General
Geographical position.
Geological structure and minerals.
Inland waters.
Soil and vegetation.
Animal world.
Protected areas.
Natural areas.
Population of Spain
Population density.
Economic and geographical essay
General characteristics.
Industry.
Mining industry.
Dynamics of mining and production of industrial products
Electricity, billion kW / h
Energy.
Manufacturing industry.
Agriculture.
Agriculture
Livestock.
Forestry.
Fishing.
Transport.
External economic ties.
Economic and geographic areas.
Bibliography
General
Features of the geographical location and historical development of Spain contributed to the fact that these days this state is one of interesting countries Europe. Each will find here holidays to their taste and will be surprised by an extraordinary diversity of culture, language, traditions, landscapes. On the territory of the country, Roman architectural monuments are preserved, the Moorish Palaces of Andalusia and the Kordovy Mosque, Granada and Seville, the small churches of the early Middle Ages in the mountains of Asturia and Pyrenees, huge cathedrals and castles of the time of reconquists in Castile and Leone. Spain is rich not only historical monuments: Here you can perfectly relax on the coast of the warm Mediterranean Sea in the Costa Blanca, Costa Brava and Costa Dorada. Lovers of mountain walks can relax in the Pyrenees. Among the traditional numerous holidays - the famous April Fallas in Seville, the Grand Las Fallas in Valencia and the junction of the Bulls in Pamplona, \u200b\u200bthe battles of bulls, as well as the festivals of modern musical and cinema are also thousands of local anger in each town and every village (it is customary to celebrate his saint patron Fireworks, folk songs and dancing). Painting lovers will visit the world famous Prado Museum in Madrid and the Museums of the Great Spanish Artists of the XX century. Pablo Picasso in Barcelona and Salvador Dali.
Geographical position.
Spain - South European country. She ranks Five Sixth Pyrenean Peninsula, Balearic and Pitiuses in the Mediterranean Sea and Canary Islands In the Atlantic Ocean. Area of \u200b\u200bthe country - 504.8 thousand square kilometers. The Pyrenees Mountains are difficult to reach and isolate Spain from other European countries except Portugal, which occupies the western part of the peninsula.
Spain is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The length of its borders is 3144 km. By land, Spain borders on Portugal in the West, with France (on the ridge of the Pyrenees Mountains) and the tiny state of Andorra in the northeast, with Gibraltar in the south. The maximum length of the country from the west to the East is approximately 1000 km, from north to south - 840 km.
Spain (after Switzerland) is the most high-altitude country in Europe, mountains and a plateau make up 90% of its territory. Plateau of the knee (which means in Spanish "table") takes almost half of the country. In the western part there are many tectonic faults and river valleys, in the east it is more smooth. The central cordillers share the lassel on the North (Star-Castle Plateau) and the South (Novocastilian Plateau). Most of the web is flat and anhydrous, in almeria so few precipitation that it can be called the only real European desert. However, there are lush oasis.
To the north of the field along the coast of the Biscay Bay, the Cantabrian Mountains with the Picos-de Euroop massive (Peaks of Europe) in the center are stretching. Cantabrian Mountains are a continuation of the most powerful and hard-to-reach mountain system of Spain - Pyrenees (several parallel ridges stretching out 450 km from the west to the East). The average height of the pyrenees is about 2500 m. The highest peak - Peak Aneto - 3404 m. The Spanish Southern Slope of Pyrenees is a major international center mountain tourism. From the northeast, the Iberian Mountains are drawn up to 250 km wide and high to 2313 m (peak Monkayo). It is in the Iberian mountains that the most beginning large rivers Spain - Douro and Tejo. Between Eastern Pyrenees and Iberian Mountains mediterranean coast The low Catalan mountains extended.
In the south-east of the country lies the system of arrays and ridges of Cordillera Betika with the mountains of Sierra Nevada in the center. Mount Mulasen (3478 m) is the highest point of Spain.
The remaining 10% occupy the Andalusian plain between Sierra Morrena and Cordillery Betika (which flows the Guadalquivir River), Aragon Plain in the Valley of the Ebro River in the North-East and smaller lowlands along the Mediterranean Sea.
The largest rivers of Spain: Ebro (928 km), Tahoe (910 km), Guadiana (820 km), Duero (Douro in Portugal) (770 km), Guadalquivir (560 km). The Spanish coast is very diverse: you can meet dunes, and rocks, and extended beaches, sandy or pebbles. Part of the coast of Galicia resembles Norwegian firadids, and the northern coast of the Atlantic is replete with limestone capes and tiny caves. On the Mediterranean coast, despite the huge number of hotels and cultural beaches, there are desert lagoons and swamps, the most famous of them is Coto Donana.
The processing of the Earth was carried out, and in some places it is still underway, traditional methods, therefore, unlike the rest of European countries, in Spain, nature has been preserved in pristine in many places.
Nature
Spain is located in the southwest of Europe, in a subtropical belt, mainly on the Pyrenean Pen. Length coastline (together with the islands) over 5 thousand km. Shores for the most part little dismembered. The shores of the Biscay Bay Highlands, with shallow bays. On S.-Z., in Galicia, the steep coast of the rias type prevail; On the south-west-sand lagoons and marching low gestures of the coast of the Cadis Gulf. The coast of the Mediterranean Sea is predominantly abrasive and abrasion-accumulative, highlands, aligned. Ebro and a number of less significant rivers form delta.
Relief.
More than 65% of Spain is located above 500 m (including more than 25% - above 1000 m). The greatest way out. -478 L (Mulasen in Xr. Sierra Nevada). The overall plan of the surface of the surface corresponds to the main tectonic structures: the north-western, plain and central part of the country are occupied by the plateau and the average ridges and plateauges formed at the site of the epigigzin platform; Northern, oriental and southern outskirts are represented by folded mountains and accumulative plains of foothill brains. The plateau and plateau (main - knee) are widespread and the plateau. 800-1000 m on S.-Z. (in the old Castile) and 500-600 m on Yu.-V. (In the new Castile), over the surfaces of which island mountain arrays of remaining or block origin. Between the Plateau of the Old and New Castile with Yu.-Z. on S.-V. The system of eatenly arranged fold-lump and lumpy plane-terrible ridges of central cordillera is extended. On S.-Z. Countries are located the Galician array and Mount Leon, strongly dissected by faults with deep river valleys embedded in them. Along the Biscay Bay, the Cantabrian Mountains, moving in the East into a powerful system of weakly dissected Pyrenean mountains (height up to 3404 m, peak anetho) with mining and glacial terrain. From the south of Pyrenees are limited to narrow Aragonian plains with p. Ebro, South of which are Iberian Mountains. On S.-V. Countries, between pyrenees and lower river. Ebro, stretching the Catalan Mountains strongly dissected by the valleys. South and Yu.-v. Are busy with Andalus Mountains with a number of ridges (Sierra Nevada, etc.), between which numerous mountain basins are located. Yu.-Z. Countries are engaged in the Alluvial Andalusian lowland, the most extensive in Spain, having a schobrone relief in Northern and eastern parts Mountains and weakly dismembered - in the Cadiz bay.
Introduction:
Topical topic: Tourism is one of the leading and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. For rapid growth rates, he is recognized as an economic phenomenon of century.
Scientific and technical progress, improving the quality of life of the population, an increase in the duration of free time, vacations, economic and political stability and a number of other factors affect the development of tourism in the world.
The value of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of a separate country.
International tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is primarily due to different levels of socio-economic development of individual countries.
The greatest development international tourism Received in Western European countries.
From a huge number of a variety of tourist routes, opening today in front of everyone who has gathered on the road, millions of travelers from all over the world are chosen by Spain every year.
Spain is noticeably allocated among other European countries. Her position at the junction of Europe and Africa, the Christian world and the world of Islam, the closed Mediterranean and the endless Atlantic left an indelible track on the whole appearance of the country. There is always a place surprise here. That is why Spain is one of the world's largest tourism and recreation centers.
The purpose of the test work: to determine the physico-geographical position of Spain; explore the climatic, natural resources of the country; Consider the tourist complex, as well as determine the prospects for the development of tourism.
- Physico-geographical position of Spain:
Spain (after Switzerland) is the most high-altitude country in Europe, mountains and a plateau make up 90% of its territory. Plateau Plate occupies almost half of the country. Central Cordillera divide the lame to the North and South. To the north of the site, the Cantabrian Mountains stretch, which are the continuation of the most powerful and hard-to-reach mountain system of Spain - Pyreneev. The Spanish South Slope of Pyrenees is a major international center of mountain tourism. From the northeast, the Iberian Mountains stretch from the field. Between the Eastern Pyrenees and Iberian Mountains, the most Catalan Mountains stretched to the Mediterranean coast. In the south-east of the country lies the system of arrays and ridges of Cordillera Betika. Mount Mulasen is the highest point of Spain. The remaining 10% occupy the Andalusian Plain, the Aragonian Plain in the Valley of the Ebro River in the northeast and smaller lowlands along the Mediterranean Sea.
The Spanish coast is very diverse: you can meet dunes, and rocks, and extended beaches, sandy or pebbles. Part of the coast of Galicia resembles Norwegian firadids, and the northern coast of the Atlantic is replete with limestone capes and tiny caves. On the Mediterranean coast, despite the huge number of hotels and cultural beaches, there are desert lagoons and swamps.
- Climatic conditions of the country
Moderate marine climate. This climate has spread in the north and northwest of the country. It represents moderate temperatures and loss of heavy rainfalls, which take place for a whole year. The amount of precipitation per year in this part of the country comes up to 1600 millimeters, it is in the north-west.
Mediterranean climate. This climate is mainly located in the south of the country and on the Mediterranean coast. Mediterranean coast It takes place in the south-east of the country. This climate is inherent soft wet winter and hot dried summer. The precipitation here drops 300-800 millimeters per year, which contributes to the need for artificial irrigation. In this part of the country the most mild climate, because its temperature in January is 14-15 degrees Celsius.
Continental climate. The last climate is located in the inner areas of Spain, that is, in the center of the country. Here the most common temperature, the winter is cool, and the summer is warm.
- Resources Spain
The animal world of Spain is also very rich and diverse. In the north of the Fauna Middle Eastern: a lot of deer, roe deer, boars. Mountain areas have noble deer and a Pyrenean mountain goat. Sports hunting is allowed on deer. Sometimes a brown bear is found in the Cantabrian Mountains and the mountains of Leon. Quite little wolves have preserved from predators, and in the mouth of Guadalquivir - Spanish fish. In the summer in Spain, you can see up to 25 types of birds of prey: hawks, eagles, griffins, falcons. There are a lot of waterfowl colonies: geese, ducks, herp, flamingos, white storks. There are also many species of reptiles: lizards, snakes, chameleons, and in semi-deserts in the south-east of the country there are tarantulas and scorpions. Many fish are found in the mouths of the rivers and in the Atlantic, mostly these are sardines, less - Salads, cods, anchovs and various types of mollusks. In the Mediterranean Sea, there are tuna, salmon, anchovies, crayfish and langusts.
- Population
- Andaliyssey
- Basks
- Valencissey
- Galicians
- Castiltsy
- Catalan
The density of the population of Spain is about 80 people per square kilometer. In connection with the intensive development of agriculture, in the valleys of the Gwadalquivir rivers and Ebro, there has been an increased population density. The percentage of urban population is approximately 76%. Abroad, more than 2.5 million Spaniards live abroad. And the influx of emigrants is 850 thousand people. The life expectancy is 79 years.
99% of Spain residents are Catholics. The official language is Spanish. Literacy of the adult population of Spain is about 98%. In 2009, education costs amounted to 6%.
For Spain, a high level of unemployment is characterized, which in 2009 amounted to 19%. During the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate of Spain rose by 1.22% and is now 20.05% of the entire population of Spain. The consequence of unemployment is the replacement of labor-intensive manual labor mechanized. Despite such a high level of unemployment, there is a very large level of consumption of material goods. For example, for 2009, cars have 69% of the population of Spain, one accommodation accounts for 2.4 people, and 13% of Spain's population have a country housing.
5. Country economy
Spain is an industrial-agricultural country. Industry industry most developed: mining, ferrous metallurgy, engineering, automotive, electrical, chemical and textile.
Spain occupies one of the first places in the world by reserves and mining mercury, uranium, tin, lead, zinc, copper, iron ores; There are high-quality coal deposits, oil and gas, bauxite, gold, silver, pyrite and more. Black metallurgy pays steel and cast iron. Colored metallurgy produces lead, zinc, copper, aluminum.
Engineering, petrochemistry and construction of building materials are developed.
There are many modern enterprises in the textile and food industry in the country. By the number of irrigated land, Spain occupies one of the first places in Europe, the main culture - wheat, barley, oats, corn, rye, rice, legumes, potatoes, sugar beets, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, vegetables, grown. Large areas are engaged in vineyards, the famous varieties of Spanish wines are produced. The country occupies a leading place in the world to collect olives and almonds, and one of the first to collect citrus. In Spain, livestock development is a large horned, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, mules, donkeys.
Divorce the special livestock of bulls for the Corrida. The fleet of Spanish marine fishing vessels is the most numerous in Europe. In the service sector, tourism has state importance. Major foreign trade partners: EU countries and USA.
6. Administrative zoning of Spain.
Tourist potential of regions.
In administrative terms, Spain is divided into 52 provinces combined in 17 autonomous areas, which largely solve development issues. Each of the country's regions has its own, often unique, tourist resources, and therefore plays a significant role in the development of tourism (Appendix 1).
Regions of Spain (brief description, tourist potential of the region):
Basque Country
Basque country attracts vacationers perfect beaches and mountain peaks, as well as a special spirit unlike any region of Spain.
The Basque Country is located in the north of Spain and has characteristics typical for the northern part of the country, although the Mediterranean climate with a hot and dry summer and a minimum amount of precipitation falls over the year prevails in the south of the region.
Thanks to the proximity of the ocean and the mountains, the territory is characterized by a favorable climate: without cold weather in the winter and tedious heat in summer.
The Basque Country consists of three provinces and has about two million inhabitants.
One of the provinces, Alava (Alaava), - plain, crouched by vineyards. In two other Hypuzka (Guipuzcoa) and Biscay (Vizcaya), the locality is mainly mountainous, and coastal stripes are sandy.
Basque Country provided with broad autonomy. In the administrative center of the region, Vitoria, the Parliament meets and the government works. Basque is absolutely not similar to Spanish.
Despite the fact that the Basque Country is one of the most industrialized areas of Spain, there are still many regions in the region. untouched natureEspecially beautiful national parks Valderejo, Urkiola, Urdaibai and magic landscapes on the River Gernik. Basque Country - best region For hiking, golf and all mountain sports. Another landmark is the coast and beaches of the region.
To the south of Alava, the Saline Copper Salinasde-Anyana, open by once by the Romans. Until now, salt here is produced in the same way as many years ago.
Cities:
Bilbao (Bilbao) - The city, founded at the beginning of the XIV century, the capital of the province of Biscay, one of the first ports of Spain, is the industrial center of the North of Spain in today's days.
Main Landmark Bilbao - Museum of Contemporary Art of the Gugenheim Bilbao Foundation (Museo Guggenheim Bilbao) dedicated to avant-gardeism (Appendix 2). The museum was opened in 1997 and in a short time became one of the main attractions of the world. Every year it is visited by 1.5 million people.
Never have a single monument of art and architecture changed so radically the history of the whole city. Thanks to tourism, the city has gained the second life in the last century.
San Sebastian (San Sebastian) - Popular sea resort of the Spanish aristocracy in the last century. Located there, the beach of La Cum is well known outside of Spain. Beautiful buildings, excellent beaches and the stormy cultural life of the city make it a privileged tourist center of Spain.
The city is famous for large summer festivals. Film Festival in San Sebastian founded in 1953, now it is one of the leading European festivals.
San Sebastian famous for his sandy beaches. In the city, three main beach: Ondaretta (Ondarreta), Zuriola Beach (Zurriola) and the famous Playa De La Concha, which looks like a picturesque bay surrounded by solid vegetation.
Vitoria (Vitoria) - Vitoria is famous for its active cultural life and several international importance festivals. The city is a very beautiful old part.
Holidays and culture:
First of all, the country of Basque is famous for its cultural festivals. In addition, the region has retained a large number of local traditions and holidays.
In August, Bilbao passes the "Casual Dog Competition". And in the Bunyol at this time, "tomato battles" are held, where residents throw each other tomatoes.
Residents of the Basque Countries in the course of centuries keep the ancient culture, whose special value is its language, Euskera (Euskera). The mystery of its origin is still not disclosed.
Cantabria
Cantabria (Cantabria) is one of the most popular resorts in the north of Spain. The region is famous for its magnificent caves. Attracting tourists, as well as beautiful beaches on the coast and beautiful mountain landscapes.
Autonomous region of Cantabria (until recently, Province of Santander) is located in the north of Spain. The climate and vegetation of cantabrium are characteristic of "wet" Spain.
Attractions and leisure:
The main attractions of the region are excellent national parks, protected areas and the extraordinary beauty of Cantabria cave.
Parque Natural De Lenkres (Parque Natural De La Dunas de Liencres) - this park covers a magnificent system of Dunes at the mouth of the River River (PAS) and is an impressive bird market, where every season is going to migratory birds.
Sakha-Besaya Park (Parque Natural Saja-Besaya) Real Paradise for Hunting Lovers. It is the largest hunting land in Cantabria and Spain and covers almost the entire Western territory of Cantabria.
National Park Peaks Europe (Parque Nacional De Picos de Europa) - formed in 1995, in 700 km2, includes ten municipalities and three autonomous communities: Asturias, Cantabria and Castile Leon. It is the largest national park, in the country, it consists of three mountain arrays. Here you can see some of the deepest abuses in the world. Europe Peaks National Park is the most frequently visited by tourists, climbers, and amateurs of outdoor activities.
Center for the study of the Caves "Monte" and "Castioo" (Centro De Interpretacion Y Cuevas Del Monte
El Castillo) is one of the most interesting places and the Paleolithic heritage of the whole of Europe. Consists of four unusually beautiful caves (El Castillo, Las Monedas, La Pasiega and Las Chimeneas).
Cantabria has everything necessary for the fast-growing adventure tourism sector. Windsurfing, horse riding, snowboarding, descent on the rafts, hiking, water jumps, sailing, rowing on canoe, tourist trips, climbing the mountains - all this, and many other entertainment are available in Cantabria.
Cities:
Santander It is the capital of Cantabria with one of the most beautiful cities in the region. Drawn along the beautiful bay with spacious beaches, the city takes every summer Spanish royal family. In unusually beautiful palace La Magdalena (UNIVERSIDAD INTERNACIONAL MENENDEZ PELAYO), having international importance, is annually posted. Sardinero Zone (El Sardinero) is very popular among tourists - a resort area with beautiful embankments and sandy beaches (Appendix 3).
Santillana Del Mar (Santillana del Mar) not big cityoK with medieval buildings and narrow streets, which contains the prehistoric caves of Altamira (Altamira), which received the status of the historical heritage of mankind in UNESCO.
Asturia
Asturias (Asturias) - the historical pride of all Spain with its beautiful corners of untouched nature and the friendly local population makes this region in unique and attractive for tourists.
Asturias still keeps his ancient principality title (Principado de Asturias). It is a small historical, mountain region is located in the north of Spain, off the coast of the Biscay Bay. Asturias bordered by Cantabra region, Galisia and Castile Leon. Key features of the geography of the Asturias are its incisionable coastline with sharp coastal rocks and mountain landscapes. The climate of Asturias, as in the rest of the North-West Spain, is very different from the southern regions of the country. Summer period is usually wet and warm, with a small amount of rain. Winters are quite moderate, but with frequent cooling. Especially cold in the mountains, where the snow lies from November to May.
Attractions and leisure:
Europe Park National Park (Parque Nacional De Los Picos de Europa) - This first national Park Spain was formed in 1918 in the territory of the three regions.
In the Asturian part of the park there are famous Lakes Kowadonga (Lagos de Covadonga). Serpentine is a narrow road rises straight into the mountains and ends at the shore of Lake Anol (Enol). From here, you can begin crossbanks along mountain ranges and green meadows, stretching along the crystal water of the lakes (Appendix 4).
The main place of pilgrimage and tourists being visited by tourists in Austuria is the Holy Altar De Covadonga (Virgen de Covadonga). The chapel with the image of the Virgin and the remains Pelaio is in the cave (Santa Cueva) on a sheer cliff. The winding track leading to it is always filled with panels of pilgrims and tourists.
Cities:
Oviedo (Oviedo) - The capital of the Principality of Asturias, beautiful, full of greenery city, in which the main attractions are the Gothic Cathedral of the XVI century (San Salvador's Cathedral) and two churches of personifying vertices of magnificent Doroan art and who are the heritage of world importance - Santa Maria del Naranco (Santa Maria Del Naranco) and San Miguel de Lillo.).
Gijon (Gijon) - City on the sea coast with beautiful beaches and old fishing quarters. Gijon is a big city, this is obliged to his port, one of the largest on the Cantabrian coast.
Galicia
Galicia (Galicia) - this "edge of the world", as the region called in antiquity, is famous for its green paints of fields and forests, magnificent monuments of world importance and the exciting spirit of the coastline.
The territory of Galicia is located in the north-western part of Spain. The area borders in the east with Asturie and Castile Leon, in the south with Portugal. The region is divided into four provinces: La Coruna (La Coruna), Lugo (Lugo), Pontevedra (Pontevedra) and Ourens (Ourense).
Attractions and leisure:
For tourists, Galicia is of particular interest, since its territory is one of the most revered by Catholic pilgrims of places - Santiago de Compostela. Today's Galicia is a great place for tourists interested in culture and ecology.
Thanks to the extraordinary beauty of nature, rustic tourism (Rural Turism) is especially popular in Galicia.
The most popular recreation places in Galicia are the areas of Rias Altas (Las Rias Altas) famous for their fishing villages, extraordinary beaches and impressive rocks, and Rias Bahas (Rias Baixas) with its beautiful national parks and natural reserves.
Studying monumental historical monuments and original folk architecture, familiarity with Galicia symbols - barnings, granaries and stone crucifixes, watching wildlife and local customs - just some of the reasons for which this region is worth visiting.
Cities:
Santiago de Compostela (Santiago de Compostela) - The capital of Galicia and its tourist pearl. It is one of the most beautiful cities in the region and the center of the pilgrimage of Catholics from around the world. The walls of the Cathedral (La Catedral de Santiago), built in various epochs, are an interesting architectural ensemble.
La Coruna (La Coruna) - In this beautiful city on the ocean, you can easily travel back to the past to the sources of ancient myths and legends, and then return to the present, modern image of this city. You can see a Roman lighthouse, which is two thousand years old, or famous city balconies ( LAS GALERIAS DE LA MARINA). These extraordinary glazed facades are business card Cities and extended facades in the world.
Vigo (Vigo) - This seaport Charming tourists with its old streets of the fishing quarter and descents leading directly to the sea.
Lugo (Lugo). The city is surrounded by Roman fortress walls (Muralla Romana), which preserved their appearance in almost the priority form. This fortress is recognized as a world heritage monument in 2000.
Pontevedra (Pontevedra) - ranks second in Galicia, after Santiago de Compostela, the largest and preservation of the historical zone. Pontevedra region is considered one of the most beautiful provinces of Spain, thanks to the locality called Rias Bahas with its magic landscapes.
Catalonia
Catalonia (Cataluna) - beautiful land, one of the autonomies of Spain, famous for his interesting story, rich culture, old customs, and, of course, the magnificent Mediterranean resorts. Catalonia is the largest cultural, business and industrial center of Spain.
Catalonia is located in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula, from the east borders with the Mediterranean Sea, and in the West there is surrounded by the picturesque Mountains of Pyrenees.
Soft Mediterranean climate, excellent nature and huge beaches in length make a catalonium one of the world's leading resorts.
Protecting Catalonia from the winds, the Pyrenees Mountains and the Effect of the Sea provide a pleasant weather for almost a year. The Mediterranean moderate climate contributes to the fact that winter is soft here (the average temperature is at least 10 degrees), and the summer is roast and dry.
Attractions and leisure:
Catalonia is a paradise for the most discerning holidaymakers, because here, without exaggeration, there is everything. It is in Catalonia that are magnificent and superpopular resorts of Costa Brava, Costa de Maresme, Costa Dorada. Tourism is very developed here - in addition to beautiful beaches, Catalans offer vacationers a very large number of hotels, clubs, cafes, restaurants, children's attractions, water parks. Cities in Catalonia have many attractions, very ancient or created recently. And the capital of Barcelona is actually the open-air museum.
Lovers of art must be visited by the Theater Museum Dali in Figueos. In the city where the artist was born and grew up, a museum is arranged, where you can not only see the works of Salvador Dali, but also to get into a special surrealistic world created by the genius. The artist is buried in the same building.
Fans of amazing flora and fauna can visit the largest Barcelonian aquarium in Europe, which presents thousands of seeds of marine inhabitants.
Entertainment Park Port Aventura - built recently, but has already managed to gain popularity. It offers a huge amount of attractions and accurate copies of various geographic areas of the world.
Cities:
Capital of Catalonia - Barcelona (Barcelona) - One of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is not only an important cultural and economic center of Spain, but also one of the leading cities in Europe. Many attractions, unique architecture and history make it popular among tourists.
Barcelona is founded in the II century. BC e. Romans. Her historical Center Preserved an amazing medieval gothic style. Antonio Gaudi, the famous architect, a native and a real patriot of Barcelona, \u200b\u200bput his soul into creating a famous image of this city, where the old man is adjacent to beautiful monuments contemporary art (Appendix 5).
Tarragona (Tarragona) - The center of the province of the eponymous in Catalonia. This is an ancient area, it was here that the capital of the territories conquered by the Romans of the current Spain was. In this region, fragments of the buildings of Roman conquerors - amphitheater, forum, the Colosseum, Fortresses and aqueduct are preserved. You can visit the museum in which the finds of archaeologists are presented on excavations of the Roman period of Tarragona.
Tarragona is famous and as a tourist center is the main city of Costa Dorad's resort - golden Mediterranean beaches.
Girona (Girona) - also ancient citywho survived many conquerors - Romans, Visigoths, Arabs. Here you can see the story of Catalonia. On the entire territory of the province of the province - Girona - preserved monuments of various cultures. The city of Girona is the center of the world famous resort of Costa Brava.
Murcia
etc.................
Almost an exhaustive review of common features Geography of Spain, its climate and geographic areas separately in Spanish sources.
We thank the Spanish Embassy in Moscow for the material provided - the publication translated by the Embassy - "Geography of Spain", according to which this review was prepared.
Contrasts of Spanish geography: Mountains of Sierra Nevada (translated "Snow-covered mountains") in Andalusia (view of Salobreña Municipality (Salobreña).
In the mountains of Sierra Nevada, a small amount of precipitation is not accompanied by a soft temperature in winter and the lack of frosts, which is typical for the typical climate of the southern and eastern Mediterranean of Spain, and vice versa - freezes are often freezing and there is a low temperature, especially in winter.
Despite the fact that the warm fertile blessed region of Spain Andalusia is very nearby, and here under the cover of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, the southern part of the Mediterranean coast even acquires the features of the tropical climate, which allows you to grow sugar cane, pineapples and bananas.
In the foreground in the Mediterranean Sea we see splashing dolphins.
Spain, which occupies an area of \u200b\u200b505.990 square kilometers, is one of the 50 largest countries in the countries of the world. On the European continent, Spain stands on this indicator in third place after the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR) and France.
Geography of Spain: geographical intersection, favorable location
The area occupied by Spain is most of the Pyrenean Peninsula: 505.990 sq. M. km from 580.825 square meters. km (the rest of the territory belongs to Portugal). In addition, it should be added here to 4.992 square meters. The KM Square of the Balearic Islands, located east of the Pyrenean Peninsula and 7.447 sq. Km of the Canary Islands Square, lying on a more than a thousand kilometers from the center of the peninsula in the African coast - through this archipelago in Central Atlantic runs the way to America. It should also be mentioned by some more small islands and add two Spanish cities located in the north of Africa: Ceuta, the area of \u200b\u200b20 square meters. km, and Melilla, with an area of \u200b\u200b12 square meters. km.
About Europe often speak as "Asian Cape", as the most western tip of the ancient world - Eurasia. In this case, the Pyrenees Peninsula is the most extreme western and southern Point of this Asian cape. In addition to the Pyrenean Peninsula, along with other east of the peninsulas, where Italy and Greece are located, as well as Turkey, lying even further to the East, where the border is held with Asia, forms the southern flank of the European continent, the length of which from east to the west exceeds 3 thousand kilometers. This Southern Flaring of Europe, the border of which goes through the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and towers over the northern part of Africa, where the Sahara desert is the village of the largest historical events of the Western world in the period when its territory occupied the Roman Empire, and the Mediterranean Sea itself was named Mare Nostrum.
According to its geographical position, the Pyrenean Peninsula Further in Europe is removed from Asia and the closest (at a distance of only 14 kilometers) is from Africa and is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, through which the path is on the American continent, which gives the Pyrenees Peninsula a special strategic importance. This explains the fact that the Pyrenean Peninsula and Spain, in particular, has become the most important crossroads of historical events in the development of world history, the meeting place in Europe and Africa, the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Thus, in its geography, Spain is part of the subrange lands of the south of Europe and, in particular, the world of the Mediterranean - region, where the mountain chain rings surrounded the inner sea, on the peninsulas and the islands of which in close contact for thousands of years there was a mixing and interpenetration of European influences. , Asia and Africa.
At the same time, the location of the Pyrenean Peninsula on the south-western tip of Europe determines its remoteness from the important seaways of the Northern Atlantic, which through the North Sea link Europe with the eastern coast of the United States, and, especially, from the large transport artery, which along the Rhine River connects the North Atlantic and USA with central Mediterranean.
Geography of Spain: Spain - full contrast Continent in miniature
In the world of Mediterranean, Spain's geography is characterized by some specific. By the size of the Pyrenean Peninsula, most of all others, for example, its area is 40% more than the area of \u200b\u200bthe Apennine Peninsula, where Italy is located. For his compact and whole form, he, according to Greek historian and geographer Storabo, written more than two thousand years ago, resembles a stretched bull skuffing.
The territory of the Pyrenean Peninsula on the configuration is a big pentagon, the center of which - Madrid is from the outskirts of 530 km away, separating the capital from the Tariff Cape (Cadiz) in the south, up to 590 km between the capital and Phoennecere (La Coruna) Northwest. The correctness of this geometric shape is particularly noticeable, if we consider that the coastline nowhere is more than 120 kilometers from the corresponding side of the imposed imaginary, the average distance from the center of the peninsula to the sea always exceeds 300 km, while in the UK it barely reaches 50 km, and in Italy - 100 km.
The length of the Spanish coast is Great and is 4.830 km on the peninsula 1.428 km on the Balearic Islands 1- 583 km on the Canary Islands; It is washed by the water of two pretty different waters - the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This circumstance contributed to the fact that from time immemorial, the inhabitants of the peninsula were tested for navigation. However, at the same time, a large distance separating the coast from a significant part of the internal areas of the peninsula, as well as the complex terrain, created obstacles to this desire to conquer the seas. In turn, the lack of deep water arteries leading to the coast is another, additional difficulty for shipping, because the tidal mouth of the Tago river, the main water basin of the peninsula, barely reaches 50 kilometers In length, and the Valencia Bay - the main sea bay of the Mediterranean coast of the Peninsula is a large, but slightly concave arc.
As a result, the peculiarities of Spain's geography The territory of the peninsula is dense and compact, and the limited effect of her seas-washing creates a pronounced continental climate with relative isolation, other than the characteristic conditions of ocean penetration, which are subject to other territories of Europe. Thus, we have the right to talk about the Pyrenean Peninsula and, in particular, about Spain, as a "continent in miniature", where diversity and diversity are the main factors characterizing this territory and people who live on it.
The above-mentioned geography of Spain reduce the possibility of communication of Spain with the rest of the world, especially with Europe. At the same time, they limit the ability to extract more benefits from its geographic location, as a major intersection of world tract.
It aggravates the painting the hardness of the curve, which connects Spain with the rest of Europe, because it makes Spain much less accessible than countries located on other major Europe Peninsula: on Apennines or in the Balkans. Pyrenean End has a length 440 kilometers and is a mountain range - Pyrenean MountainsThe height of which is an average of 2.000 meters, and the highest point - the peak of the anetho, located in the central part of them, reaches 3.404 meters. With a maximum width of 150 kilometers in the central and highest part of the Pyrenees, it is difficult for the transition, with the exception of their eastern and western Okrain. All this is even more enhanced as the spanish geography factor. The nature of the conclusion and isolation of the Pyrenean Peninsula compared to the rest of the European Mediterranean Peninsula.
European "Finis Terrae" (End of Earth), "Non Plus Ultra" (Last Frontier) of the Ancient World, a large transcontinental and inter-cooked intersection, cut-off and isolation, continent in miniature - those characteristics that undoubtedly determine the special position of Spain, as composite Parts of Europe, and indirectly bring it closer to small Africa and with the territories of the Middle East. These features will be clear if you add other characteristic features of the Spanish relief to them, in particular, an increased middle height above sea level, as well as the predominance of peripherals, almost on the coast, mountain ranges.
Features of the geography of Spain: a large height above sea level and contrast relief
Tab.: The height of the surface of the Pyrenean Peninsula:
The territory of the Pyrenean Peninsula in height.
Source: National Geographic Institute of Spain.
Height above sea level is an average of 660 meters in Spain, which is significantly higher than the Middle Eastern value. It exceeds only Switzerland, where the height above sea level reaches 1,300 meters. At the same time in France, the territory of which includes a significant part of the Alps and Pyrenees, this indicator is only 342 meters. And in such countries as the United Kingdom and Germany, it does not exceed 200 meters at all.
Big height Above the sea level is due to the prevailing presence of land located at an altitude of 600 to 1200 meters, which occupy 47% of the country area. In contrast, the plains, the height of which does not exceed 200 meters, occupy only 11% of the territory, and the mountainous areas, with a height of more than 2500 meters, do not constitute 1% of the area. It is noteworthy that in Europe the plains, no longer than 200 meters high, are two thirds of the territory, and the highlands, over 1000 meters above sea level, takes a little more than 10% of the entire territory.
The distribution of these hypometric areas also demonstrates the difference and originality. On the rest of the European continent, the main element of its territory is a large central plain extends from the west to the east, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to Siberia, shifting all other embossed education to the outskirts. And on the Pyrenean Peninsula, the main mountain ranges are located in close proximity to the coast: the Pyrenees Mountains, forming the experiencing - on its northeastern tip; Cordillera Betiki - on the southern outskirts; Cantabrian and Galician mountains - in the west and north.
Features of the geography of Spain: Plateau of the Plate - Peninsula core
Physical map of Spain.
Physical map of Spain.
The structure of the Pyrenean Peninsula is sometimes compared with a huge natural fortress, where the Plateau of the Place serves as a large weapon courtyard, the tower of a vassal oath, which is performed by the central system, and gone, like a fortress wall, arrays of the Galician and Cantabrian Mountains (i.e. Cordyliers Cantabrika ), Iberian mountain system and mountains Sierra Moraine.
The hardness of the Isthmus, which connects Spain with the rest of Europe, makes Spain a much less available than countries located on other major Peninsula in Europe: on Apennines or Balkans. The Pyrenean End has a length of 440 kilometers and is a mountain range - the Pyrenees Mountains.
Thus, as a result, the features of the geography of Spain, the territory of the peninsula is dense and compact, and the limited effect of the washing seas is created in the central part of the Pyrenean Peninsula, a pronounced continental climate with relative isolation, other than the characteristic conditions of ocean penetration, which are subject to other territories of Europe.
So, in the center of the map we see the plane there.
Surrounded by ring of mountains, it is a plateau only in its southwestern part, in the area of \u200b\u200bextremadura, has a free descent to the sea - to the Atlantic Ocean through the Portuguese province of Alentezh. After the anti-Islamic resistance descended from the peaks of Europe - the tops of the Cantabrian Mountains (Cordillers Cantabrika), 2.615 meters high, to their southern foot, located already at the Messenger; It covered Asturia and Cantabria and moved first on Leon - to the western part of the Northern Plateau, and then to the northeastern part of Castile, through the passage created by the Nature for communication, the Basque Country and the Rover of Ebro.
There, the Castilian kingdom arose, the basis of which became the territory of the site, in the future consistently distributed to others historical regionsAfter that, Spain arose, which we know.
The basis of the differences between climatic conditions, the locality of this part of the Pyrenean Peninsula is due to the insoxiance of the Ebro River Valley.
But, for example, that in Andalusia on highly located lands surrounding the city of Granada, climatic conditions Surpeted Mountains Sierra Nevada (Cordillery Betika mountain system) rather remind the cold winter southern part of the web and differ from the Mediterranean climate located in two steps of the Gaadalkivir River Valley, where the highest summer temperature and soft winter in Europe.
In general, climately there are two Spains: arid Spain, and Spain wet.
The wet Spain, mainly the entire Western and Northern Territory, along with Galisia, North Portugal, as well as zones adjacent to the Biscay Bay and the Pyrenean Mountains. In addition, wet Spain belongs to mountainous areas, especially open and west-oriented, as well as areas subject to the influence of the Atlantic, such as the Cadiz bay and its orographic (ie, the mountain) Front.
In turn, dry Spain takes almost three quarters of the country. This is the zone of the Mediterranean climate dominant in the Pyrenean Peninsula, which is divided into two options: the Mediterranean itself (the entire coast is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the whole South of Spain - Andalusia) and continental (in the center of the country) - on the smaller part of the territory of dry Spain .
More about all this in our review.
In contrast to the orographic (mountain) structure of the outskirts, which only emphasizes the already mentioned isolation of the Pyrenean Peninsula, all central part Spain occupies a place - the totality of land, a total area of \u200b\u200b211 thousand square kilometers, i.e. In fact, almost half of the national territory, where the height above sea level is an average of 600 to 1200 meters.
This is a plateau, the highest and not having equal in Europe, with the exception of Russia or large plane of Central Asia and Anatolia, has a slight horizontal and reciratory slope from the east to the west, and its relief smoothly goes into the most real plain in the south of Portugal, where height Above the sea level does not reach 200 meters.
Similarly, but already from north to south, the knee is elongated from the Cantabrian Mountains washed by the Atlantic Ocean, to Sierra Moraine - his southern edge at the border of Andalusia.
The kneel extends in the form of a series of flatbed, surrounded by mountains, from the Duero River in its northern part, where the height above the sea level exceeds 600 meters ; to La Canci, or upper geadian in the south, where this indicator ranges from 400 to 700 meters .
A certain orographic axis is towering between these two plateau - the central cordillers whose height is more than 2,000 meters in the Grados Mountains, and in the southern part there is a deep and wide tectonic wpadin, which he chose to the current of the Tahoe River. The border of this depression is Toledo Mountains, which are no more than a fold on the horizontal relief of La Canci.
Last century, Geographer Eliseo Reloc called this relief ensemble "Spain to the highest degree", and truly, it represents a large whole of Atlantic orogide and creates a significant asymmetry between the two thirds of Spain, tilted in the direction of the ocean, and that third, which It turns out to the Mediterranean. The first two are broken on the eastern border of the Vessel - in the Iberian Cordiller, who serve as a watershed in eastern coastAnd cool descend in the direction of the Mediterranean Sea.
The knee (central plateau) is surrounded by the belt of the mountains, which we have already been partially mentioned, and in the south and northeast borders with two relief formations, very different from it in their geological and mountainous origin relating to the tertiary period, as well as Its location, which is a series of enormous tectonic failures and powerful alpine-type mining arrays.
In the southern direction of Sierra Morane, the Kuadalkivir River River River is cool, which extends to the Cadis Gulf and the Atlantic Ocean in the form of a swampy plain Las Marismas.
The top of this triangular depression relies on the East to Betiki Cordillera - the largest mountain range on the peninsula, stretching along the edge of the Mediterranean Sea from Gibraltar to the Valencia Gulf.
The Valley of the Ebro River has a similar origin and similar shape. It is located at the foot of the Pyrenees Mountains - the main source water resources of this river, and separated from the Mediterranean Sea complex mountain chain Catalan coastal array, which Ebro cuts through its lowerhouse. The Valley of the Ebro River is also separated from the Eastern Border of the Mountain Massif of the Iberian System.
Between the Pyrenees and Cantabry Mountains there is a relatively low surface, dissected by mountain labyrinths, which comes to the Basque provinces.
As for the Balearic Islands, they are a continuation and superior tip of Cordiller Betiki in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea.
And finally, the Archipelago of the Canary Islands is, along with Azora and Madeira, one of the island groups of volcanic origin scattered in the Central Atlantic between Europe and Africa.
The structure of the Pyrenean Peninsula is sometimes compared with a huge natural fortress, where the Plateau of the Place serves as a large weapon courtyard, which has been crowned with a vassal oath tower, the role of which is performed by the central system, and stuck, as a fortress wall, arrays of the Galician and Cantabrian Mountains, Iberian Mountain System and Sierra Mountains Moraine.
For these walls, the external valleys of the Ebro and Guadalkivir rivers, along with the surrounding seas, as it were, the role of a huge fortress RVA created by nature.
Tab.: Verses of Spain:
Spain - South European country. It ranks five Sixth Pyrenean Peninsula, Balearic and Pitiusement Islands in the Mediterranean and Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees Mountains are difficult to reach and isolate Spain from other European countries except Portugal, which occupies the western part of the peninsula. Spain is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. By land, Spain borders on Portugal in the West, with France (on the ridge of the Pyrenees Mountains) and the tiny state of Andorra in the northeast, with Gibraltar in the south.
Total area: 504 782 km2.
Forming a natural border with France, Pyrenees for centuries were the main cause of political and social insulation of Spain from Central Europe. Large historical importance was also an inseparable connection of the Spaniards with the sea: almost 3200 km is the length of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, Spain's culture was influenced by the proximity of the African continent, because the width of the Gibraltar Strait is only 14 km.
Contrary to the generally accepted opinion that Spain is a classic abundance of beaches of beaches and the sun, more than 65% of Spain territory is located above 500 m (including more than 25% above 1000 m). Cantabrian Mountains (up to 2648 m) stretched along northern coast Atlantic, Iberian Mountains (2313 m) and Central Cordillers (2592 m) in the East and in the center of Spain, as well as Beta or Andalus Mountains (3478 m) in the south of the country. Between them stretches the extensive area of \u200b\u200bthe plane, the so-called. Relast (from Isp. Mesa - table).
Castile - the cradle of the old Spain, is located on this plateau.
Thanks to its endless expanses and bizarre relief, which has arisen under the influence of the sun and erosion, the lunar landscapes are traveled in a truly indelible impression on numerous tourists. The coastal areas of Spain differ from each other with climate, vegetation and relief. On the Mediterranean Sea coast, the steep cliffs are replaced by picturesque bays among the rocks (at Cape Creus, north of the cadakes) with endless sandy beaches (Alicante). On the Atlantic coast, Fiordo-shaped sections (Cape Fister in Galicia) alternate with sheer rock walls and green meadows (Asturias).
In the tourist environment, the following names of the coastal regions were established:
Costa Brava - "Wild Coast", Costa-Daurada - "Golden Beach", Costa del Azar - Orange Beach, Costa Blanca - "White Coast", Costa del Sol - " sunny Beach"And Kos-Ta-de-La Luz -" Shore of Light ".
Form of Board and Administrative Device
Spain is the last state of modern Europe, where the fascist dictatorship existed the longest time. This is the only country in which the ideology of fascism survived the second world War and in which the authoritarian regime disappeared naturally as a result of the death of Franco. The year of the death of Franco (1975) marks the democratic start of modern, enlightened Spain. Free elected governments with Adolfo Suarez and Felipe Gonzalez, and since 1996, with José, Maria Asnare is causing and purposefully "discovered" the country in a political and economic sense. Although entry into the EU and NATO did not cost without disputes, today this decision shares most of the Spaniards. There are many examples indicating the actual transition to democracy: a referendum on the adoption of a new constitution, guarantee of the rights of regional autonomy, the introduction of the right to divorce, as well as the abolition of the death penalty. The pluralistic structure of a previously centralized state became illustrative for the changes in public life. In administrative terms, Spain is divided into 52 provinces combined in 17 autonomous areas, which largely solve development issues. Each area has its own parliament and government. Members of the provincial municipalities are elected by communities and together with the regional parliaments send their representatives to the Senate of the National Legislative Assembly in Madrid (Cortesa; Cortes Generales). The second Chamber of Cortesov consists of deputies elected by direct common voting. From 1982 to 1996 Spain's ruling political party remained PSOe (Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol), headed by Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez. After various troubles related to corruption and the secret service, the Conservative People's Party (Partido Popular) headed by Jose Maria Asnar, who was a turning point in Spanish politics for the first time, defeated the elections in 1996. The third major forces again became the union of the left forces (Izquieerda Unida). The head of the state, which is a constitutional monarchy, is King Juan Carlos I. On the submission of the Prime Minister, he approves members of the Cabinet of Ministers. Having received the power from Franco to the inheritance in the absolutist sense of the word, the representative of the bourbon dynasty already in the historical throne speech on November 22, 1975. put the emphasis at all as expected. He stated that he wanted to be the "king of all Spaniards in a free and modern society." The seriousness of their intentions King confirmed six years later, when the bold order was returned to the barracks of the rebel military. Unlike other European monarchs, not only a "representative person", but also an influential politician. According to the Constitution, he is endowed with great powers.
Coat of arms of Spain- Minimizing all its history. It presents all the kingdoms that united in modern Spain: Castile is represented by the lock; Leon, Asturias and Galicia - Lvom; Aragon, Catalonia and Balearic Islands - four red stripes on a gold background; Navarre - in the form of chains; Andalusia is depicted in the form of a grenade, since in Spain it grows mainly only on the lands of Granada - the last Muslim state captured by Christian kings during the reconquiters; In the heart of the coat of arms - on the shield of oval shape, three gold lilies in a zurry field with a yelling border of the bourbon dynasty, to which the king and his family belong to the King, and the Crown, the coat of arms, is the sign that Spain is the kingdom; The columns symbolize the Hercules of the pillars, so earlier called Gibraltar, who at one time was considered the edge of the light. It is interesting to note that all the famous dollar sign is the very heraklov pillars, an accused ribbon.
State flag of Spain It consists of three horizontal stripes - upper and lower red, medium yellow color, whose width is twice as large. On the yellow strip, the image of the coat of arms shifted to the bias.
The symbolic meaning of the colors of this flag of the legend binds with its origin. According to legend, one of the kings of Aragon wished to have his banner. Inspecting various projects banned, he stopped on one with a smooth golden field. He then ordered the cup of fresh blood animals and, dipping two fingers into him, the monarch spent them along the yellow cloth at which two red stripes turned out.
The flag of Spain in modern form has existed since 1785, when King Carlos III Bourbon commanded Spanish warships to use signs to distinguish them from the ships of other states - the White Sea Standard of Spain, decorated with the coat of arms of the Bourbon House, it was easy to confuse with the stands of vessels of other countries . Since then, red and yellow colors are traditionally associated with Spain, although they were adopted only in 1927.
In 1931, the republic was proclaimed and a new flag was adopted in the form of a horizontal tricolor with red, yellow and purple stripes of the same width. However, in 1936, the Military reaction of General Francisco Franco committed himself with the republic and restored the yellow-red flag. Flag depicting the modern version of the coat of arms was officially introduced on December 19, 1981.
Geographical position
Spain Located in the south-west of Europe, 85.8% of the Pyrenean Peninsula takes; capital - Madrid. total area Spain 499.4 thousand kkm, Sushi Square - 504.78 thousand kv.km. Spain is the fourth largest country in Europe (after Russia, Ukraine and France), has land borders with Portugal(in the West, length - 1214 km), with France (in the north, length - 623 km), with Gibraltar. (on South, length - 1.2 km).
In the West The country is washed Atlantic Ocean, in the north - Biscay Bay, in the east - Mediterranean Sea, on South - Gibraltar Straitand is located 14 km from Morocco (North-West African Coast). The length of the coastline of Spain is 4964 km., The total area of \u200b\u200bthe state is 504.788 sq. Km.
Sea temperature in Spain at the moment:
Also go buses of the tourist agency Iberplanmonday through Saturday. Departure C Square Catalonia ( Playa de Catalunya before Hard Rock Cafe.) From Barcelona at 10:00, 15:30 and 18:00. From La Roca Village: at 14:00, 17:00, 22:00. It is advisable to book places in advance.
You can drive I. by train - From the station Sants.in Barcelona to the station Granollers Centre.nearest railway station to La Roca Village.. From the station Granollers. 20 minutes by bus or by taxi.
Demography
49.4% population - men, but 50.6% - women;
The average life expectancy of men make up 76.32, women- 83.2 What matches general indicators in Western Europe.
In recent years main population growth factor - the flow of immigrants from Africa countries, Latin America and of Eastern Europe (For comparison, in 2004, Spain's population was 40.28 million people). For Spain is characterized by one of the most intense intensive influx of immigrants. In terms of fertility, the state is located in 119th place in the world.
Age Structure:
from 0 to 14 years: 14.4% (Husband. 3,000,686 / Women. 2,821,325)
from 15 to 64 years: 67.8% (husband. 13,751,963 / wives. 13,653,426)
65 years old and older: 17.7% (husband. 2,993,496 / wives. 4,176,946)
Average age:
total: 39.9 years
Husband: 38.6 years
Women: 41.3 years
Population growth rates: 0.13%
Fertility rate:10.06 Newborn / per 1000 people
Mortality rate: 9.72 deaths / per 1000 people
Migration level:0.99 MIGR. / Per 1000 people
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 husband / wives.
Up to 15 years: 1.06 husband / wives.
from 15 to 64 years: 1.01 husband. / Women.
65 years old and older: 0.72 husband / wives.
All population: 0.96 husband / wives.
Child mortality rate:
total: 4.37 deaths / per 1000 newborns
Husband: 4.76 deaths / per 1000 newborns
Women: 3.95 deaths / per 1000 newborns
Life expectancy at birth:
all population: 79.65 years
Husband: 76.32 years
Women: 83.2 years
Common fertility:1.28 newborns / wives.
Industry
Several industrial centers of Spain can be distinguished. In Barcelona and Valenciafocused automotive, Textile, Chemical IndustryAlso carried out most of the designer projects. INBilbao. and Hichon Developed steel industry, are located shipbuilding shipyard. Information and computer center Spain is Madrid.
Vegetable I. animal world
As a result of the geographical position, Spain Flora and the fauna of the kingdom are very diverse. Vegetable world Spain has more than 8 thousand speciesSome of which are found only here. The greatest variety of flora Meet on the North Atlantic slopes of the Cantabrian Mountains and the Galician array, this area is often called "Green" Spain.
Banks and money
Spain cash bills / currency converter
From January 4, 1999 in Spain introduced into appeal EuroSince 2002, the former national currency is derived from circulation.
Access to banking services is possible in all cities of Spain. The strongest bank groupsare Banco De Bilbao Y Vizcaya(BBV.) I. Central Hispano.. Spain's banking system is bureaucratis and, despite the large number of branches and offices, some operations are produced slowly. Banks work From Monday to Saturday from 9.00 to 16.30. Among the financial institutions, Spain can be allocated as follows:
- Banco de España. - Central Bank of Spain.
- Banco Sabadell. - a universal bank with more than 400 both in Spain and abroad.
- Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa.(BBK.) - the largest in Basque and the fourth largest savings bank in Spain
- Banco Santander - a bank that has branches in 31 countries abroad, including in the US
- Kutxa.- Savings bank.
- CAIXA D "ESTALVIS I PENSIONS DE BARCELONA - financial group consisting of a savings bank and several other financial institutions
- Caja San Fernando. - Savings bank conducting operations in Western Andalusia.
- Caixa Catalunya.- Catalan Savings Bank
- Open Bank.- Open bank.
- Ibercaja. - Spanish Savings Bank
In Madrid it is convenient to move on metro- cheap and comfortable comfortable. This type of transport is open from 6 am to 1:30 am, the interval of trains movement is 6-8 minutes, at the peak hours - 2-3 minutes, after midnight - 15 minutes.
There are many bus buses , minus movement on which are frequent traffic jams. Buses go from 6 am to 12 nights. The cost of the ticket that allows you to use public transport During the day, 3.5 euros.
Taxiyou can order by phone from any hotel or bar or directly in the parking lot. At night and in the festival there are increased tariffs. Identification signs Taxi availability Taxi.". Inscription Libre."(As an alternative - green light) indicates that taxi is free. Payment is carried out in accordance with the meter indicators.
Car rental Allowed, depending on the brand of vehicle, persons from 19 or from 21 years, subject to a driving experience for more than a year. To rent a car, it is necessary to present rights and passport, the cost of rental is 20-60 Euro per day (excluding the cost of gasoline). The rental price includes insurance. In the case of an accident, it is necessary to contact the company and call police by phone. 091. At some rental locations, it is required to leave a deposit that, in the case of returning the car in due state at the end of the deadline, returned. It is necessary to leave a deposit that will be returned after the end of the rental period.
In Spain act road Methods.
There are 3 types of roads available for travel:
- national (on the maps are designated in red and letter N)
- municipal (black or green and letter C)
- motorways(Blue and letter a).
According to national and municipal roads travel is free, the limitation of the maximum speed is 90 km / h, the passage of the freeway is paid (for these purposes, turnstiles are prudently established). Total length of highway- 666 292 km.
Paid roads in Spain significantly reduce the time on the way and at the same time they are not more expensive at the expense of a smaller fuel consumption.
Mostly all the roads are free and in very good condition. Only motorways are paid (Autopislas, indicated by the sign "A" on a blue background).
Moving inside the country can be done with aviation, Marine (main ports - Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, \u200b\u200bVigo, Cadiz, Cartagena, La Coruna, Malaga, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Gijon) or railway transport otherwise distinguished by a variety of routes and frequent schedule. In case of movement by railways (total length - 14,974 km, of which 6 404 km - electrified) should be borne in mind that exist following types of trains:
- Ave.(Ave.) - Luxury high-speed trains that connect only Madrid and Seville. The fare varies within 12,000 peashes (grade 1) and 9000 peasses (grade 2).
- Talgo(Talgo.) - fast trains.
- Express(Ehrreso) - passenger train, It stops only in big cities.
- Tranny, auto engine
(Tranvia, Automotor) - The train of local significance, usually follows with all stops.
- Special tourist excursion trains.
Tickets for the train can be bought as a maximum of 60, which is minima, 5 days before the departure of the train.
You can also use intercity bus lines.
Minerals
The main minerals Spain are Mercury, uranium, tin, lead, zinc, iron, pyrite. Also in the country exist coal deposits, iron ore, tungsten, copper
T-shopping maids need to be left on the bed, and not on the table or bedside table, only then they will be guaranteed to be taken.
Most restaurants and bars work every day, especially this is true for large cities.
The nature The Spaniards are serious, open, gallant, humane, have a great sense of humor and the ability to work in a team, although not particularly hardworking. Residents nordic countries Consider the conversation of two Spaniards quarrels, move, but it is a manner of talking, adopted in Spain. We must teach yourself Speak more loud, with expression. Spaniards are noisy, but open and benevolent. The tendency of the Spaniards is late is the subject of numerous jokes. Since the Spaniards love to say a lot, the meeting regulations are often not respected. In the clock Seside
To acquire the overwhelming majority of drugs in Spanish pharmacies The recipe is not required. In the country well developed Sectors of both state and private health. Citizens of the European Union they have a rightfor free medical service in Spain. All entering the country Recommendedhave an insurance policy.
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