sig, Halto, Rocky, Omul, Koryushka, Navaga, Sayka. Large oil and gas fields (gas condensate Rusanovskoe, Leningrad) are open and developed. Kara Sea is part of the transport SMP, ports: Dixon, Amderma; Dudinka and Igarka (Yenisei).
Ecological state. In general, the state is defined as a safe, however, in large bays, in places of focusing the fleet and the development of deposits, there is an increased content of petroleum products and heavy metals.
Lit.: Visa V. Y. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Soviet Arctic. 3rd ed. M.; L., 1948; Svalodin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Sea. M., 1999; Geology and minerals of the shelves of Russia / edited by M. N. Alekseeva. M., 2002; Mazarovich A. O. Structure of the Day of the World Ocean and the Powered Seas of Russia. M., 2006.
Kara Sea - Corn Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean. Located between the mainland coast (West Siberian Plain), the new land, the earth Franza - Iosifa and northern earth.
The western border of the Kara Sea - from Cape Kolzat (81 ° 08 "s. Sh. 65 ° 13" c. D.) To the cape of desire (76 ° 57 "s. Sh., 68 ° 36" c.), Next on the eastern shores of the islands of the new land, the western border of the Syatkin Ball, from the Cape Silver to Cape Podlova, the western border of the Car Gate, from Mrmus Kutov nose to the cape, the eastern shore of Vaigach Island and the Western Border of the Ugra Balloon from Cape White Nose Cape Comb; North border - from Cape Kolzat to Cape Arctic (81 ° 16 "s. sh., 95 ° 43" c.) Island North Earth, Komsomolsky Island; Eastern Border -Waspanic islands of the North Earth and the eastern borders of the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky and Wilkitsky; South border - the mainland shore from the cape white nose to Cape Pronchischev.
In the north, the Carian Sea communicates with the Arctic pool, in the West - with the Barents Sea (the Strait of the Ugra Ball, Karakoe Gate, Mastecin Ball and between the northern tip of the New Earth and the Land of Franz Joseph), in the east - by the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev (Straits of Wilkitsky, Shokalsky and Red Army).
Square of the Kara Sea 893.4 thousand km2, water volume 101 thousand km2 the greatest depth 600 m, average 113 m. N arabol extension With on the SMZ between 81 and 68 ° C. sh. near. 1500 km, maximum width In the northern part of the Kara Sea 800 km. Length coastline Along the mainland 9047 km along the islands of 5653 km. |
The largest bays - Baydarats Lip, Obba, Yenisei Bay, Phasinsky Bay, Gaydan Gulb and Taimyr Bay - embedded in the mainland shore. The largest rivers, flowing into the sea, -inisy, Ob, as well as the 10th, Pure and Taz, Kara (who gave birth to the sea), - have a total stock about 1,300 km3 / year (80% of the runa accounts for the summer).
In the Kara Sea a large number of islands (their total area is about 10 thousand km2), focused mainly in the northeastern part of the sea. Along the coast of the mainland, Schhers minina, Nordencheldy Archipelago (more than 70 islands), etc.; In the central part of the Kara Sea is the island of the Arctic Institute, the news of the CEC, Sergey Kirov, privacy. The island is widely known, the existence of which was theoretically predicted by V. Yu Visa (1924) as a result of studying ice drift in the Kara Sea.
Islands diverse on the origin and nature of the relief. The islands of the Goris, for example, the Mountain of the island of Vaigach and the New Earth are a continuation Ural Mountains. Depressed on the slopes of the mountain ranges of the Sonorny Island of the New Earth and Northern Land occupy glaciers producing icebergs. The shores of these islands are climbers and raised with firads. Other Islands (Ushakov, Schmidt) are completely covered with glacial domes. Many low-lying sandy islands (white, solitude, etc.).
As studies have shown, the coast of the Kara Sea over the past decades is trended to raise. The highest raising speed is 1.5 mm / year is observed on the island of Truth. Along the coast, the relative speed of vertical movements of the earth's crust varies from 0.7 mm / year (Amderma port area) to 0.1 mm / year (at Dixon Island) and up to - 1.2 mm / year (Cape Chelyuskin).
Relief I. bottom sediments
The coast of the Kara Sea turns over the Barents-Kara Shelf, so about 40% of the bottom area have a depth of less than 50 m, 64% - less than 100 m and only 2% - more than 500 m. The shelf is cut from north to south by two wide deep-sea gutters - St. Anne (along eastern coast Land Franz Joseph, depth to 620 m) and Voronin (along western coast Northern Earth, depth to 420 m). Along eastern coast The new land is the East Novomel chute (depth of 200-400 m). There is a central karable plateau between the chute (depth less than 50 m), serving Ushakov Islands, Visa, Privacy, etc.
Geological past Kara Sea closely related to development history The Arctic Ocean, which determined the geological structure of his bed and shores. Geologically Kara Sea is one of the youngest. The main features of his relief were determined in the lateral - early Pleisocene periods. As a result of tectonic gaps that took place in these periods, the Barents-Kara Shelf was formed; Subocaunch gutters who came to the limits of the shelf, separated the shelf from Abyssali of the Arctic Basin. Under the relatively thin layer of modern precipitation - brown, gray and blue ils in gutters and deep-water basins, sandy yers on underwater hills and shallow water, sands on the shallow and near the coast - traces of glacial regression and interglacial transgression are found.
Climate in the Kara Sea
The climate of the Kara Sea Arctic - three or four months a year lasts the polar night and the same polar day. The air temperature below 0 ° C is maintained in the north of K. m. 9-10 months, at 7-8 months a year. average temperature Air January -20, -28 ° С (minimalo - 48 ° C), July b-1 ° C (maximum up to 16 ° C). The number of days from the frost in July from 6 in the south of the Kara Sea to 20 in the north. The average wind speed in the Kara Sea in summer is 5-5.5 m / s, in winter 6-7 m / s. The number of days with a storm in summer 1-2 per month, in winter 6-7 per month. On the new land, the northern earth and the land of Franz Joseph, boron is formed, the wind speed at which it reaches 40 m / s; Once a speed of 60 m / s was registered. In winter, storms are often accompanied by snowstorms, in summer - snow charges. In the summer, fogs are often observed.Hydrological mode
Located in high latitude of the Kara Sea, a significant part of the year is covered with ice. Ice formation begins in the north of the Kara Sea in September, in the south in October. In winter, near the coast and between the islands are formed. The ice covering the rest of the Kara Sea is drifting. In winter, the water temperature of the Kara Sea is close to the freezing temperature (about -1.8 ° C). Water in shallow areas from the surface to the bottom has almost the same temperature. However, in the deep-water chutes of St. Anne and Voronin, where warm atlantic waters penetrate from the Arctic basin, at depths of 150-200 m, temperatures are 1.5 and 2.5 ° C. As the calculations show, during the year in Karsca Sea arrives approximately 9 , 4.10 ^ 3 km3 of atlantic waters bringing almost 8 * 10 ^ 12 kcal. Heat. Surface water in summer is very painted with river drain and melting of ice.
Throughout the summer, the water temperature in the drifting ice zone is only a bit above the freezing point. The water of the water of the Kara Sea frees from ice is heated to 6 ° C in the southwestern part and up to 2 ° C in North. The thickness of the heated water layer is up to 60-70 m in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea and up to 10-15 m in Eastern.
Through the sheds, the Kara gates and the Ugra ball in the Kara Sea are received by the Barentsomoras. Pouring into the Yamal current, they move to the north along the shores of the Peninsula of Yamal. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe island, the White Yamal Code is enhanced by Ob-Yenisei; Several norther from him departs to the new Earth, the abbrevous newosemel flow, the water of which is directed to the south, where the cyclonical bus will be closed. From the Ob-Yenisei region, part of the waters goes to the east, forming the Western Taimyar course spreading along the coast to the Wilkitsky strait.
In the central part of the Carian Sea, the flow of St. Anna, the carrier of water to the north, is included in the cyclonic circulation, which determines the cycle of water and ice clockwise.
Riding In the Kara Sea are determined predominantly tidal wave propagating from the Atlantic Ocean; This wave penetrates the Kara Sea from the Arctic pool and through the straits from the Barents Sea. Tides are predominantly semi-sufficient. The magnitude of the tide on average 0.5-0.8 m. In winter, an essential influence on the tides has ice cover: the magnitude of the tide decreases, and the propagation of the tidal wave is delayed compared to the summer.
Biology and inhabitants
The characteristic of the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is quite complicated. Accordingly, the distribution of salinity planktonal forms - freshwater and solonic water - penetrate far to the north, and the bottom marines are far from south. Sea fauna mainly (more than 50%) is represented by the Arctic species. These species rising from deeper layers of the Kara Sea, such as the Atlantic from the warm atlantic intermediate layer, are largely added to them. The greatest species diversity of flora and fauna is observed in two regions of the Kara Sea: in the area of \u200b\u200bthe eastern shores of the new land and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe northwestern part of the Kara Sea where, together with the Barents, and the diverse Baretsevo civil fauna penetrates, and many Atlantic batual and north comes from the north Assual forms. The quantitative composition of zooplankton has 173 species. The prevailing groups are weakly hurry, infusoria and intestinal. In the Yenisei bay, the main mass of zooplankton makes provicrats, weaklit and branching crustaceans; With an average biomass 150 mg / m3, the first is given 47.4%, the second - 40%, third -11.1%, the remaining 1.5% of the biomass weight. The average mass of zooplankton in the southwestern part K. m. Equal to 43 mg / m3, and in Eastern 48 mg / m3.
Kara Sea is relatively rich in representatives of Zoobenthos (about 1400 species). Among the bottom animals of the Kara Sea is better than others, crustaceans, mollusks, many-bristle worms, msanka and iglozzy are presented. On the orfast soils, the Yamal Peninsula Benthos biomass is 100-300 g / m2, and on the brown ilya of the central part of the Kara Sea
The volume of biomass drops sharply up to 3-5 g / m2.
Phytoplankton
The total number of types of plankton algae in the central part of the Kara Sea is 78 (diatoms - 52, peridinium - 20, others - 6). In the phytoplankton regime in the Kara Sea, two areas are highlighted with increased biomass content (from 1 to 3 g / m3): the area in the northwestern part of the Kara Sea, which comes with warm Barentsomora and Atlantic deep water, and the area of \u200b\u200bcoastal water under the influence of Flock of Ob and Yenisei rivers. The bulk of the plankton in these areas is located in a layer of 0-25 m.
The bottom vegetation is represented by 66 species mainly by red algae, somewhat poorly brown and very little green. Among macrophytes in the Carian Sea, the types of Barentsomorskaya flora are dominated in the Kara Sea. The heat-loving forms are found very rarely, and the farther from the sheds of the Karian gate to the north and northwest, the mortar probability to discover them.
Ichthyofauna
The Ichthyofauna of the Kara Sea is 54 species. The coast of the new land, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Caracan Gate, is encountered, in the lips and bays - Omul, Ryaskushka, Koryushka, Halto, Nelma and Harius. However, there are no fishing clusters. In 1945, the ichthyological expedition produced 43 hour trains with an otter-trawl in the most promising in fishing relations of the parts of the Kara Sea, the total catch was 500 copies of fish.
Kara Sea is part of the Northern Sea Route. Main port - Dickson. Sea vessels Also enter the Yenisei River to Igarka and Dudinka. In cargo transportation, the largest proportion has the largest, construction materials, coal, wheat, fur, and recently it began to export Norilsk ore.
Kara Sea ... From the course of school geography, we know that it is located somewhere on the edge of the North-Ice Ocean, i.e. At the top of the card or globe. Very extensive knowledge, isn't it? This is definitely not enough for such an amazing. geographical object. Let's try to get acquainted closer.
Section 1. Kara Sea. general description.
Kara Sea belongs to the category of the seasons, geographically belonging to the Arctic Ocean. His name happened from the last one who belongs to this basin, in turn, received this name in honor of the noble local Nenets.
Prior to this, its other names can be traced in history: North Tatar, New North and Mangazeyskoye.
In accordance with the physico-geographical conditions, Kara is considered the most difficult sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian Arctic, so any navigation here is conjugate with quite large difficulties. One of the reasons is the almost constant presence of durable ice cover. In addition, the depth of the sea is uneven, the shames come across quite often, and the flows are weakly studied.
It is impossible not to note the fact that much in this region Solves the weather, and since the fog or haze is almost constantly persisted, it is impossible to visually determine the distance in most cases.
In Yug.-Zap. Parts of the Kara Sea, not far from the large shelf fields of gas condensate and natural gas.
The main economic significance of the sea is that it is considered the most important link of such a necessary for the country and plays a large role in the development and strengthening of the productive forces of the regions
Section 2. Kara Sea. How diverse its flora and fauna.
In general, it can be said with confidence that Flora and Fauna here was formed under the influence of very different conditions in nature, both both climatic and hydrological. Note that they differ significantly from each other in the southern and northern parts.
Next influence continues to have neighboring pools. So, for example, some thermal-loving forms are actively penetrated from the Barents Sea, and from the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, on the contrary, highlyarthic. The ecological border of distribution, according to scientists, is the eightieth meridian. However, there should not be forgotten that freshwater elements also play a significant role.
If a comparative analysis is carried out, it turns out that high-quality flora and fauna are substantially poor in the same Barents, but the Laptev Sea is much stronger. For example, in the Barents today there are 114 diverse species of fish, in Karosky - somewhere around 54, and in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev - much less, just 37.
Thanks to this fact, Kara Sea has important In the life of the whole country. Here are organized related to fishing, Muksunov, Ryapushki, Koryushki, Navag, Side and Nelma.
Kara Sea ... Photos of animals inhabited in its surroundings decorate the printed and virtual editions of the planet. Laston-eaten is ridiched in the sea. Here you can meet Nerpen, and if you are lucky, then walrus. AT summer time Belukha comes here, the white bear is habitually live.
Section 3. Kara Sea. Interesting Facts.
The salinity of the sea is uneven enough. This is due to the fact that several somewhat falls into it large rivers (Yenisei, pelvis and Ob). It is located mainly on the shelf. Meet the island in the Kara Sea, and rather the accumulation of several, is not so rare. The average depth of 50-100 m, the greatest fixed - 620 meters. The area is 893,400 km². The coldest of all of our (Russian) seas. The water temperature near the shore rarely exceeds the -1.8 ° C mark, and in the summer +6 ° C. During the Cold War, this sea was a place for the secret burial of nuclear waste. According to very approximate estimates, today in its waters are not only thousands of containers, about twenty ships with radioactive waste, but also several reactors with the most dangerous non-cycling fuels. It turns out that waste, the level of radiation of which was considered low, simply merged into water.
Kara Sea is the outskirts of the Northern Ocean. The name of the sea comes from the name of the Kara River, flowing into it. The sea is limited northern coast Eurasia and Islands: New Earth, Land Franz Joseph, Northern Earth, Geyberg. In the northern part of the sea is the land visa is an island, outdoor theoretically in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the islands of the news of the CEC. The sea is located mainly on the shelf; Many islands. The depths of 50-100 meters prevail, the highest depth of 620 meters. Area 893 400 km 2. Full-water rivers flow into the sea: Ob, Yenisei, so saline varies greatly. Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas of Russia, only near the mouth of the river water temperature in summer above 0 ° C. Fun parts and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice.
Kara Sea It used to be called Nizarzomsky (Narcess) - so it is named in the story of 1601 of the journey to the Mangazea of \u200b\u200bthe resident of Pinegia Leonty Schubin (Plekhana) and in the petition of St. Andrei Palitsyn from 1630. On the map Edward Wales Sea is called Tartar. And the name "Kara" belonged to Bidarats lip, named the river puncturing in her. According to V.Yu. Visa, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "Hare", meaning a peasy ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Vitsen calls the sea of \u200b\u200bice, and the Frenchman J. Kampredonon is ice, which echoes the Nenets Word. For the first time, the sea is called Karsky on the map V. M. Selofontova, 1736, compiled by the results of the work of the Dvinsko-Obian detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.
Kara Sea belongs to the group of the seas of the Siberian Arctic. The boundaries of this sea are dry and conditional lines. From the West and the sea are limited by a number of islands (the largest of which is new land) and several straits. From the east, the border of the sea passes through the Archipelago of the Northern Earth and Strapp: the Red Army, Shokalsky and Wilkitsky. From the south, the sea border is the coast of the mainland. Kara Sea is well open to the waters of the Arctic Ocean A. There is a sea mainly on the mainland shallow. These features allow you to attribute the sea to the mainland type of the seasons.
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Kara Sea refers to the largest seas Russian Federation. Its area is approximately 883 thousand km 2. Waters reaching about 98 thousand km 3. The average depth of the sea is 111 m, the maximum - 620 m. In the waters of the Kara Sea there are a large number of islands, most of which are small in size. Small islands are combined into archipelagoes (Nordencheld, Schhers, Minina) and are located along the coast of the mainland. The islands of larger sizes (white, shocal, Wilkitsky, Sibiryakov, Nansen, Russian) are alone.
Kara Sea coastline uneven. The shores of the new land, which wash the water of this sea, are raised with a large number of fiurds. The mainland coast is also strongly disseminated: in a number of places, the sea is sharply going into the land, forming Baidarats and Ob lips. Peninsula Yamal is strongly issued in the sea space. Along the coastline there are large bays (Gydansky, Yenisei and Pisinsky), as well as a number of small bays.
Marigue
The start date of swimming in the Kara Sea is unknown. In the history, only the fact that in 1556 the English traveler Stephen Boreow found a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe sea route to the mouth of the Ob and complete readiness to accompany the British along it. There is an excit of Tobolsk Voevod M.M. Godunova and I.F. Volkonsky king from 1601, where the description of this path is given: the Strait of the Ugra ball to the western part of Yamal, then on the river muddy (the flow of Mordyakhi) to the watershed with the Syuhah River (green) - Neuto and Yambuto lakes - Next and the River Labor and the River . From the Ob Lip, the way to South on Obi (Obdorsk) was opened and east through the Taza lip (Mangazea) to the Yenisei pool.
Relief DNA
The terrain of the Kara Sea has a large number of irregularities. The sea almost completely lies on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. In the horror, St. Anne is the maximum depth of 620 meters. The bottom of the shallow and elevations is covered with sand and sandy sludge. Gutter and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown sludge. At the bottom of the central part of the sea there are iron-manganese concretions.
In the southwestern part of the sea, the Peninsula Yamal, the large shelf fields of natural gas and gas condensate are explored. The largest of them are the Leningrad Gas reserves - more than 1 trillion m³ and Rusanovskoye. The development of shelf fields is planned to begin after 2025.
Climate and hydrological regime
For the Kara Sea, the polar maritime climate is characterized, which is due to the northern location of the sea and its immediate contact with the ocean. Atlantic OceanLocated relatively close to the Kara Sea, softens the climate. But the island of the new land prevents the penetration of a large amount of warm air masses. Kara Sea is in the more severe climatic conditionsthan the Barents Sea. Because of the high length of the sea in different parts, climatic differences are observed. The storm is most often happening on the western part of the sea. The island has a new land constantly arises a hurricane wind (Novoemel Bora). The duration of this hurricane is small 2 - 3 hours, but in winter it can delay for several days. In March, the air temperature on average reaches -28.6 0 s at Cape Chelyuskin and -20 0 C at Cape Desire. The lowest air temperature that may be at sea is 45 - 50 0 C. In the warmer period (in July), the air is on average to 5 - 6 0s in the western part of the sea and 1 - 2 0 C - in the East and northeast. Near the mainland coast, the air can warm up to +18 and +20 0 S. But, despite the high summer temperatures, snow may fall at any summer time. In general, a short summer is noted by low temperatures and cloudy weather with plenty of rain.
The water temperature near the sea surface is close to -1.8 ° C. Water in shallow-water areas is well mixed from the surface to the bottom and has the same temperature and salting (about 34 ppm). River stock and ice melting in summer lead to a decrease in the saltness of sea water below 34 ppm, in the mouth of the rivers the water becomes close to fresh. Water warms up in summer to 6 ° C.
Flips in the Kara Sea reaches a height of 50 - 80 centimeters. In the cold period, a large influence on tides has an sea ice - the magnitude of the tide decreases. The sea is very covered with ice almost all year. Ice formation begins in September. There are significant spaces of perennial ice with a thickness of up to 4 meters. Along the shores there are solders, in the center of the sea - floating ice. Summer ice decays to separate arrays.
Flora and fauna
Flora and the fauna of the Kara Sea poorer Barents Sea, but significantly the richer sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. Flora is represented by several types of bottom algae - brown algae, red algae, green. In water, the mass of single-celled algae and phytoplankton feels well and developed. The fauna of invertebrates and fish is fairly richly presented, among which the pink salmon, Keta, Chavik, Nerk, Omul, Muksun, Nelma, Caulk, Navaga, Kambala. Salmon and sigan spawn in rivers, and fall into the sea. At the same time, they keep near the mouth of the rivers, not moving far to the north. In total, 54 species of fish live in the Kara Sea. Of marine mammals It is inhabited by Nerpe, walrus, marine hare, whites. Cetaceans are represented by and larger animals - polytymaging whales, which here you can count 5 species. Very rarely from the Barents Sea here and Greenland whales and kita whales are swimming here. There are a lot of birds on the islands (Cayra, Gagarks, Luriki), form noisy bird bazaars prevail. From the land animals of the banks of the mainland and the islands attend the polar bear and sands, for which the sea is an important source of feed. Sharks in the Kara Sea are represented by a single species - a low-headed or polar shark, which is hypocating cold water and a harsh climate.
Economic significance
Kara Sea is characterized by high bioproductivity. Among the objects of fishing is a cod, Sig, Halto, Rocky, Omul, Koryushka, Navaga, Sayka. Fish classes are organized only in bays, bays and lower rivers, where there is no powerful ice cover. As in all the coastal northern seas of Eurasia, in the Kara Sea mined walruses, but only for the needs of the local population, since the walruses from 1956 are taken under the protection of the state. Large oil and gas fields (gas condensate Rusanovskoe, Leningrad) are open and developed. Kara Sea is part of the Transport Northern Sea Route. Here are ports: Dixon, Amderma; Dudinka and Igarka (Yenisei).
Ecology
Water belonging to the Bays of the Kara Sea, specialists are characterized as moderately contaminated. Rivers who fall into the Kara Sea have a relatively small level of pollution. However, Obi and Yenisei water have a large concentration of heavy metals, which adversely affects the ecosystem of the sea. Another important source is water pollution by aerosol materials with metallurgical production in the city of Norilsk. Negatively affect the ecological condition of the sea of \u200b\u200bcourt. The places of their frequent movement are contaminated with petroleum products.
It remains an important environmental problem of the Kara Sea radioactive contamination. In contact with the fact that on the new land in the 60s of the last century, a number of numerous air, surface, underground and underwater nuclear explosions were carried out, over 13 million CSUR CS-137 were thrown into the atmosphere. In the same period, the burial of radioactive waste began in the northern seas. To date, the eastern part of the new land shelf is the main burial site. In this region, in several districts, no depth of 12 to 380 m flooded waste, they constitute 70% of the volume of marine graves of the period of the USSR. In the shallow water of the Bay of the Kara Sea over the course of 1965-1988, floodings were flooded with radioactive waste. The greatest potential danger comes from 17 atomic icebreaker reactors Lenin and 11 thousand containers with dangerous waste. Control measurements are regularly carried out, the results of which show that at the moment the level of radioactivity in the Bays of the Kara Sea does not exceed the norm, but these objects represent a potential environmental hazard.
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