List
In this table, the sites are arranged in chronological order of their addition to the UNESCO World Heritage List.
| # | Image | Name | Location | Time of creation | Year of listing | № | Criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Great Barrier Reef (eng. Great barrier reef) |
Coral sea | - | vii, viii, ix, x | |||
| 2 |  |
Kakadu National Park (eng. Kakadu National Park) |
Northern Territory | - | , , | i, vi, vii, ix, x | |
| 3 |  |
Willandra Lakes Region (eng. Willandra lakes region) |
State: New South Wales | - | iii, viii | ||
| 4 |  |
Lord Howe Islands (eng. Lord Howe Island Group): Lord Howe (eng. Lord howe island) Balls Pyramid (eng. Ball "s Pyramid) |
State: New South Wales | - | vii, x | ||
| 5 |  |
Wildlife of Tasmania (eng. Tasmanian Wilderness) |
State: Tasmania | - | , | iii, iv, vi, vii, viii, ix, x | |
| 6 |  |
Rainforests of the east coast of Australia (eng. Gondwana Rainforests of Australia ) |
States: on the border of New South Wales and Queensland | - | , | viii, ix, x | |
| 7 |  |
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (eng. Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park ) (formerly called Ayers Rock - Mount Olga, English Ayers Rock - Mount Olga) |
Northern Territory | - | , | viii, ix, x | |
| 8 |  |
Wet tropics of Queensland (eng. Wet Tropics of Queensland) |
- | - | vii, viii, ix, x | ||
| 9 |  |
Shark Bay (eng. Shark bay) |
State: Western Australia | - | vii, viii, ix, x | ||
| 10 |  |
Fraser Island (eng. Fraser island) |
State: Queensland | - | vii, ix | ||
| 11 |  |
Fossil remains of Australian mammals (eng. Australian Fossil Mammal Sites ): Riversley ( 11a; English Riversleigh) Naracort ( 11b; English Naracoorte) |
States: Queensland; South australia | - | viii, ix | ||
| 12 |  |
Heard and McDonald Islands (eng. Heard and McDonald Islands) |
- | - | viii, ix | ||
| 13 |  |
Macquarie Island (eng. Macquarie island) |
State: Tasmania | - | vii, viii | ||
| 14 |  |
Blue mountains (eng. Greater Blue Mountains Area) |
State: New South Wales, around Katoomba | - | ix, x | ||
| 15 |  |
Purnululu National Park (eng. Purnululu National Park) |
State: Western Australia | - | vii, viii | ||
| 16 |  |
Royal Exhibition Center and Carlton Gardens (eng. Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens ) |
State: Victoria, City of Melbourne | 19th century | ii | ||
| 17 |  |
Sydney Opera House (eng. Sydney Opera House) |
State: New South Wales, City of Sydney | XX century | i | ||
| 18 |  |
Convict settlements in Australia (eng. Australian Convict Sites): |
11 objects in different states | XVIII century, XIX century | iv, vi | ||
| 19 |  |
Ningaloo Coast (eng. Ningaloo coast) | State: Western Australia | - | vii, x |
Geographic location of objects
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Excerpt characterizing the List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in AustraliaAnna Pavlovna's presentiment was justified, and a joyfully festive mood of spirit reigned in the city all morning. Everyone recognized the victory as perfect, and some have already spoken about the capture of Napoleon himself, about his overthrow and the election of a new head for France.Away from business and amid the conditions of court life, it is very difficult for events to be reflected in all their fullness and strength. Unwittingly, general events are grouped around one particular case. So now the main joy of the courtiers was as much in the fact that we had won, as in the fact that the news of this victory came precisely on the birthday of the sovereign. It was like a lucky surprise. In the news of Kutuzov, it was also said about the losses of the Russians, and among them Tuchkov, Bagration, Kutaisov were named. The sad side of the event, too, involuntarily in the local, St. Petersburg world was grouped around one event - the death of Kutaisov. Everyone knew him, the emperor loved him, he was young and interesting. On this day, everyone met with the words: - How amazing it happened. In the most prayer service. And what a loss the Kutaisov! Oh, what a pity! - What did I tell you about Kutuzov? - Prince Vasily spoke now with the pride of a prophet. - I have always said that he alone is able to defeat Napoleon. But the next day no news came from the army, and the general voice became alarmed. The courtiers suffered for the suffering of the unknown in which the sovereign was. - What is the position of the sovereign! - said the courtiers and no longer extolled, as the day before yesterday, and now they condemned Kutuzov, who was the cause of the emperor's anxiety. Prince Vasily on that day no longer boasted of his protege Kutuzov, but remained silent when it came to the commander-in-chief. In addition, by the evening of that day, it was as if everything had come together in order to plunge the Petersburg residents into anxiety and anxiety: another terrible news had been added. Countess Elena Bezukhova died suddenly from this terrible disease, which was so pleasant to pronounce. Officially in large societies, everyone said that Countess Bezukhova died of a terrible attack of angine pectorale [chest sore throat], but in intimate circles they told details about how le medecin intime de la Reine d "Espagne [the medic of the Queen of Spain] prescribed Helene small doses some kind of medicine for performing a certain action; but how Helene, tormented by the fact that the old count suspected her, and the fact that her husband, to whom she wrote (this unfortunate, depraved Pierre), did not answer her, suddenly took a huge dose of the medicine prescribed for her and died in agony before they could provide help. ”It was said that Prince Vasily and the old count took up the Italian, but the Italian showed such notes from the unfortunate deceased that he was immediately released. The general conversation focused on three sad events: the uncertainty of the sovereign, the death of Kutaisov and the death of Helen. On the third day after Kutuzov's report, a landowner from Moscow arrived in St. Petersburg, and the news of the surrender of Moscow to the French spread throughout the city. It was terrible! What was the position of the sovereign! Kutuzov was a traitor, and Prince Vasily, during the visites de condoleance [visits of condolence] on the occasion of the death of his daughter, which he received, spoke of Kutuzov, whom he had previously praised (he was forgiven in sorrow to forget what he had said before), he said, that nothing else could be expected from a blind and depraved old man. - I am only surprised how it was possible to entrust such a person with the fate of Russia. While this news was still unofficial, one could still doubt it, but the next day the following report came from Count Rostopchin: “The adjutant of Prince Kutuzov brought me a letter, in which he demands from me police officers to escort the army to the Ryazan road. He says he is leaving Moscow with regret. Sovereign! Kutuzov's deed decides the lot of the capital and your empire. Russia will shudder upon learning of the surrender of the city where the greatness of Russia is concentrated, where the ashes of your ancestors are. I will follow the army. I took everything out, all I have to do is cry about the fate of my fatherland. " Having received this report, the sovereign sent the following rescript to Kutuzov with Prince Volkonsky: “Prince Mikhail Ilarionovich! Since August 29, I have not received any reports from you. Meanwhile, on September 1, through Yaroslavl, from the Moscow commander-in-chief, I received the sad news that you decided to leave Moscow with the army. You yourself can imagine the effect this news made on me, and your silence aggravates my surprise. I am sending with this General Adjutant Prince Volkonsky in order to learn from you about the position of the army and about the reasons that prompted you to such a sad resolve. " Nine days after the abandonment of Moscow, a messenger from Kutuzov arrived in St. Petersburg with the official news of the abandonment of Moscow. This sent was the Frenchman Michaud, who did not know Russian, but quoique etranger, Busse de c? Ur et d "ame, [although he is a foreigner, but Russian at heart,] as he himself said to himself. |
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Australia is a unique country. For the most part, representing an uninhabitable desert, it was able to become one of the most developed countries in the world. What is not here: both magnificent buildings, and tasty food, rare animals and sea treasures. In other words, Australia is a real fairy tale. No wonder in the colloquial speech of Australians the word Oz is used to designate the country. Do you remember the famous fairy tale by Frank Baum "The Wizard of Oz"? That's just it! Today we will turn to the natural component of this amazing country, namely, we will tell you about 7 main natural wonders Australia.
Great Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef Is the world's largest coral reef system and Australia's most famous natural landmark. Its length is over 2,500 kilometers and its width reaches 2 kilometers. Thus, the total area of the reef is 348 698 km².
Once upon a time, James Cook accidentally discovered the Great Barrier Reef. His ship, the Endeavor, hit one of the reefs and while it was being repaired, Cook studied his new discovery.
This place is amazing in that it has created a unique ecosystem that includes over 400 species of coral, 4,000 species of molluscs and 1,500 species of fish.
Despite the fact that the Great Barrier Reef was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, its nature is destroyed every year. Some die from cyclones, some are eaten starfish, and some die off due to the increase in temperature and acidity of the water.
The Australian government is constantly coming up with new ways to tackle these problems, but so far no unique solution has been found.
See Great Barrier Reef
Fraser Island
Fraser Island is located near the east coast of the country and is considered the largest sandy island in the world. The area of the island is about 1,630 km². Before the colonization of Australia, several thousand aborigines lived on the island. And in translation from the local language, the island was called "Paradise", which is not surprising, given the beauty you can see here.
The modern name is associated with the name of Captain Fraser, whose ship was wrecked off the coast of the island. Fraser began its formation centuries ago as a result of the erosion of the mountains of northern New South Wales. Following the erosion, dunes began to appear, many of which are now 240 meters high.
The main treasures of the island are lakes. More than 40 freshwater lakes are spread throughout the Fraser area. This is Lake Boemingen, as well as famous lake McKenzie, who is known for its bright blue color.
Traveling around the island, you can ride along the sandy Cathedral Rocks, walk the 75-mile beach, go to the rainforest, see the many turtles near Allom Lake, go whale watching from Indian Head, and go in search of kangaroos or possums.
In other words, you will definitely not be bored on Fraser. In 1992, the island was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Relax on Fraser Island
Twelve apostles
Twelve apostles- Another unique natural treasure of Australia, which is a group of limestone cliffs near the coast in Port Campbell National Park. These rocks were formed as a result of thousands of years of work by the ocean.
Only 8 of the 12 original Apostles have survived to this day. 9 The Apostle collapsed in 2005, unable to withstand the pressure of the ocean. At first, the place was called "Pig and Piglets", which in the 1950s, with the aim of attracting more tourists was changed to "The Twelve Apostles".
In the early 2000s. on this route was built tourist centre... Long walks around the rocks and flying around the rock group by helicopter are popular among tourists.
Pay attention to the path that runs along the coastal cliff, it leads to the main observation deck and to Castle Rock Mountain, which offers a wonderful view of the coastline from a height of 200 meters.
See the 12 Apostles
Kakadu National Park
Kakadu National Park- is a pearl in the north of Australia, which stretches over an area of 19 804 km² and is a real heritage of all mankind. More than 1,700 species of plants, 280 species of birds, 117 species of reptiles, 77 species of freshwater fish, 1,000 species of insects and 60 species of mammals are registered in the park.
Don't pass by famous waterfalls- Jim-Jim and Twin. In the park, you can find barramundi crocodiles, half-footed geese, Australian cranes, yakans and even white-bellied eagles.
The Cockatoo is home to one fourth of all freshwater fish species in Australia and more than a third of Australian bird species.
Besides the magnificent natural world, in the park you can also see ethnographic treasures, in particular - cave drawings, which are about 20 thousand years old. They are interesting in that they depict in detail the bodies and internal organs of people and animals. About 500 aborigines still live here, to whom you can go on a private visit.
We can say that Kakadu park Is a unique archaeological, natural and ethnological territory that deserves close attention. Here you can admire the beauty wildlife Australia, and get a unique chance to touch the prints of the ancient Australian inhabitants, which appeared here 50,000 years ago.
Visit Kakadu National Park
Uluru rock
Uluru, or Ayers Rock is located in the heart of the Australian continent. This is not only a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but also one of the main natural attractions in Australia, which attracts more than 500 thousand people every year.
Uluru- This is a huge block, which consists of red sandstone, capable of changing its color depending on the time of day. At dawn, when the sun just appears over the horizon, the Aires rock acquires a delicate purple hue, when the sun is at its zenith, Uluru “dresses” in purple, and closer to sunset the rock's outfit looks more like gold. Some consider the rock to be a monolith, others believe that underground Uluru is connected to Mount Olga, but they cannot thoroughly argue this.
According to the natives, Uluru is the place where the souls of the dead tribes rest. There is even a belief: whoever takes even the smallest part of Uluru will be cursed. This belief is very widespread among tourists. There are stories when people, having taken a piece from a rock, began to get sick or all sorts of misfortunes happened to them.
In 1985, the Australian government leased Uluru to the local Anangu tribe for 99 years, so the Australian aborigines are the official owners of these places. Aboriginal people do not impede the flow of tourists to Urul, as this is a good opportunity for the tribe to make money.
Entrance ticket valid for three days, costs 25 Australian dollars and 20% of the cost of each ticket goes to the tribe. The only thing that the natives ask to be banned is to climb to the very top of Uluru. Firstly, it is unsafe, and secondly, it is offensive to the tribe.
Watch the sunset at the Uluru cliff
Desert Pinnacles
Pinnacles Desert (or Peak Desert) is located in Western Australia, near the city of Perth and 6 km from the Indian Ocean. The desert got its name due to the fact that hundreds of low peaked limestone formations, called "pinnacles", are scattered throughout its area.
The desert is most beautiful at sunrise or sunset, when limestone cliffs cast strange long shadows over the surrounding golden dunes.
Scientists believe that once upon a time there was an ocean on this place and after the draining of this part of the continent, such limestone deposits appeared, which, under the influence of water and wind, turned into such original figures.
Take a walk in the Pinnacles Desert
Stone Wave (or Wavy Rock)- this natural wonder is also located in the western part of Australia, near the city of Perth. Its age is estimated at more than 3 billion years, and this natural object got its name due to its shape - it seems that a large ocean wave decided to show all its power on land.
Its height is 14 meters, and its length is 110 meters. According to scientists, such a masterpiece could only be created by water, which, year after year, century after century, washed out the soft rocks of granite and formed this unusual bend.
More than 150 thousand tourists come here every year, which is not surprising, because Stone Wave is not only unique, but also beautiful.
See the Stone Wave
Exotic islands with unique plants and animals, the world's largest coral reef, preserved monuments of colonial architecture and incredibly interesting cultural centers- Australia is rich in amazing sights, many of which have long been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Australia is ideal for active rest, tourists here will have the opportunity to visit incredibly interesting reserves, get acquainted with the rich historical heritage of the continent, as well as see with their own eyes the tribes of the aborigines, whose life structure has not changed for thousands of years. Which sights to choose for research is a matter of taste, but visitors to Australia will definitely not be limited in their choice.
One of the main attractions of Australia and natural site of world importance is the Great Barrier Reef, the length of which is 2,500 km. It has a little less than 2,900 individual coral reefs and 900 islands, the area of the Bolshoi Barrier reef is 344 400 sq. km. The reef is so huge that it can be easily distinguished even from space; in 1981 it was included in the World Heritage List.
Scientists managed to establish that the reef began to form as early as 8,000 years ago, its transformations continue continuously. The rapid growth of corals is facilitated by certain climatic conditions, in particular, the water temperature, which in this area does not fall below 17.5 degrees Celsius. The colony of coral polyps has formed a unique ecosystem, it has become home to thousands of species of marine life, including exotic fish, seahorses and stars, as well as larger underwater inhabitants - dolphins and killer whales.
Not surprisingly, the Great Barrier Reef attracts scuba diving enthusiasts from all over the world, but you don't have to go underwater to enjoy the unique natural attraction. For travelers in these places spend interesting excursions on boats with a transparent bottom, for tourist excursions only a few areas of the huge reef are accessible. There are several islands near the reef equipped for recreation. Their guests are offered accommodation in luxury hotels, a lot interesting entertainment and the opportunity to fully enjoy the beauty of Australia's main natural attraction.
Fans of architectural landmarks will definitely be impressed by the Royal Exhibition Center, located in Melbourne's suburban Carlton district. Together with the Carleton Gardens, it is of immense architectural, historical, aesthetic and social value. The beautiful garden is an example of landscape art, it was founded over a hundred years ago. Rare species of trees grow on its territory, including century-old plane trees, rare species of oaks and cedars, as well as very interesting evergreens. Every year the garden is decorated with flower beds, and artificial lakes are another decoration of the garden.
Those who most of all like to walk in picturesque natural places should pay attention to the Willandra Lake District. This scenic and incredible interesting area occupies an area of about 2,400 sq. km, contrary to expectations, travelers will not be able to see beautiful lakes here. Once upon a time, about two million years ago, there really were 19 lakes, which eventually dried up.
Among the most recognizable architectural landmarks of the planet, a special place is occupied by the building of the Sydney opera house, it has long been the most important symbol not only of Sydney, but of the Australian continent as a whole. The building is notable for the sail-like shells that form the roof, it is they who make the building of a musical theater unlike any other in the world. The theater is located in the Sydney harbor, previously there was a tram depot in its place, and before that - a fort and a number of fortifications.
Rain forests are an equally important natural attraction. east coast Australia. They represent a vast territory, including about 50 reserves, these are the most extensive subtropical forests in the world, the total area of which reaches about 370 thousand hectares. The main value of rain forests lies in the unique accumulation of ancient vegetation, as well as numerous geological formations with a multimillion-dollar history.
Located in the northwestern part of Australia, Shark Bay is also one of the most visited natural attractions in the world, each year about 120,000 travelers from all over the world come to these unique places. The main value of the bay is algae, which covers more than 4,000 sq. km of its area and make it possible to consider the bay as a unique ecosystem. In addition to algae, the bay has become home to different types plankton, small fish and shrimp attract these places and dugongs.
The uninhabited islands of Heard and McDonald are located in the southern Indian Ocean, surrounded by a halo of smaller islands that are also uninhabited and of great interest to explorers. These islands are of volcanic origin, which determines their rocky structure. The archipelago is also distinguished by harsh climatic conditions, the islands are covered with snow for a significant part of the year, and the main representatives of the flora on their territory are lichens and mosses.
Nature lovers in Australia should definitely visit the Purnululu National Park, which is located in the state of Western Australia. This reserve was founded in 1987 and was included in the World Heritage List in 2003. The unique park covers an area of more than 239 hectares, it is famous for the variety of landscapes, unique geological formations, as well as multifaceted flora and fauna.
Have National park Cockatoo also has its own unique features that allow it to be considered a landmark of world importance. The reserve got its name in honor of the tribe of the same name that lived on its territory; today the park is of great etiological, archaeological and natural value. During the study of local caves, scientists discovered traces of the so-called X-ray rock painting The oldest drawings are 18,000 years old.
The Lord Howe archipelago is an amazing attraction in Australia in all respects. His most big Island bears the same name, its area is 14.5 sq. km. This island is self-governing, with a little more than 340 people permanently living on its territory. The Lord Howe Islands received the status of a sight of world significance thanks to their unique nature, on their territory you can find many endemic plants that are not found anywhere else in the world. Kermadec petrel
Pitcairn consists of 5 islands of volcanic and coral origin: Henderson, Ducy (Ducy), Sandy, Oeno and Pitcairn. The total area of the islands is 47 km², of which Henderson is the largest (37.3 km²). 
Bounty bay - the gateway to the island - is named, of course, in honor of the rebel ship (the remains of the burned ship - ballast pigs, they say, can still be viewed with scuba diving at a depth of 5 meters near the bay) 
The road to the left of the barn goes up to the only town / village on the island - Adamstown. This uphill climb has one of the coolest place names in the world - Hill Of Difficulty. 
Pitcairn Island is the only one inhabited island, volcanic in origin (volcanoes up to 335 m in height have long gone extinct), with steep cliffs and a heavily indented coastline. Dimensions: 3 × 1.5 km; area: 4.6 km². The rest of the islands are uninhabited due to the lack of fresh water, although traces of Polynesian activity have been found on Henderson Island. 
The climate of the islands is subtropical marine. Average monthly temperatures average from +18 ° C in August (winter) to +24 ° C in February (summer). July and August are the driest months and best time to visit the islands.
It is believed that the Ducie and Henderson Islands were first discovered by a European on January 26, 1606. It was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandez de Quiros.
He named these islands "La Encarnación" (incarnation) and "San Juan Bautista" (St. John the Baptist), respectively. However, some researchers express doubts about which islands Kyros visited and named by these names, suggesting that he actually named Henderson Island by the name “La Encarnación”, and “San Juan Bautista” - Pitcairn.
The island was rediscovered in 1767 by Philip Carteret, commander of the British sloop Swallow (Swallow), and named Pitcairn Island after the son of the naval officer who first spotted the land. Due to the strong surf, Carteret made no attempt to land, but he noticed a stream falling from a cliff and rich vegetation in the hills.
Breadfruit
It all began in 1787, when the British government sent an expedition to Tahiti for breadfruit seedlings. The idea was to bring breadfruit as cheap food for slaves in the Caribbean, where there were many slaves and little cheap food. The British Navy acquired the ship, renamed it the Bounty, put Captain William Bligh in charge and sent it on a mission.
Bly swam through Tierra del Fuego, but there were such storms (my glasses were blown off in the sea in Chile) that after a month of torment he decided to reach the goal from the other side - through what is now called Southern Ocean... They sailed to Tahiti, but the crew was so tired that the ship stood there for six months. During this time, the crew managed not only to load the breadfruit, but also to make friends with local girls. It was hard to swim away. But business is business. They swam.
They departed quite a bit, as the captain's mate - Fletcher Christian - started a riot. Bloodless, but quite real. Captain Bly and his men were put into a boat, given quite a bit of water and provisions with them, and sent to all four directions. Bly was doomed.
And Christian himself on the Bounty with the rest of the people sailed back to Tahiti. The rebels thought dreamily of the girls. They sailed back, found their girls and began to get high again. But Christian understood that sooner or later the punishing sword of British justice would find out everything and it would not be good. So he decided to dump somewhere. Seven more crew members went with him. Each took a Polynesian girl. They also took six natives as slaves, for which three more girls were captured.
Looking ahead, we will say that those who remained in Tahiti were taken after some time to England, where everyone was tried, and some were even executed. And Fletcher went in search of the deserted Pitcairn Island marked on the maps. The island was discovered shortly before the aforementioned events and is named after the sailor who first saw it. But the island was marked with an error of two hundred miles on the maps, so we had to swim around until we found it. It was 1790th year.
Our rebels began to live, live, and make good money. We learned how to drive alcohol, so it was fun. The island was divided among themselves by the British, leaving nothing to their Polynesian friends. Everything of value was removed from the ship, and the skeleton was burned.
So everything went on, until one fine moment the wife of one of the Englishmen fell off a cliff while collecting bird eggs (according to legend). The peasant grieved a little, and went to take the woman away from the six Polynesians. Recall that the natives had three women for six. The natives were not at all happy with this arrangement. And they decided to dunk the whites. Half were soaked (including Fletcher). The remaining half soaked all the Polynesians. As a result of the natural decline from drunkenness and stabbing, a lot of women remained on the island, even more children were born by that time and one and only man - John Adams.
Then came the moment of enlightenment. The Bible came to the rescue. Adams somehow began to read it, was imbued with and began to raise women and children. There was neatness and order.
Thirty-five years after these events, a British ship sailed by. With surprise, the captain listened to the story of a gray-haired old man surrounded by a village of swarthy people. Adams received a pardon from the crown.
In 1808, the island was visited by a ship under the command of Captain Folger, according to whose report “... About six years after they landed here, their servants attacked them and killed all the English except the narrator (Alec Smith - approx.), And he was seriously wounded. On the same night, the Tahitian widows rose up and killed all their fellow countrymen ... " 
According to other sources, after these events, sailors John Adams, William McCoy, Edward Young and Matthew Quinthal survived. McCoy and Quintal learned how to make moonshine and had drunken fights. As a result, in 1799, Adams and Young killed Quintal, who molested their wives and threatened to kill their children, and McCoy drowned himself. Young died of asthma in 1800, but managed to teach the illiterate Adams to read and write.
John Adams In 1808, there were 8 women on the island, 1 man (John Adams, aka Alec Smith), 25 children, including 24 children of mixed descent and 1 girl, a purebred Tahitian. Adams ruled the community until his death in 1829. Women began giving birth very early, both in marriage and out of wedlock, and the island's population grew rapidly.
In 1831 London decided to resettle the Pitcairns to Tahiti, as a result of which 12 people died within 2 months and 65 islanders returned.
In 1838, the island was officially declared a British colony. It introduced democratic governance through elections to the magistrate. All men and women who were born on the island or who spent more than 5 years on it could vote. Thus, Pitcairn became the first territory in the British Empire to introduce female suffrage.
In 1856, the entire population of the island is 4.6 square meters. km, suffering by that time from overpopulation due to high birth rates, moved to uninhabited island Norfolk, however, after a while some of the residents returned. At present, there are many more descendants of the Bounty sailors living on Norfolk (about 1000 people) than on Pitcairn.
From 1870, the island was ruled for 37 years by James McCoy, who was born in Pitcairn but spent some time in England. He was re-elected 22 times in a row. Taxation was introduced on the island in 1904. With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, ships regularly visit the island as Pitcairn found itself on a direct route from the canal to New Zealand.
The population peak of 233 was reached in 1937, after which the population declined due to emigration to New Zealand.
The only settlement on the island is called Adamstown.
Henderson
Ducy (Ducy)
Murphy "s Petrel on a Rock
Oeno
Some photos were used from: http: //mff.livejournal.com/274516.html, http://www.tema.ru/travel/pitcairn Fraser Island
Fraser Island or Great Sandy Island is a sandy island off the east coast of Australia.
The island has an elongated shape along the coast, length - about 120 km, width - from 7 to 23 km. The area of the island is 1840 km². It is the world's largest sandy island
The dunes that make it up were formed about 400 thousand years ago and rise up to 240 meters. The island has more than 40 freshwater lakes, the largest of which is Lake Boemingen with an area of 200 hectares. The western coast of the island is occupied by mangrove forests and swamps, the eastern, facing the ocean, is a beach about 100 km long of white sand.
Northern part the island, which has preserved intact humid equatorial forests, is national park Great Sandy National Park. In 1992, Fraser Island was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a unique natural monument.
Before the European colonization of Australia, several thousand aborigines lived on the island. In the language of Butchulla, the island was called K`gari - paradise. The modern name is associated with the surname of Captain Fraser and his wife, whose ship "Stirling Castle" was wrecked on the island.
Riversley
Heard and McDonald Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (abbreviated as HIMI) is a small uninhabited archipelago in the southern Indian Ocean. It consists of two main islands - Heard and McDonald, as well as many small outlying islets, rocks and reefs. They are all outside Australia.
The islands are some of the most remote places on Earth: they are about 4099 km southwest of Perth (Western Australia), 3845 km southwest of Cape Louvine (the extreme southwestern point of Australia), 4200 km to southeast of South Africa, 3830 km southeast of Madagascar, 1630 km north of Antarctica and 450 km southeast of Kerguelen
Heard Island (53 ° 06 ′ S 73 ° 31 ′ E (G) (O)) is the summit of the underwater volcano of the Kerguelen Plateau and is 43 kilometers long and 21 kilometers wide. Mawson Peak is the highest point of the island, the height above sea level is 2745 meters. This is one of two active volcanoes and at the same time the most high point in territory belonging to Australia. About 80% of Heard's surface is covered with snow and ice, which shape the character coastline islands. The area of the island is 368 km².
MacDonald Island (53 ° 03 ′ S 72 ° 37 ′ E (G) (O)) - small and rocky, located 44 kilometers to the west, also volcanic in origin. Its highest point is 230 meters above sea level. The island is bounded by steep cliffs and previously consisted of two parts - the northern plateau and the southern steep Maxwell Hill, connected by a narrow isthmus. The area of the island is 2.5 km².
Heard Island landscape overlooking Mawson Peak
Of the remaining islands of the archipelago, the largest is Shag Island, located 10 kilometers north of Heard, and Flat Island (now part of MacDonald) and Meyer Rock is slightly north of MacDonald. The territory also includes all territorial waters within 12 nautical miles from the coastline. Together with these islets, the total area of the archipelago is 372 km².
The volcano on McDonald Island, after being dormant for 75,000 years, has been active since 1992, with several eruptions since then. Satellite images obtained in 2004 showed that, due to volcanic activity, MacDonald Island merged with Flat Island into one island, approximately doubling its area.
According to NASA satellite data, at the end of October 2012, the eruption of Mawson Peak volcano began on Heard Island and continues to this day.
Heard and McDonald have no ports or harbors; ships have to anchor off the coast. The coastline is 101.9 km long, there is a 12-mile (22 km) zone of territorial waters, and the 200-mile (370 km) zone is declared by Australia as an exclusive fishing zone.
King Penguin on Heard Island
The islands, now little affected by human activity, are home to huge populations of penguins, pinnipeds and seabirds.
Mammals
The pinnipeds on Heard were practically exterminated in the late 19th century, after which the number of seals became too small for economic use. Since then, their population has increased and has been protected. Pinnipeds that breed on Heard include southern elephant seals, Kerguelen and subtropical fur seals. Leopard seals visit rookeries regularly in winter, but they do not breed in the archipelago. Crabeaters, Ross and Weddell seals are just casual visitors
Birds
Heard and McDonald have no predators and provide a favorable habitat and breeding ground in the middle of the vast Southern Ocean for a variety of birds. The surrounding waters provide food for the birds. The islands have been identified by the BirdLife International as an important area for birds as they contain a very large number of seabird nesting sites.
Black-browed albatross
Nineteen bird species have been recorded as breeding on Heard and McDonald Islands, although volcanic activity at McDonald over the past decade has likely resulted in declining vegetation cover and fewer bird nesting sites
Processing of captured elephant seals at Heard Island - 19th century
Heard Island was discovered by American captain and sealer John Hurd on November 25, 1853, when his ship, the Oriental, was sailing from Boston to Melbourne. Shortly after the discovery of Heard, on January 4, 1854, the captain of the Samarang, William McDonald, discovered the island named after him.
After that, for more than 20 years, the islands were regularly visited by hunting expeditions, and a small settlement of hunters emerged (up to 200 people). However, by 1880 most of the seal population had been wiped out and the hunters had left the island. After that, until the expedition of Douglas Mawson in 1929, practically no one showed any economic or scientific interest in the archipelago. People landed on MacDonald only twice in history - in 1971 and 1980. On the neighboring islet of Flat Island, no official landings have been recorded.
The archipelago has belonged to Great Britain since 1910, when the flag of this country was raised on Heard. On December 26, 1947, the islands were taken over by Australia and became part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, but after Australia signed the Antarctic Convention in 1961, they formed a separate outer territory. There is no permanent population, but the islands are visited by tourists (without disembarking) and scientific expeditions (to Heard Island).
Heard and McDonald Islands were declared a National Heritage of Australia in 1983, and in 1997 were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Although the islands are not inhabited, they have been assigned their own domain.
Macquarie Island
Macquarie is an island in the South Pacific Ocean (about 1,500 km southeast of Tasmania).
The area of the above-water part of the oceanic volcanic ridge of the same name is about 128 km², and the height is up to 420 meters above sea level. The southernmost point of Australia is located on the island.
Near Macquarie there is a small archipelago - the Bishop and Clark Islands.
indian jumping macquarie parrot
The climate on the island is humid subantarctic with strong winds. Average monthly temperatures range from +3.4 ° C to +7.1 ° C (average annual + 4.9 ° C). Rainfall - 912 mm per year, mainly in the form of drizzle and throughout the year
Macquarie penguin colony on the island
Vegetable world represented only by herbaceous vegetation, mainly sedges and tussa. The Macquarie cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris, family araliaceae), endemic to the subantarctic islands, is rarely found.
Spectacled penguin
On the northern tip of the island are elephant seals rookeries. On the coast of the colony of penguins - royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus), donkey (Spheniscus demersus), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and the endemic Macquarie penguin. There are whales in the waters around the island. In coastal waters there are thickets of large brown algae (Lessonia spp.).
The island is also inhabited by birds. Until 1890, the endemic jumping Macquarie parrot lived on the island, which disappeared after the introduction of cats to the island. Albatrosses are also common.
Gentoo Penguin
As a result of the influence on human nature, rabbits and cats were settled on the island. If in 2002 the cats were declared destroyed, then the rabbit population is estimated at about 100 thousand individuals.
It is not known for certain when cats fell on a 30-kilometer strip of land, previously inhabited only by birds, penguins and seals nesting in rocks and on the ground. Scientists believe that this happened in 1810-1820, so these cats, in principle, could have come from St. Petersburg. However, it is very well known that very soon cats and cats went wild and began to walk on their own, without looking back at the person who brought them here, turning into predators that the king of nature himself would not want to meet.
After half a century or more, rabbits appeared on the island.
The time of their arrival is known for sure - 1878, and they were brought there by the same hunters, for which one of the few islands in these southern latitudes remained a reliable base throughout the 19th century. Unlike cats, whose numbers on the island stabilized at around a thousand heads, rabbits, sad for Australians and happily for breeders, famous for their speed of reproduction, continued to breed without stopping. Their number doubled approximately every 5-6 years, and by 1960 reached 100 thousand.
"It Was" and "It Was" at Finch Creek, Macquarie Island. A 2001 photograph captures the mighty vegetation on the slopes of the falls, which was completely eaten by rabbits by 2007. Tall green plants have been replaced by short grass, which is less attractive to rabbits. // Kate Kiefer / Australian Antarctic Division
Ecologists sounded the alarm, and their forecasts for the island were very gloomy - the destruction of most plant species within a decade, followed by a sharp decline in the species diversity of birds living here, and then - in the number of rabbits themselves. Since Macquarie Island is one of the few royal (Patagonian) penguin nests in this part of the world, such a prospect could not but be alarming.
In the fight against rabbits, ecologists have forgotten about cats.
And these animals still wanted to eat, and with the fall in the number of eared cats, they switched to feathered ones. The number of birds began to plummet.
In 1995, a program for the annual killing of cats was launched, and by the beginning of the 21st century, the animals were completely exterminated. Then it seemed that this time all the previous mistakes were taken into account, and in order to prevent an explosive increase in the number of rabbits, the spread of fleas, which had practically stopped in 1988, resumed.
However, something in the ecologists' calculations was wrong. Either the rabbits somehow adapted to myxomatosis, or the fleas became the wrong ones in 20 years, or they had to be brought to the island more often - this remains to be seen. But the disease could not prevent the growth of the rabbit population. From 2000, when the last cat was killed, until 2007, when the data set analyzed by Bergstrom and her colleagues ends, the number of rabbits has increased from the same 15 thousand where it left off in 1988, to 70 thousand for the most conservative and 150 thousand for not. the most conservative calculations.
The Schlegel Penguin (lat.Eudyptes schlegeli) is a species of crested penguins, endemic to Macquarie Island
F. F. Bellingshausen
Discovered in 1810 by the captain of the schooner Frederick Hasselborough. In 1820 the island was visited by the famous expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen. The island is named after the famous governor general of the British colony (at the time) New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie.
Declared a nature reserve in 1978 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Brown algae
On December 23, 2004, an earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale struck north of the island. Three days later, the famous 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake struck.
Ningaloo Coast
Territory in the remote west coast Australia, includes 604 thousand 500 hectares coastal zone and waters with the longest coastal reef in the world. Its terrestrial part is remarkable for its extensive karst system, a network underground caves and water tunnels. Rich in underground water basins and channels, it forms a habitat for rare species that create exceptional marine and terrestrial biodiversity.
Every year, schools of whale sharks gather to the coast of Ningaloo, among other local inhabitants, they are found in abundance sea turtles... In the terrestrial part of the reserve there are various underground formations - an extensive network of caves, passages and channels. The reserve is home to various rare species that create an exceptionally rich biodiversity of the marine and terrestrial world.
The Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia, and the Ningaloo Reef located here are the last Australian sites to be designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.
Ningaloo Reef is located approximately 1200 kilometers north of the city of Perth. The reef is about 260 kilometers long, making it the largest coral reef in Australia and the only major reef located close to land. The total area of the reef is about 604,500 hectares. In 1987, the reef area was incorporated into the Ningaloo Marine Park.
In the underground water area of the coast, there are a large number of underwater caves, as well as underground streams.
Coral Reef Ningaloo stretches along the western coast of Australia for 260 kilometers. It is the second largest Australian reef after the Great Barrier Reef, however, Ningaloo is nowhere near as widely known as its “big brother”.
At the same time, the beauty and diversity of the underwater world on the Ningaloo Reef is in no way inferior to the wealth of the Great Barrier Reef: 500 species of fish, 300 species of coral, 600 species of molluscs live here. From March to June, the waters around the reef become a "pasture" for whale sharks, and the coast of the reef has long been chosen by vulture and green turtles. Dolphins, dugongs, stingrays and humpback whales also live here.
The lack of popularity of the Ningaloo Reef is due to the fact that there is a serious discussion in Australia about whether to develop tourist infrastructure next to the reef, because attracting a large number of tourists is potentially dangerous for its unique ecosystem.
But here in 2006, sea creatures were discovered that were not known to science before. As a result, in 2010 Ningaloo Reef was nominated for the status “ World heritage", And the tourist infrastructure continues to develop gradually, providing everything more people the opportunity to touch unique world the most beautiful coral reef on Earth. The best base for the exploration of Ningaloo is the city of Exmouth.
AUSTRALIA
general information
Australia, the smallest of the continents of the Earth, stands out for its exceptional uniqueness of its nature. This is a continent of relics, ancient natural sites and a unique animal world. The country's relief has preserved surfaces that have not changed since the Tertiary period, which is associated with the features of relief formation inherent only in this continent - since the separation from the ancestral land of Pangea, the Australian plate drifted southward practically without being exposed to any tectonic cataclysms. The nature of the ancient motherland also remained almost unchanged in conditions of long-term isolation from other continents and the absence of competition from the "new" species of plants and animals, since Australia is separated from other continents by vast oceanic spaces.
Australian facilities (for verification work)
1. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef on Earth... It is also the largest organic formation on Earth, 2,000 kilometers long. The reef is located in the Coral Sea off the coast of Queensland. In fact, it is a continuous series of reefs, separated from the mainland by a shallow lagoon.
The coral reef ridge is just under 2,500 km long and would easily fit British islands... Coral reefs are the only natural wonder that can be seen from space.
2. Ayers Rock or Uluru- the world's largest sandstone monolith, up to 348 m high, 3.6 km long, 2.9 km wide. It is located in the Kata Tjuta National Park. Uluru is a famous tourist attraction: the monolith changes color depending on the lighting during the day, and is also of great importance for the culture of the aborigines - this sacred mountain carrying a source of energy; many ancient drawings and stone carvings have been preserved in the Uluru caves.
Unique mountain giant Uluru consists of red sandstone, the completely unique properties of which allow it to change color depending on the light during the day! At dawn, the black silhouette of the mountain brightens, acquiring a dark purple hue. The sun rises higher and higher, and Uluru flashes purple-red, then illuminates pink, and by noon becomes completely golden. The fantastic play of colors continues throughout the day. By evening, this almost magical mountain turns into a huge dark silhouette against the backdrop of the desert.
3. Snowy mountains, located in the southwestern part of New South Wales, is the highest part of Australia's Great Dividing Range. Kotsyushko National Park (the highest point in Australia, Kostsyushko 2228 m) covers their main part. It is the largest national park in New South Wales, with an area of 6,900 square kilometers, and stretching from the border with Victoria to the coast. Here are the main ski resorts of the country, alpine valleys, caves, glaciers and alpine forests. Although the region is now developing as a destination for winter sports, the Park is nonetheless popular with hikers and hikers in the summer.
4. The horizontal waterfalls of Talbot Bay are rightfully considered natural phenomenon
, although they are called waterfalls only because it is more accurate to describe it unique phenomenon hardly possible.
In fact, they are formed by the movement of water between the Poulton Creek freshwater reservoir and Talbot Cove along two gorges. mountain range McLarty during high tides. The gorges are located in parallel mountain ranges at a distance of about 300 meters. When the water level rises, a rather high pressure arises, and the water rushes from one gorge to another with great speed. At low tide, the waterfall turns in the opposite direction - the water under its own weight, although at a lower speed, rushes back into the ocean. At these moments, temporary vertical waterfalls up to 5 meters high are observed.
The gorge, which is located closer to the sea, is about 20 meters wide. The second is twice narrower, here the pressure and speed of the water is higher, therefore the waterfall is more "spectacular". The tides, the height of which reaches 10 meters here, alternate with ebb tides every 6.5 hours, and like this, several times a day, the waterfalls change their direction - either they tend to the sea, or they "run away" from it. When the speed of the water decreases, you can even go boating in the gorges (some extreme sportsmen even decide to wakeboard) and admire the majestic landscape, which in a matter of minutes can turn into a bubbling foam cauldron.
5. The name Nallabor translates as “no trees”. But there are not only trees - there is nothing at all in this plain in Australia.
There are no settlements, no water, even there is only one road. Nallabor is not even a desert - there is no sand in it either. This is the largest limestone outcrop on the planet, with an area of 200,000 km². At its widest point, the length of the desert is more than 1100 kilometers.
Yes, oddly enough, animals are still found in Nallarbor - kangaroos, bulls, rabbits. They feed on the leaves of very small shrubs that cover the plain in some places. Long fences have been built along the highway from animals in some areas, but to protect it all is an impossible task.
6. Jack Hills is a little younger than the planet
This mountain range in Australia seems to be of little interest. But it was worth analyzing the composition of the rock, and the data turned out to be very unusual.
The low Jack Hills mountain range is only 80 kilometers long. The mountains are composed mainly of sandstone and quartz, so their color is bright red. Jack Hills lies in the arid west of the continent, and it is not rivers that run up from the peaks - only dry channels.
For geologists, however, this massif is of interest. Since 2005, samples of local breeds have given interesting results. Here, zircon crystals were discovered, whose age - 4.4-4.5 billion years - amazed geologists. Local zircon is 750 million years older than any other substance on the planet. If this data is correct, it changes geologists' perception of the age of continents. It turns out that they formed much faster than previously thought, and the Earth became solid almost immediately after it formed. An incredible number of generations of the surrounding rock have survived these crystals.
7. Rainforest of Tasmania - 70% of the territory is pristine forest
Tasmania lies off the southeastern coast of Australia and is separated from the continent by the Bass Strait. The brightest fragments of a colossal ancient rainforest are found in Tasmania, more than a quarter of which remains untouched.
8. Fraser Island is considered the world's largest sandy island. The island is part of the Great Barrier Reef and is located off the eastern coast of the Australian continent. The island, as it were, fits the coast, thanks to this shape, it stretches 120 kilometers in length and more than 10 kilometers in width. In some places its width even reaches 23 kilometers, which is surprising, since the island consists exclusively of sand dunes, reclaimed here for 400 thousand years since the formation of the island. Another unique feature is the presence of about 4 dozen fairly large fresh natural lakes here.
9. Lake Hillier is an pink lake on Middle Island, the largest of the islands that make up the Retcherch Archipelago in Western Australia. The lake has an interesting deep pink chewing gum color.
It is believed that the color may have been the result of a paint created by the organisms Dunaliella and Halobacteria that inhabit salt water. Another hypothesis is that the pink color is due to red halophilic bacteria. The fact that this is not optical illusion and not light refraction can be proved by simply drawing water from Lake Hillier into a container - the pink color will be seen quite clearly.
10. Towers Desert in Nambung National Park Located off the coast of southwestern Australia, thousands of limestone pillars rise from the shifting yellow sands. In some places, they reach three and a half meters in height. Some are jagged with a sharp edge all the way to the top, while others resemble tombstones. This is the Towers Desert, part of Nambung National Park about 200 kilometers north of Perth. These amazing natural limestone structures were formed approximately 25,000 to 30,000 years ago after the sea retreated and left seashell colonies. Over time, coastal winds have removed the surrounding sand, leaving the pillars and towers as they are.
11. Eyre- a drying lake in South Australia... Located in the center of the vast pool of the same name. Occasionally it fills up to 9 m below the sea level. Moreover, its area is 9500 sq. km., making it the largest lake in Australia. When dry, the lowest point of the lake bottom is at an altitude of -15 m, which is the lowest point of the country
12. Murray- largest river in Australia, forming, together with its longest tributary, the Darling, the country's largest river system with an area of more than 1,000,000 km² (about 12% of the entire continent).
(WE ALSO LEARN AUSTRALIA'S NOMENECTATURE IN ATLAS TO A CHECK-TESTING!)
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