Railway. Uzpocole railway

23.09.2019

Already at this Sunday, October 28, Moscow railway will go to winter schedule. From the graph, they will traditionally be removed "Country" on weekends, some trains will be reduced by routes, and others will become even more often. Total changes will touch six out of ten regional suburban areas.

Infographics "RG" / Leonid Kuleshov / Svetlana Batova

The second season in a row will not change anything in Yaroslavl, Gorky and Kursk directions. The reason is common - movement and passenger traffic there are very dense at any time of the year. For example, on Yaroslavl direction Passengers are always so much that at the time of the peak of the train is suitable almost as in the subway - every four minutes. It is clear that in such a situation is not before the changes.

In the rest of the directions, changes will mainly touch the trains running on weekends or especially long distances. For example, a schedule to Yaganovo will change on the Paveletsky direction, in Kiev to Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga, in Kazan - to Ryazan and Golutvina. On the Savelian direction, the press service of the central suburban passenger company reports, cancel several trains to the Big Volga, in Riga - shocked the train, which went to Volokolamsk.

All changes are already loaded into mobile applications - They can be seen by choosing a date, starting from October 28. By Sundays should be updated and schedules on shields at stations.

Also, some changes are possible in December, when new schedules on European railways come into force. Basically they can touch Belarusian directionSince it is from him the train go to Poland, Czech Republic, Austria.

From December 9, as clarified in the Moscow-Tver suburban passenger company, the schedule will change and on the Leningrad direction, which refers to the October railway (the remaining directions are subject to the Moscow railway).

At the branch of the Belarusian direction to Usov from October 25, the schedule will also significantly change. But this is not connected with seasonality, but with the fact that expressions are launched here. During their account, electric trains will walk one and a half times more often. All flights will be performed by train "Ivolgi". They have a pass-through pass through the entire train, wide seats, climate control, no tambours, toilets are installed, bike mounts, there are outlets for charging gadgets and much more.

According to RG in the press service of the Moscow Railway, the number of flights on weekdays will increase from 22 to 32, and at the weekend - from 24 to 36. Express will go to approximately 8-10 minutes faster. He will do three stops between the station and Usovo: Filse, Kuntsevo-1, where you can transfer to the subway, and Barvikha. Normal suburban trains Make seven stops.

A new schedule has been developed. The cost of travel and in express, and in ordinary trains will not change.

Railway - progress symbol, power index, an example of success. The country lived inspired by the achievements of railway workers. The boys distinguished steam locomotives on the beep, the intelligentsia knew the TTH of different models, the young ladies would be flirted with the machinists. The newspapers of the Russian and Soviet empire were proud of the life of the depot every day, the main news of the country were carriage on the railway, the locomotive brigades were first to fall into the lists of the awarded, over the years, becoming transit of capitalist, and then socialist production.

Railway carried progress, civilization, culture in Russia. The station became an urban attraction, the node station turned into a center of regional significance, the firewalls in the steppe was released. Life boiled around the railway. And for the three centuries of the Russian railway, we did not make it synonym for no progress, nor civilization, nor culture. Throughout the country, the railway means dirt, backyard, promsion. Station - Synonym for curses. The railway is always somewhere in inconvenience, it is not to get to it, but the trip means different degree of damage. Decent people fly by airplanes, drive on cars, go on yacht, and everyone else is shaking in the train, flashes in a placentar, shine in a compartment.

The railway is always on the sever. Without it, neither the economy nor own affairs is impossible, but it is difficult for her and almost always unpleasant. The transition from the train to the bus, a personal car, subway or a plane means getting rid of the painful and uncomfortable in favor of comfortable and unprofitable. In Russia, a person daily retreating to work on the train is a loser. In Europe, Japan, China is a successful resident of the suburbs with its own land tenure and cottage, rapidly staying in an expensive office to make big money. We have this in most cases by Nishchebrud, who failed to cling to the city life, giving the last pennies for a ticket with a cruel price tag, dreaming of cheating the controller.

Train in America is a trip. Train in Europe - tourist walk. Train in Russia - test.

In Geneva, Paris, Frankfurt, Tokyo Electrics integrated into urban life. She rides the street among beautiful cars and rich shop windows. Step from the platform into the car means not the loss of status and the entrance to the garbage, and the optimal route and soft chair. The European electric train is convenient along with the subway, always at hand, it works great and does not humiliate human dignity. Our electric train means a battle, cold, longing. Only Aeroexpress and Sapsan, made in other people's countries, somehow shade the country's picture.

We three centuries exploded the rocks, arched the nature, dried the swamps, the steps were drowned, they killed people and with the battle were paved every kilometer of the canvas. Our railway is the places of battles. Station - Fortress. Memors - Dotes. Railway infrastructure - frontal. There is no war, but "everything is for the front, everything for victory" remains forever. Railway is merciless to personnel, customers and passengers.

But such integration of the railway to our life is not a unique feature of this type of transport. So in Russia is accepted in respect of everything that the state addresses the population. , Machinery, refueling, service, education, health care, construction, etc., created by similar patterns of war, inevitable victims, mandatory feathers and unbearable results. The only difference is that the railway is always alien and taking advantage of it, become a hostage. Own car, your home, a personal doctor, familiar manager and a friend in the prosecutor's office soften the sharpness and allow you to survive contrary to.

To overcome large distances, we resort to transport far follow: These are aircraft, and trains, and water ships. The aircraft will always save our time sea travel The romantic mood will be launched, but we are residents of the post-Soviet state who remember times when a train ticket was the only way to leave native cityWhen we stayed for several days without a connection with the world around, resting on the shelf under the peaceful knock of the wheels ...

As the People's Composer of the USSR, George Sviridov, said: "... I ran after the fence of the train, cheerfully saddled, the wheels joined the wheels. I like the noise of the train, his beep. What is Russia without railways?! The great space of Russia is unthinkable without them - the main arteries of life in big country" Until now, railway transport is in great demand among our fellow citizens.

This once most popular (and safest) method of moving around the country would be impossible without the development and construction of railways, which will be discussed in this article.

Disclosure of the concept of "Railway"

Railway - This is an artificial building from a complex complex of elements that form a road with a rail tracking rifle. This complex can be divided into the upper structure of the path and the lower structure of the path, should also determine the types of railways.

Top building path

The main components from which the rail track consists are rails, sleepers, bonding elements, as well as a substrate base or layers of ballast - mound under rails, usually consisting of rubble and gravel, less often from sand. The substrate can be monolithic, slab, block and frame, made from reinforced concrete.

Part of the path are also shooting transfers, travel signs, strengthening and drainage devices, but they cannot be counted to the upper structure of the path.

Lower building path

The lower structure of the path includes a specially prepared earthenware and structures of artificial nature (overpass, bridges, pipes, etc.)

Types of railway tracks

There are 3 main types of paths:

Main (connect the stations)
Station (paths used within the station for receiving / sending rolling stock, sorting, loading or unloading, and so on)
Ways of special purpose (access roads of industrial purpose, safety and catching deadlocks)

The history of the emergence and development of the railway in Russia

Railway progenitor

Also in Ancient Greece People understood that dragging or transporting heavy loads on bare earth is not the easiest and reasonable lesson, because large (and, moreover, uneven) the surface of the Earth contributes to excessive friction with a moved cargo. It was decided to reduce the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with the cargo using a lubricated with fat wooden stones, which were installed in diolki - paved road stripes.

Later, the same principle was applied in the 16th century for the movement of mining trolleys used by the rails of that time were wooden bars. Wheels have already been equipped with waistings that did not allow the departure of trolleys from the colleague path. Soon this technology began to use for ground paths, mainly to transport coal from mines to settlement. By such a road, the horse could carry 4 times the cargo in weight than usual.

Application of metal in the manufacture of rails

As it turned out, wooden bars quickly came into disrepair, trolleys and wagons went with the rail, and even the supports of the bars with metal stripes were only short-term measure. Due to the high cost of iron, the rails decided to make from cast iron. One of the first cast iron roads was built in Petrozavodsk for the needs of the Alexandrovsky plant. And the rails, and the wheels were the other form, rather than now, but in such a way to carry out the movement was 12 times easier.

In 1804, a steam locomotive was invented in the UK, which began to quickly gain popularity around the world as a more high-speed and convenient type of transport, which allows transportation of goods without using horses. But the locomotive was too high, and at speeds exceeding 50 km / h, the dynamic load on the rails was intensified. Therefore, to ensure the work of the rails on the bend, they began to be carried out in the form turned on the side of the letter "H" (the form of the bolt beam). Also, in order to avoid clogging with a flat contact surface of rails (and, as a result, greater rolling resistance), it was decided to manufacture convex rails, and the cast iron was soon replaced with steel for greater strength. Steel rails, as soon, it became generally accepted, additionally strengthened thermally.

The first full-fledged railways in Russia

In the period from April 1836 to October 1837, the first railway of public use, connecting St. Petersburg with Tsarist Selo. (now the city of Pushkin). For work, the first in Russia, the Joint-Stock Company "Tsarskoil Railway", was organized. The Board of the Company consisted of four people: the St. Petersburg banker of Stiglitz, Count Vorontsov, Count Gurieva and Prince Menshikov. The joint stock company was not taxed by taxes and statements, the construction was carried out on the rights of the state, it had the opportunity to decide how much to produce shares and at what price, as well as to establish a fee for travel and baggage. In turn, the organization pledged to follow the quality of the installation of paths, the maintenance of the road and ensuring the effective and transparent work of the Board. Subsequently, the state ordered the construction of railway tracks to such joint-stock companies, and the roads built for the treasury account trusted it to the Office (the rights to operate roads could be removed if the JSC did not follow the paths, or there were large delays with their construction).

Almost all the Tsarskoye road ran through artificial embankment, all the main elements were present: two-headed rails, sleepers, bonded, ballast from a cobblestone layer and a layer of rubble, bridges - the presence of the upper and lower structure of the path is observed. The width of the rut at that time was 1829 mm.

The road between St. Petersburg and Moscow (651 km) was built in the period from 1842 to 1851, it was first used wide-armted rails for greater stability, as well as a rut width standard (1524 mm), which lasted in the country until the end of the 1960s.

The length of the Russian railway network for 1913 amounted to about 72 thousand kilometers. But the unevenness of their placement ( most of Running in the western part of the country), used during laying of rails of light types, unsightly sleepers and sand ballast demanded the improvement of the upper structure of the path. Until 1941, a ballast of rubble was introduced, the existing roads were strengthened, and new lines were laid. Since 1924, the USSR began to operate diesel locomotives instead of slow and uneconomic locomotives.

Military situation and post-war construction

In the period of the Great Patriotic War Railway tracks were used to transfer troops and delivering to the front to the front. During the fighting, many rail lines were corrupted. In wartime, it was mainly built, only a narrow-skinned railway - the consumption of materials was less (which was allowed to save on the construction site), and there was no need to build roads for the transport of heavy and large cargo. Uzpocole pathways were used to deliver weapons for small distances, they also laid them inside the fortification facilities for transporting large-sized ammunition. We will talk about narrow-blooded roads in more detail towards the end of the article.

In the first post-war five-year plan, the purpose of which was the restoration of the country after the war, 85,000 km of the main routes were reconstructed, work was carried out on the overall strengthening of Soviet railways. Soon there were rails like P65 (weighted), a shameless laying of rails and reinforced concrete sleepers.

By our time, the railway remains an efficient and popular way of transporting and movement, so it is constantly improved, seeking to achieve the golden section of the economy of materials and their strength, reliability and durability. So, the rails of types P65, P75 were introduced, hardened and alloyed rails were used, the sleepers were first impregnated with a creosote (painful oil oil liquid obtained from tar and used to prevent the rotting of wooden sleepers), and, subsequently, the antiseptic (which increases the durability of the sleeve in 2-3 times), reinforced concrete sleepers appeared. The width of the rut from the beginning of the 1970s began to be 1520 mm, which remains in Russia until now.

List of railways of Russia

In Russia, one of the most extended railway networks today has 17 major branches:

East Siberian Railway
Gorky railway
Far Eastern Railway
Transbaikal railway
West Siberian Railway
Kaliningrad Railway
Krasnoyarsk Railway
Kuibyshev Railway
Moscow Railway
Volga railway
Sakhalin Railway
Sverdlovsk Railway
Northern Railway
North Caucasian Railway
Southeastern railway
South-Ural Railway

Construction and service of railways in our time

Most railway lines belong to the state. The roads of the state company, known to any Russian, open joint-stock company "Russian Railways", or Russian Railways, Open Joint-Stock Company "Russian Railways". And if earlier the company that uses ways for commercial purposes was to first build them, and after serving, now such private and government organizations only exploit the railways and receive profits due to transportation. Of course, their duty includes tracking of the state of the maintenance of roads, but the examination and maintenance, the laying of new paths and the repair of the old ones they order by other companies specializing in these services.

Now there are many companies that perform design, construction, professional expertise railway tracks for damage and flaws, as well as subsequent repair service if necessary. They must have appropriate tolerances for the implementation of their activities, high-class professionals in the state and access to the necessary resources - then with such a railway construction company you can cooperate for a long time and productively. The organizations that meet all the above requirements can build and led new areas of roads, including the structures of JSC Russian Railways, and, in addition, lay rail (including narrow-chain) and crane paths in the territories of private industrial facilities.

Uzpocole railway

A narrow-salt railway is considered to be the road with a width of a track of a lesser than the standard, adopted in the country (varies, usually, from 600 to 1200 mm). Roads with a width of a gauge are less than 600 mm are called microcoles, and a 50 mm width of a 500 mm is called a decavilek (decavilka).

Uzpocole roads are cheaper in the laying and maintenance, tunnels for them can be made narrower, when building bridges, you can use lightweight materials - a rolling stock, which goes on a narrow scene itself, so easier. The disadvantages of narrow-chain railways are:

smaller weight of transported goods;
smaller stability of rolling stock;
less permissible movement speed.

Therefore, narrow-sole roads do not form a single network either in Russia or in any other country (for very rare exceptions). Many built-up narrow-skinned roads were subsequently altered on a standard rut due to the inefficiency of their use.

Why then do narrow-chain railways exist? In addition to explicit savings in the laying of this type of paths, narrow-headed roads are built in small territories (islands, small regions, commercial and industrial enterprises), that is, where it is impractical to build a road with a standard rut width. In some countries, it is still used a narrow-skinned road for the movement of trains (cars of such electric trains are similar to buses), a narrow-salt road can meet at train stations - it serves as the road of the serving transport. But on the public paths, the narrow sole railway is no longer applied.

Also, the narrow-chain road is the main way of children's railways.

Toy railway

Few familiar with the term "Children's Railway". Most of these words will present a large-scale model of the railway with rolling stock in size, say, 1:18. Others will think about the children's attraction. No one will be right of them, because the children's railway is an educational institution, which allows to prepare children aged 8 to 15 years to future work in the railway area (training is carried out practically to all railway specialties). Rules adopted for DZH, and equipment used when laying the paths on the children's road and the design of rolling stocks are as close as possible to those on public railways. The only differences from ordinary roads - narrow-sole paths are used for DZ, and transport destination Children's roads do not have (although in the compositions there are cars capable of transporting and even carrying passengers, but only within the training zone). The training areas are isolated from the common railway network, usually have an annular structure, the length varies from 1 to 11 km. The width of the king of children's roads is 750 mm (after all, this was the state. Standard for narrow-skinned roads in the USSR), the exception in Russia is only the Krasnoyarsk Railway (initially the river was only 305 mm styre, it is subsequently altered by 508 mm).

The rolling stock used in children's railways has always been identical to the compositions intended for ordinary narrow-rescue roads: the locomotives were first operated, and from the 1960s and diesel locomotives. Electrifying children's railways did not bear the great danger of electrical systems for children.

History of children's railways

The first children's railway was built by Moscow Komsomol members in 1932, then it was not yet intended for educational purposes. Unlike her followers, it was electrified. It was closed by the beginning of the 1940s.

In 1935, the initiative of Georgian schoolchildren in Tbilisi (at that time Tiflis) was opened the first educational children's road. After the approach of the construction participants in the Pioneer Pravda newspaper, with a call to continue construction in other cities, the idea of \u200b\u200bDZH received support for the People's Commissar of Caganovich and Academician Examples - soon children's roads began to be built in almost all the capitals of the USSR republics. A little time later, Kholnoyarsk's children's railway was opened, and by the mid-1980s, more than 50 children's roads worked. The most long children's expensive is the road to the city of free - its length is 11.6 km. Almost all DZ were in the department of the Ministry of the Communications.

Children's railways contributed to the training of railway specialists at that time when the country had an acute shortage of qualified personnel.
According to the example of the USSR, other socialist countries also began to build children's railways, but the active state support of DZH received only in our country, so the children's roads of the current European existed not more than 15 years and were abandoned. In Russia, on the contrary, children's railways were not only not closed, but also 3 new in the period from 2004 were launched. In particular, in July 2011, a southern track of a small October railway was opened, called the Small Tsarskoye railway.

In 2010, for the first time, locomotive was designed specifically for children's railways - model TU10 (diesel locomotive narrow-chain, type 10i), differently - hummingbirds. In October 2015, the 30th revision of the TU10 diesel locomotive arrived for operation at the small October railway.

Alexander Mashchenko, founder of the project Zernovoz.in.ua
Source photo: site

Railway logistics is often referred to as the "narrow neck" transportation of agricultural products. This is primarily due to the lack of rolling stock, the insufficient travel development of key stations, a deficit of traction. But where is the line between these factors? Due to the fact that the railway does not allow to transport all the harvest in the scheduled time, the first thing that comes to mind is to increase the car park, although today it is already clear that without increasing the thrust it will not change this situation, and the increase in thrust is probably the same without reconstructions At key stations.

New schemes

Began to appear appear to let the private owner in ensuring traffic on the railway. Here, no matter how I wanted to dilute the state monopoly, I do not think that this is possible. After all, it is not only that there is no political will to enable private owners to provide craving. It is simply there are no regulatory mechanisms at all levels that would allow synchronize the work of state enterprise and private traction. It is not yet possible to ensure the freedom of action to a private person, which is not integrated into Ukrzaliznyia.

The only possible mechanism is the purchase of diesel locomotives / electric locomotives and the transfer of them to the leasing to the state. But concrete action plans are not worked under it. "Ukrzaliznytsia" on the example of leases with rolling stock offered a rather crude scheme, which, firstly, does not show the normal payback of investments, secondly, until he answers questions on the guarantees of transportation.

UZ calls: Invest in the development of infrastructure, and it will work for you! But as it will be provided and where the investor's guarantees are agreed - it is not clear. Now Ukrzaliznytsya makes the first steps towards resolving the issue with cars. Probably, if this question was solved, it would have been required for many more years or two in order to adapt the same program for traction.

There is a program that allows a private investor to buy a car and transfer it to the leasing "Ukrzaliznice" to provide priority freight in their directions. But there are no examples of using this program in practice. The owner receives leasing payments plus - the wagon in priority drives along your routes. But it is not known how this can all be embodied organizationally. Since now the provision of movement on Ukrzaliznice does not take into account the priorities of investors.

Connect the impossible

In order to drastically change the situation, we need colossal investment. If we say that today the investment in the construction of a grain model, which is $ 40-45 thousand, does not give payback during the foreseeable period (it often goes beyond 10 years), and investments in the diesel locomotive and travel development of stations are still added to this Which you work, then, most likely, it will not be met in any business framework.

Often an investor who works in the APC is a specialist in the agricultural industry, but it is often necessary that this will be a specialist operator of the rolling stock of railway cars. Now in large holding units who own cars are born, but by and large it is completely different businesses. Production of agricultural products, trading of this product and operating railway cars - this is absolutely different specificity, requiring its specialists, competencies, templates. In fact, it is just integration albeit even adjacent, but completely different business.

Yes, in all capitalist countries there is consolidation of the business and what is well funded, submaps related industries. But in the case of the agrossor and railway logistics it is not. There is no healthy balance. The normal stable structure of any profile business is experts who know their job well. The industry that they know worse, they are outsourced and give to other profile specialists.

For example, the company There are no own cars, only rented. "Kernel" did not want to take over the non-core business, and is ready to pay for normal services. It was a completely healthy company approach in the market that wanted to do what she can do well. They went on a reasonable path, but the market prices are constantly taken away, and this can lead to the opposite result. If the market forces even such major players as "Kernel", buy their cars - this is not a completely healthy order of things.

Wrestling monopolies

Investments of the agrarian industry in the rolling stock - a medal with two sides. On the one hand, investments in infrastructure, but on the other, it is an arrival, I would say, alien culture on the railway, which has no traditions and sufficient luggage of knowledge in the management of rolling stock and handle. In any case, if large investors from the AIC will appear, they will receive a share of influence on the operations that will occur on the railway, and it is not a fact that this influence will be beneficial. Most likely, it will be simply the protectionism of its interests to the detriment of the balanced harmonious work of the same rolling stock and thrust.

If we had a consumer at fair prices, I could order a carriage service, most likely, such a model would be more healthy. But now the struggle of one monopoly against large businesses, which are trying to move this monopoly. In any case, in this struggle a small consumer in almost any development of events will not get anything. If large APK players will invest in infrastructure development, they will receive such an influence that will push small players even further from the consumption of these services. If there is no pressure and there will be sufficient protection of the state monopolist, then most likely we will not get enough effectiveness.

The fate of the market in the near future

Ukraine is at the threshold of its export potential. Now in Ukrzaliznice, the new management team and I want to believe that they will be able to improve efficiency at least 10-15%. After all, organizational moments can also be improved.

In addition, the liquid infrastructure is that now in Ukraine is available and will develop. A severe infrastructure will catch up with liquid if the reserves are terminated there. The liquid infrastructure includes, first of all, motor vehicles. Of course, the number of investments, the growth of rolling stock and freight traffic will affect vehicles. We are seeing a positive trend on improving the construction and repair of roads in Ukraine. You can discuss the quality of this repair, but nevertheless we understand that the cost of the infrastructure part of the roads in the state is definitely there, therefore, first of all, the growth of cargo traffic will be on the vehicle.

Influence of tariffs

Tariffs "Ukrzaliznytsi" for transportation affect a lot. For example, the expediency of motor transportation freight. Now the tariffs are constantly growing, they are also affected by private investments in the rolling stock. Any new built car is the accumulation of potential to increase rates for transportation.

Road haulage is uniquely expensive logistics. They cannot be compared with rail. But besides the nominal price of logistics, there are still concepts of liquidity and accessibility. Logistics is part of the grain trading within the country. It allows you to get best price.If you are able to deliver the goods as soon as possible. Cars, being more expensive logistics, have a higher liquidity and allow you to get more benefits when trading than in deliveries with the terms of the railway.

Fuel prices are growing slower than railway transportation tariffs. Therefore, while the attractiveness of vehicles grows. Calculation shows that it is an economically adequate limit for 200-300 km, which provides motor transport, but in fact we see grainzes that go to 450-550 km in Ukraine. Since this situation is repeated from year to year, it means that it brings profit, and not losses.

Railway - Located on the terrain railway, intended for the movement of the rolling stock. Name Railway in Rus. The language appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. As letters, translation from French - Chemin De Fer; The words "Zheleznyarka", "Iron", "Cut-iron" were also tolded. In modern understanding, the railway is a comprehensive enterprise, which has all technical means serviced by experts serving these funds and organize transportation of passengers and goods.
For the purpose, the main roads are distinguished by railways and industrial transport, as well as urban - metropolitan and tram. The main railways are the largest adm. Terr. unit railway transport common use. By the number of ways, railways are divided into one-, two- and multi-parties. As a rule, the construction of railways is first followed by one main path, and after the start of operation and mastering the road, in cases of economic need they laid the second paths. On promising directions, the construction of an earth cannon under the railway road and artificial structures is immediately conducted, taking into account the construction of second ways and expansion of the territory railway stations. During the construction of railways, travel tracks using rigging flow lines and other earthmoving and travel machines. One of the main characteristics of the rail route is the width of the rut. Most often J.-D. The network of the country is the same for all lines of a rut. But sometimes due to the historically established practice, for technical reasons or due to natural features In deposit The area can be maintained by another, different from the country adopted in the country, and a special rolling stock (for example, on Sakhalin in Russia), mountain roads (in some countries). This indicator distinguishes wide-grade and narrow-sole railways. Broadband are all the main railways of the former USSR, which have a kola of 1520 mm. In most countries Zap. Europe has been received by a collection of 1435 mm, in depth. Countries (for example, in Spain) - 1676 mm. A narrow track in different countries has a width of 762, 891, 914, 1000 mm, etc., stacked mainly on the access roads of industrial enterprises. The railway tracks are presented with certain requirements, depending on the intensity of motion, the load on the rails from the rolling stock, the terrain, the properties of the soils. To ensure uninterrupted operation of the path, its condition is constantly monitored. With raising speeds and liftingness, the growth of loads on the axis of rolling stock is used by rails of heavy types (at the fatherland. Railways mainly P65 and P75), make a ballast prism of the upper structure of the path of increased stability, placed reinforced concrete sleepers or a solid substrate base from frames and plates . To improve the interaction of rolling stock and the path reduce the number of joints, pave a shameless way.
The technical equipment of railways largely depend on the rolling stock operated on it and must meet the loads that provide locomotives in the wagons adding on the railway network as part of freight and passenger trains. For modern railways, diesel and electric traction are widely applied. Electrical railways receive electricity from traction substations through the contact network (see Electrification railways). Modern locomotives water heavy and long-maintained trains to 10 thousand tons. The cargo trains are included with cargo receipts to 125 tons. Pass, trains are formed from all-metal 4-axis cars equipped with a car trap device, pneumatic or electropneumatic brakes. Condition I. specifications Movable composition determine the speed of the train. Cf. The speed of movement of trains on the main railways (not counting expressings) is 60 km / h, on a number of high-speed plots reaches 120-160 km / h. Starting from the 60s. Along with traditional railways is mastered high-speed ground transportproviding motion with speeds up to 300-500 km / h, which is belonging to the second generation railways.
Operation of railways includes issues of the organization of movement and work on the current maintenance and repair of technical means, the use of travel machines, art contents, structures. Operational work is closely related to the formation of trains, freight transportation, organization of railway units and stations producing freight operations, as well as with the provision of pass, transportation, passenger service. Due to the high cost of the construction of railways, their construction and operation is effective only during the carriage of bulk goods measured by millions of tons per year.
The main railways of the country are one of the J.-D. The network subordinating the state. Management authorities or are the property of private firms and companies. For the convenience of operation, transportation network of the Fatherland. Railway is divided into roads having a host. Independence, whose activities coordinate the Ministry of Railways. Each of such divisions has road management, road services, linear enterprises, distances, are interconnected between themselves and perform certain types of work. One road includes a series of lines to a certain direction. Depending on the technical equipment, the volume of transportation of the railway is divided into 4 categories. The largest highways belong to the I category, have a powerful railway track with R50 and P65 rails, often shameless, with J.-B. Spas (1840-2000 pcs. per 1 km of way), ballast layer 35-40 cm from rubble with asbestos coating or using geotextile materials. Such highways are designed to appeal to 1 day more than 10 pairs of trains (except suburban), providing lifestyle up to 10 million T-km / km. For the work of individual roads, see Art. about the Azerbaijani, Alma-Ata, Baikal Amur, Belarusian, East-Siberian, Gorky, Far Eastern, Donetsk, Zabaikalskaya, Transcaucasian, West Kazakhstan, West Siberian, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarskaya, Kuibyshevskaya, Lviv, Moldavian, Moscow, Odessa, Oktyabrskaya , Baltic, Volga, Pridneprovskaya, Sverdlodskaya, North, North Caucasian, Central Asian, virgin, southeastern, south-western, southern, South Ural railways (as of January 1, 1991); About railways foreign countries (including the Metropolitan) are given certificates in articles on these countries; Information about the history of the installation of railways and their development are given at the beginning of the book in the review article Railway transport.