Travelers and what they discovered. Presentation great travelers of russia

On August 18, we celebrate the birthday of the Russian Geographical Society - one of the oldest Russian public organizations, and the only one that has continuously existed since its creation in 1845.

Just think: neither war, nor revolution, nor periods of devastation, timelessness, disintegration of the country have ceased its existence! There have always been daredevils, scientists, insane researchers who, in both prosperous and in the most difficult times, took any risk for the sake of science. And now, at the moment, new full members of the Russian Geographical Society are on their way. MIR 24 tells only about some of the great travelers who glorified the Russian Geographical Society.

Ivan Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846)

Photo: unknown artist, 1838.

Russian navigator, admiral, one of the initiators of the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. He led the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Even in his youth, his fellow students at the Naval Cadet Corps noted the unyielding, "naval" character of the future Russian admiral. His faithful companion, friend and rival Yuri Lisyansky, who became the commander of the second ship in their legendary round the world, noted that the main qualities of the cadet Kruzenshtern were "reliability, commitment and lack of interest in everyday life."

It was then, during the years of his studies, that his dreams of exploring distant lands and oceans were born. However, they did not come true soon, only in 1803. The first Russian round-the-world expedition included the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva".
During this expedition, a new route was established to the Russian possessions in Kamchatka and Alaska. The western coast of Japan, the southern and eastern parts of Sakhalin were plotted on the map, part of the Kuril ridge was comprehensively studied.

Photo: “I. F. Kruzenshtern in Avacha Bay ", Friedrich Georg Veich, 1806

During his trip around the world, measurements were made of the speed of currents, temperatures at different depths, determination of salinity and specific gravity of water, and much more. Thus, Ivan Kruzenshtern became one of the founders of Russian oceanology.

Peter Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827 - 1914)

Photo: Alexandre Quinet, 1870

Vice-chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and its leading scientist - but not an armchair. He was a brave and persistent discoverer. He explored Altai, Tarbagatai, Semirechensky and Zailiysky Alatau, Lake Issyk-Kul. Only climbers will be able to appreciate the way the brave traveler went through the hard-to-reach mountains of the Central Tien Shan, where the Europeans have not yet been able to reach. He discovered and for the first time conquered the Khan-Tengri peak with glaciers on its slopes and proved that the opinion of the international scientific world that a ridge of volcanoes is erupting in these places is wrong. The scientist also found out where the sources of the rivers Naryn, Sarydzhaz and Chu come from, penetrated into the upper reaches of the Syr Darya, which had not been trodden before him.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky became the actual creator of a new Russian geographical school, offering the international scientific world a fundamentally new way of cognition. Being simultaneously a geologist, botanist and zoologist, he first began to consider natural systems in their unity. And he compared the geological structure of the mountains with the mountain relief and revealed the regularities on which the entire scientific world began to rely later.

Nikolay Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888)

Photo: ITAR-TASS, 1963

The famous Russian traveler, anthropologist, researcher who made a number of expeditions to the unexplored New Guinea and other Pacific islands. Accompanied by only two servants, he lived for a long time among the Papuans, collected the richest materials about primitive peoples, made friends with them, helped them.

Here is what his biographers write about the scientist: “The most characteristic of Miklouho-Maclay is a striking combination of traits of a brave traveler, tireless explorer-enthusiast, widely erudite scientist, progressive thinker-humanist, energetic public figure, fighter for the rights of oppressed colonial peoples. Such qualities separately are not particularly rare, but the combination of all of them in one person is a completely exceptional phenomenon. "

In his travels, Miklouho-Maclay also collected a lot of data on the peoples of Indonesia and Malaya, the Philippines, Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia and western Polynesia. He was ahead of his time. His works were not sufficiently appreciated in the 19th century, but anthropologists of the 20th and 21st centuries consider his contribution to science to be a real scientific feat.

Nikolay Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

Photo: ITAR-TASS, 1948

A Russian military leader, major general, one of the greatest Russian geographers and travelers, who consciously prepared himself for travel from his gymnasium bench.

Przhevalsky devoted 11 years of his life to long expeditions. At first, he led a two-year expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), and then, in 1870-1885, he made four trips to little-known regions of Central Asia.

The first expedition to the region of Central Asia was devoted to the exploration of Mongolia, China and Tibet. Przhevalsky collected scientific evidence that the Gobi is not a plateau, and the Nanshan Mountains are not a ridge, but mountain system... The researcher is responsible for the discovery of a whole series of mountains, ridges, and lakes.

During the second expedition, the scientist discovered new mountains Altintag, and for the first time described two rivers and a lake. And the border of the Tibet plateau, thanks to his research, had to be moved on the maps by more than 300 km to the north.

In the third expedition, Przewalski identified several ridges in Nanshan, Kunlun and Tibet, described Lake Kukunor, as well as the upper reaches of the great rivers of China, the Yellow River and the Yangtze. Despite the illness, the discoverer organized the fourth expedition to Tibet in 1883-1885, during which he discovered a number of new lakes and ridges.

He described more than 30 thousand kilometers of the path he covered, collected unique collections. He discovered not only mountains and rivers, but also hitherto unknown representatives of the animal world: a wild camel, a Tibetan bear, a wild horse.
Like many outstanding geographers of that time, Przhevalsky was the owner of a good and lively literary language. He wrote several books about his travels, in which he gave a vivid description of Asia: its flora, fauna, climate and peoples inhabiting it.

Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944)

Photo: Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky, 1912

The founder of the era of color photography in Russia. The first to capture in color nature, cities and the life of people over a vast distance from Baltic Sea to the East of Russia.

He created a color rendering system for photography: from the recipe for an emulsion that is applied to glass plates for photography, to the drawings of special equipment for color photography and the projection of the resulting color images.

Since 1903, he has been continuously on trips: with the obsession of a real traveler, he takes pictures of the natural beauties of Russia, its inhabitants, cities, architectural monuments - all genuine sights Russian Empire.

In December 1906-January 1907, with an expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, Prokudin-Gorsky went to Turkestan to photograph a solar eclipse. It was not possible to capture the eclipse in color, but the ancient monuments of Bukhara and Samarkand, colorful local types of people and much more were filmed.

In the fall of 1908, Nicholas II himself provided Prokudin-Gorsky with the necessary vehicles and gives permission to shoot anywhere, so that the photographer can capture "in natural colors" all the main sights of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. In total, it is planned to take 10 thousand pictures in 10 years.

A few days after meeting with the tsar, the photographer sets off along the Mariinsky waterway from St. Petersburg almost to the Volga itself. For three and a half years he has been constantly moving and taking pictures. First, he makes a survey of the northern part of the industrial Urals. Then he makes two trips along the Volga, capturing it from its very origins to Nizhny Novgorod... In between, shoots the southern part of the Urals. And then - numerous monuments of antiquity in Kostroma and the Yaroslavl province. In the spring and autumn of 1911, the photographer managed to visit the Trans-Caspian region and Turkestan twice more, where he tried color filming for the first time in history.

Then two photo expeditions to the Caucasus follow, where he takes pictures of the Mugan steppe, takes a grand trip along the planned Kama-Tobolsk waterway, takes extensive photographs of the areas associated with the memory of the Patriotic War of 1812 - from Maloyaroslavets to Lithuanian Vilna, photographs Ryazan, Suzdal, construction of the Kuzminskaya and Beloomutovskaya dams on the Oka.

Then monetary difficulties begin, funding for expeditions is interrupted. In 1913-1914. Prokudin-Gorsky is engaged in the creation of the first color cinema. But further development this new project was prevented by the First World War... None of Prokudin-Gorsky's experimental color films have yet been found.

Arthur Chilingarov (born in 1939)

Photo: Fedoseev Lev / ITAR-TASS

Famous polar explorer, Hero Soviet Union, Hero Russian Federation, a prominent Russian scientist, author of a number of scientific works on the problems of the development of the North and the Arctic. Lives and works in Moscow.

Since 1963, he has been studying the Arctic Ocean and the oceanic atmosphere at the Arctic Research Observatory in the village of Tiksi. In 1969 he headed the station " North Pole-19 ", created on drifting ice, since 1971 he worked as the head of the Bellingshausen station, and since 1973 - the head of the North Pole-22 station. In 1985 he headed the operation to rescue the expedition ship Mikhail Somov, which was buried by the Antarctic ice. Icebreaker "Vladivostok" chipped the ice around the diesel-electric ship and freed its crew from the blockade, which lasted for 133 days.

In 1987, Chilingarov headed the team of the atomic icebreaker "Siberia", which reached the geographic North Pole in free navigation. In January 2002, the traveler proved the possibility of operating light aircraft in Antarctica: he reached the South Pole on a single-engine An-ZT aircraft.

Photo: Denisov Roman / ITAR-TASS

In the summer of 2007, the famous polar explorer headed an Arctic expedition aboard the Akademik Fedorov vessel, which proved that the Arctic Ocean shelf is an extension of the Siberian continental platform. The Mir-1 and Mir-2 satellites were sunk to the ocean floor, one of which was carrying Chilingarov himself. He also set a kind of record as the first person in the world to visit both the South and North Poles in six months.

Nikolay Litau (born 1955)

Photo: from the archive

Honored Master of Sports, Russian yachtsman, who made three trips around the world on the yacht “Apostol Andrey” built under his leadership. Decorated with the Order of Courage. During the three voyages around the world, the Apostle Andrew left 110 thousand nautical miles astern, visited all the continents of the planet, crossed all the oceans and set five world records.

This is what Nikolai Litau told the MIR 24 correspondent: “I made three round-the-world voyages on the Apostle Andrew. The first is around the Eastern Hemisphere through the Northern Sea Route, the second is around the Western Hemisphere, through the straits of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the third is the Antarctic: in 2005-06 we rounded Antarctica, being all the time above 60 degrees of latitude, the invisible border of Antarctica. The latter has not yet been repeated by anyone. The fourth global voyage, in which I happened to take part, took place in 2012-13. It was international trip around the world, his route passed mainly in warm and comfortable tropical latitudes. I was a mentor captain on Russian yacht Royal Leopard and covered half the distance. During this voyage, I crossed my tenth equator. In recent years, we have been engaged in memorial cruises on the yacht "Apostol Andrey" in the Russian Arctic. We recall the names of outstanding Russian sailors: Vladimir Rusanov, Georgy Sedov, Boris Vilkitsky, Georgy Brusilov and others. "

Photo: from the archive

Exactly a year ago Nikolay Litau made a trip to the Arctic for the eleventh time on the yacht "Apostol Andrey". The route of this trip passed through the White, Barents and Kara Seas, the islands of the Arctic Institute in the Kara Sea were explored. New expeditions are ahead.

Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were not explored, and, starting the journey, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?

James Cook

The famous Englishman was one of the finest cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen he began to work with his father. But the boy was unable to trade, so he decided to go sailing. In those days, everyone famous travelers the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in the nautical business and so quickly moved up the career ladder that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to manage the ship himself. His first achievement was the drawing up of the fairway of the St. Lawrence River. He discovered in himself a talent for navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s, he explored Newfoundland, attracting the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished what other famous travelers had not previously achieved - he discovered a new mainland. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by the natives-cannibals.

Christopher Columbus

Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant impact on the course of history, but few are as famous as this man. Columbus became the national hero of Spain, drastically expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success as he was diligent and a good student. Already at the age of 14, he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife he went with his son to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he went on an expedition, the purpose of which was to find a way to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492, they reached the Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the locals Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: two new continents and many islands, discovered by Columbus, became the main direction of travel of the colonialists in the next few centuries.

Vasco da Gama

Portugal's most famous traveler was born in Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama was to go. There were also more famous seafarers and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, circled and sailed to Mozambique. There I had to stop for a month - half of the team by that time was sick with scurvy. After a break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The opening of the sea route, which made it possible to get to Calcutta past the east coast of Africa, was his main achievement.

Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay

Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, who was born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He could not graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a naturalist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. Thus, the world of wandering was opened for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nikolai lived in Sicily, Australia, studied New Guinea, implementing the project of the Russian Geographical Society, visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to establish a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay fell seriously ill and died soon after, without completing his work on a book about travels.

Fernand Magellan

Many famous sailors and travelers lived in the era of the Great Magellans is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabroza. Having gone to serve at the court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about travels to the East Indies and trade routes. This is how he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on the ship. For seven years after that, he plowed the sea, participated in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513 Magellan went to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not temper the craving for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the support he needed. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that the road to India from the west might be shorter. He crossed Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and discovered the strait, which would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. On it, he reached the Philippines and almost reached the goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey opened up a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet is much larger than scientists had previously thought.

Roald Amundsen

The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen was the last of the seafarers to try to find undiscovered land. From childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and faith in his own strength, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is associated with 1893, when the boy left the university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896, he became a navigator, and the following year set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship got lost in the ice, the crew was sick with scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, healed the people, remembering his medical education, and brought the ship back to Europe. Becoming a captain, in 1903 he set out in search of the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American mainland to its west. Amundsen became known all over the world. The next expedition was a two-month hike to the South Plus, and the last venture was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.

David Livingston

Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. he became an explorer of land, namely the African continent. The famous Scotsman was born in March 1813. At the age of 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wished to go to African villages. In 1841 he came to Kuruman, where he taught local residents agriculture, served as a doctor and taught literacy. There he also learned the Bechuan language, which helped him travel across Africa. Livingstone studied in detail the life and customs of local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.

Amerigo Vespucci

The most famous travelers in the world were most often from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained to be a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade office. His life was connected with sea ​​travel for example, he sponsored Columbus's second expedition. Christopher inspired him with the idea of ​​trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to study coastline... There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - Little Venice. In 1500 he returned home with 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503. Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, which he himself named. Since 1505, he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipping other people's expeditions.

Francis Drake

Many famous travelers and their discoveries have benefited mankind. But among them there are those who left behind and bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured local residents in the Caribbean, selling them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577 he went to South America to destroy the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and the strait, which was later named in his honor. Having rounded Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. When he reached California, he met the natives, who presented gifts of tobacco and bird feathers to the British. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to travel around the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died in the last hike to the Caribbean.

Afanasy Nikitin

Few famous travelers of Russia have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He traveled to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote "Voyage across the Three Seas" - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages ​​and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. Having visited several cities exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, laying a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes survived and ensured world fame for the merchant.

AMUNDSEN Roal

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition aboard the ship "Fram".

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on dog sleds reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship "Mod" R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the shores of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile, R. Amundsen flew on the Norway airship on the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.

1928 - Amundsen was killed while searching for the expedition of U. Nobile that disappeared in the Barents Sea.

Name on a geographic map

The name of the Norwegian traveler is borne by the sea in Pacific, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay off the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.

Antarctic scientific station The USA is named after the pioneers: "Amundsen-Scott Pole".

Amundsen R. My life. - M .: Geografgiz, 1959 .-- 166 p .: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Fantasy).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from norv. - M .: Armada, 2002 .-- 384 p .: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Bouman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Trans. from norv. - M .: Mol. guard, 2005 .-- 520 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Y. Golovanov called the chapter devoted to Amundsen “Travels gave me the happiness of friendship ...” (p. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tale. - M .: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 542 p .: ill.

Pasetskiy V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - Moscow: Nauka, 1997 .-- 201 p. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976 .-- 62 p .: ill.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The man who was called by the sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Per. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1988 .-- 244 p .: ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1967 .-- 191 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

BELLINSHAUZEN Faddey Faddeevich

Travel routes

1803-1806 - FF Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian round-the-world voyage under the command of IF Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas for a voyage around the world of Captain Kruzenstern" were compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F.Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

January 28, 1820 on the sloops "Vostok" (under the command of F.F.Bellingshausen) and "Mirny" (under the command of M.P. Lazarev) Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on a geographic map

In honor of F.F.Bellingshausen, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named.

The Russian Antarctic Scientific Station bears the name of the Russian navigator.

Moroz V. Antarctica: The History of Discovery / Art. E. Orlov. - M .: White City, 2001 .-- 47 p .: ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2001 .-- 541 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

Danish navigator and explorer in the Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering headed the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for the land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually opened the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition aboard the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Beringov).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship Saint Peter, Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, surveyed and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on a geographic map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on the coast are named after Vitus Bering Sea of ​​Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M .: Terra-Kn. club, 2001 .-- 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian sailors in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudin. - M .: Malysh, 1987 .-- 23 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasetskiy V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M .: Nauka, 1982 .-- 174 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M .: Progress: Pangea, 1992 .-- 188 p .: ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering's voyage on the boat “St. Gabriel "to the Arctic Ocean. - M .: Nauka, 1983 .-- 247 p .: ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, add. - Moscow: Nauka, 1991 .-- 152 p .: ill. - (Man and the environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1961 .-- 127 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

VAMBERI Arminius (Herman)

Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish along Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vambery A. Travel in Central Asia: Per. with him. - Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003 .-- 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Publishing house lit. and isk-va, 1990 .-- 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 45 p.: Ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

VANCOUVER George

English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.

1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It has been determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay does not exist.

Name on a geographic map

Several hundred geographical objects are named in honor of J. Vancouver, including an island, a bay, a city, a river, a ridge (Canada), a lake, a cape, a mountain, a city (USA), and a bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M .: Nauka, 1990 .-- 123 p.: Ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

GAMA Vasco yes

portuguese sailor

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened the sea route to India for the Europeans around the African continent.

1502 - the second expedition to India.

1524 - Vasco da Gama's third expedition, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.

E.I. Vyazov Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Camões L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from portug. - M .: EKSMO-Press, 1999 .-- 477 p .: ill. - (Home library of poetry).

Read the Lusiada poem.

Kent L.E. They went with Vasco da Gama: A Story / Per. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Feat of Magellan: East. story. - M .: TERRA: UNIKUM, 1999 .-- S. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1947 .-- 322 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Khazanov A.M. The mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M .: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. - 152 p .: ill.

Hart G. Sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and time of Vasco da Gama, admiral, Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira: Per. from English - M .: Geografizdat, 1959 .-- 349 p .: ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - VM Golovnin directs the circumnavigation on the sloop "Diana".

1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantarsky Islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - a round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Name on a geographic map

Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.

V.M. Golovnin Notes of the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, with the addition of his remarks about the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1972 .-- 525 p .: ill.

V.M. Golovnin A voyage around the world, made on the military sloop "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 of the fleet by Captain Golovnin. - M .: Mysl, 1965 .-- 384 p .: ill.

V.M. Golovnin Journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, commanded by the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M .: Geografizdat, 1961 .-- 480 p .: ill.

Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter dedicated to Golovnin is called "I feel a lot ..." (pp. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmov: The Story of G. Uspensky; And before your gaze ...: Experience of the biography of a seaman-marine painter: [About VM Golovnin]. - M .: Kniga, 1989. - 332 p .: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1968 .-- 206 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About DN Senyavin, VM Golovnin, PS Nakhimov]. - M .: Izvestia, 1996 .-- 446 p .: ill.

Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M .: Mysl ', 1976. - 111 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships are rustling: Roman. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989 .-- 229 p .: ill. - (Marine library).

Firsov I.I. Twice Captive: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 469 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

GUMBOLDT Alexander, background

German natural scientist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - travel across Russia: Ural, Altai, Caspian Sea.

Name on a geographic map

Ridges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a row settlements in the USA.

A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.

The name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt is the university in Berlin.

Zabelin I.M. Return to Descendants: A Novel Study of the Life and Work of A. Humboldt. - M .: Mysl, 1988 .-- 331 p .: ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M .: Mol. guard, 1959 .-- 191 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. per. with him. G. Shevchenko. - M .: Mol. guard, 1985 .-- 239 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - SI Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of ​​the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I.Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Anadyr Bay. So the strait between the two continents was discovered, which was later named the Bering Strait.

Name on a geographic map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

Bahrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M .: Malysh, 1984 .-- 24 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bahrevsky V.A. Walking to meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. publishing house, 1986 .-- 190 p .: ill. - (Siberia related destinies).

Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M .: Mysl, 1973 .-- 223 p.: Ill.

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev is a pioneer: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 444 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M .: Mol. guard, 1990 .-- 334 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

V. N. Kedrov To the End of the World: East. story. - L .: Lenizdat, 1986 .-- 285 p.: Ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Stories. - M .: Sov. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p .: ill.

Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat".

Nikitin N.I. Pathfinder Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M .: Rosspen, 1999 .-- 190 p .: ill.

DRAKE Francis

English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Hawkins to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.

1577-1580 - F. Drake headed the second round the world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.

Name on a geographic map

The widest strait on the globe connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artist. L. Durasov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 1996 .-- 62 p .: ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovsky K.V. Round-the-world race "Golden Doe". - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 168 p .: ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in K. Malakhovsky's collection "Five Captains".

Mason F. van W. Golden Admiral: Roman: Trans. from English - M .: Armada, 1998 .-- 474 p ​​.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).

Mueller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Per. from English - SPb .: LENKO: Gangut, 1993 .-- 254 p .: ill.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - a circumnavigation of the world aboard the Astrolabe, which resulted in the mapping of part of the shores of New Zealand and New Guinea, and surveyed island groups in the Pacific Ocean. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-Durville discovered traces of the dead expedition of J. La Perouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on a geographic map

The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.

The French scientific Antarctic station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.

Varshavsky A.S. The Journey of Dumont-D'Urville. - M .: Mysl, 1977 .-- 59 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called "Captain Dumont Durville and his belated find" (pp. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji

Arab traveler, itinerant merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - leaving Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage) Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then he arrived in India through Central Asia and Afghanistan, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - travel to Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book "Rihla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world, collected by him during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 126 p .: ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 78 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 230 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

COLUMBUS Christopher

Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus headed the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. While sailing on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Niña", the Sargasso Sea was discovered, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coast of the South and Central America and the Caribbean.

Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.

Name on a geographic map

The state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States bear the name of Christopher Columbus.

There is Columbia University in the United States of America.

The Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, Letters, Documents / Per. with Spanish and comments. I. Sveta. - M .: Geografizdat, 1961 .-- 515 p .: ill.

Blasco Ibanez V. In Search of the Great Khan: Novel: Per. with Spanish - Kaliningrad: Book. publishing house, 1987 .-- 558 p .: ill. - (Sea romance).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Per. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997 .-- S. 3-144.

Irving V. The history of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English // Irving V. Sobr. cit .: In 5 volumes: T. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Artist A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2003 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. The admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, unknowingly, discovered New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotskaya; Artist. N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library F. Pavlenkov).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Per. from English - M .: Patriot, 1992 .-- 407 p .: ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Per. with him. - M .: Mysl, 1984 .-- 224 p.: Ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 35 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes - into the seas of anxiety: The Life and Times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - SPb .: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992 .-- 302 p .: ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb .: Publishing house of St. Petersburg. University, 1994 .-- 92 p .: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Per. from English - M .: Republic, 1992 .-- 286 p.

Light Ya.M. Columbus. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1973 .-- 368 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

V.A. Subbotin Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M .: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p .: ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East. documents: Per. with Spanish - M .: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p .: ill. - (Bk Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M .: Det. lit., 1972 .-- 336 p .: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. from the Swede. L. Zhdanova. - M .: Progress, 1986 .-- 361 p .: ill.

KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich

Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of Academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he conducted research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on a geographic map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - SPb .: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M .: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 303 p .: ill.

Mikson I.L. The person who ...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 208 p .: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M .: Mysl, 1974 .-- 60 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean ?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M .: Malysh, 1984 .-- 28 p .: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich

Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - IF Kruzenshtern headed the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of "Atlas South Sea"(Vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on a geographic map

The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korea Strait.

Kruzenshtern I.F. Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". - Vladivostok: Far East. book publishing house, 1976. - 392 p .: ill. - (Far Eastern history library).

B.V. Zabolotskikh To the glory of the Russian flag: Stories about I.F.Kruzenshtern, who led the first trip of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotsebu, who made an unparalleled voyage on the brig "Rurik" in 1815-1818. - M .: Autopan, 1996 .-- 285 s: ill.

B.V. Zabolotskikh Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; To the Glory of the Russian Flag: A Story; The second journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M .: Klassika, 2002 .-- 367 p .: ill.

Pasetskiy V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. - Moscow: Nauka, 1974 .-- 176 p.: Ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: The History of the Round-the-World Expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 426 p .: ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Story. - M .: Bustard, 2002 .-- 165 p .: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M .: Detgiz, 1954 .-- 224 p .: ill.

COOK James

English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - A round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand is determined, the Great Barrier reef and East Coast Australia.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map Southern mainland) was not reached. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. No passage was found, but it was opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.

Name on a geographic map

The highest mountain in New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South Islands New Zealand.

James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: Voyage on the ship "Endeavor" in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M .: Geografizdat, 1960 .-- 504 p .: ill.

James Cook's Second Round the World Voyage: Voyage to the South Pole and Around the World in 1772-1775. / J. Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1964 .-- 624 p .: ill. - (Geogr. Ser.).

James Cook's Third World Voyage: Swimming in the Pacific Ocean 1776-1780 / J. Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1971. - 636 p .: ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M .: Iskra revolution, 1933 .-- 168 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Maclean A. Captain Cook: A History of Geogr. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 155 p .: ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Per. from English / Ill. A. Marx. - M .: ASKON, 1998 .-- 31 p .: ill. - (Great names).

Light Ya.M. James Cook. - M .: Mysl, 1979 .-- 110 p.: Ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book of Great Navigators. - M .: ROSMEN, 2001 .-- 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is titled "Captain James Cook and His Three Voyages around the World" (p. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - round-the-world voyage on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the sloop "Mirny", MP Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by FF Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".

Name on a geographic map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic research station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1966 .-- 176 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M .: Mysl, 1988 .-- 238 p .: ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: A Novel. - M .: Armada, 1998 .-- 417 p .: ill. - (Russian generals).

LIVINGSTON David

English African explorer

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous travels in the interior regions of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - exploration of the Ngami Lake area.

1851-1856 - exploration of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.

1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, Chilva and Nyasa lakes.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on a geographic map

Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

Livingston D. Travels by South Africa: Per. from English / Ill. the author. - M .: EKSMO-Press, 2002 .-- 475 p .: ill. - (Wind rose: Eras; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Journey through the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English - M .: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 460 p .: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M .: Mol. guard, 1938 .-- 376 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M .: Mysl, 1984 .-- 271 p .: ill.

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library F. Pavlenkov).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(about 1480-1521)

portuguese sailor

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan directed the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Philippine Islands... In one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was headed by JS Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.

Name on a geographic map

The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland South America and the archipelago Tierra del Fuego, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. Magellan's Way / Art. S. Boyko. - M .: Malysh, 1991 .-- 19 p.: Ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1940 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first voyage around the world: Per. with him. - M .: Progress, 1988 .-- 237 p .: ill.

Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan: Per. with it .; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first navigator around the world: Per. from English - M .: Mysl, 2000 .-- 302 p .: ill. - (Travel and Travelers).

V.A. Subbotin Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M .: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p .: ill.

Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 191 p .: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Art. A. Ostromentsky. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M .: AST, 2001 .-- 317 p .: ill. - (World classics).

MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY Nikolay Nikolaevich

Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel on Canary Islands and in Morocco.

1871-1886 - study of indigenous people South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-East coast of New Guinea.

Name on a geographic map

The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.

The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences also bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay.

The Man from the Moon: Diaries, Articles, Letters of N.N. Miklukho-Maclay. - M .: Mol. guard, 1982 .-- 336 p .: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. the author. - M .: Education, 1985. - 96 p .: ill. - (People of Science).

Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I foresee no end to my travels ...” (p. 233-236).

Grinop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: ​​Per. from English - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 260 p .: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 272 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Markov S.N. Tamo - rus Maclay: Stories. - M .: Sov. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p .: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay !: Story. - M .: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 48 p .: ill.

Putilov B.N. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M .: Progress, 1985 .-- 280 p .: ill.

Tynyanova L.N. A Friend from Far Away: A Story. - M .: Det. lit., 1976 .-- 332 p .: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" carried out a drift across the Arctic Ocean from Novosibirsk Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, an extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.

1900 - an expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on a geographic map

A submarine basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographic objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

Nansen F. To the country of the future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Author. per. from norv. A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. publishing house, 1982 .-- 335 p .: ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book "Through the Caucasus to the Volga": Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p .: ill.

Nansen F. "Fram" in the polar sea: In 2 hours: Per. from norv. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956.

G.I. Kublitsky Fridtjof Nansen: His Life and Extraordinary Adventures. - M .: Det. lit., 1981 .-- 287 p .: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Per. from norv. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986 .-- 512 p .: ill.

Pasetskiy V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - Moscow: Nauka, 1986 .-- 335 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).

Sannes T.B. "Fram": The Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991 .-- 271 p .: ill. - (See the ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1960 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Holt K. Competition: [On the expeditions of R. F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Journey: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Per. from norv. L. Zhdanova. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p .: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl "Fridtjof Nansen: A Hot Heart in a Cold World."

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. Who will you become, Fridtjof: [The Stories of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kiev: Dnipro, 1982 .-- 502 p .: ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1986 .-- 206 p .: ill.

NIKITIN Afanasy

(? - 1472 or 1473)

Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's trip to the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin composed a description of his travels and adventures - "Walking across the three seas".

Nikitin A. Voyage across the Three Seas Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 212 p .: ill. - (Lit. monuments).

Nikitin A. Voyage across the Three Seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Skaz, 2004 .-- 118 p .: ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The story of a merchant, a piebald horse and a talking bird / Fig. N. Nepomnyashchy. - M .: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 95 p .: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Afanasy Nikitin. - M .: Mysl, 1972 .-- 118 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

All peoples have one essence: [Sat]. - M .: Sirin, B.g. - 466 p .: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).

The collection includes the novel by V. Pribytkov "The Tver Guest" and the book by Afanasy Nikitin himself "Walking over the Three Seas".

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian stranger: Nikitin: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2003 .-- 424 p .: ill. - (Golden library of the historical novel: Russian travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. Beyond the distant lands / Fig. M. Romadina. - M .: Malysh, 1982 .-- 24 p .: ill.

Kunin K.I. Over the Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Afanasy Nikitin: East. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Skaz, 2002 .-- 199 p .: ill. - (Treasured Pages).

Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Story of a Tver Merchant / Art. A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2005 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).

Semenov L.S. Journey of Afanasy Nikitin. - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 145 p.: Ill. - (History of Science and Technology).

A.P. Soloviev Walking the Three Seas: A Novel. - M .: Terra, 1999 .-- 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The story of Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966 .-- 104 p .: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the expedition's diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the Pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on a geographic map

The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.

Piri R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M .: Mysl, 1981 .-- 599 p .: ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov "Robert Peary and the Conquest of the North Pole" (p. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Transl. from English L. Petkevichyute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988 .-- 239 p .: ill. - (World of discoveries).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M .: Geografizdat, 1956 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(about 1254-1324)

Venetian merchant, traveler

Travel routes

1271-1295 - M. Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The Venetian's memories of his wanderings in the East formed the famous Book of Marco Polo (1298), which for almost 600 years remained for the West the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries.

Polo M. Book about the diversity of the world / Per. with the old man. I.P. Minaeva; Preface H.L. Borges. - SPb .: Amphora, 1999 .-- 381 p .: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Miracles: Excerpt from the "Book of Wonders of the World" from Nat. libraries of France: Per. with fr. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2003 .-- 223 p.: Ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of the Sky: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Transl. from English M. Kondratyev. - SPb .: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997 .-- 397 p. - ( New earth: Fantasy).

A fantasy novel about the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.

Meink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [East. story] / Abbr. per. with him. L. Lungina. - SPb .: Brask: Epoch, 1993 .-- 303 p .: ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian Merchant: How Marco Polo Wandered the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe / Art. I. Oleinikov. - M .: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p .: ill. - (The greatest travels).

Pronin V. Life of the great traveler Venetian Messer Marco Polo / Artist. Y.Saevich. - M .: Kron-Press, 1993 .-- 159 p .: ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: The Venetian Wanderer / Artist A. Chauzov. - M .: Bely Gorod, 2004 .-- 63 p .: ill. - (Historical novel).

Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Per. from English - M .: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999 .-- 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Land scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 223 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Ayrs J. Marco Polo: Trans. with fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998 .-- 348 p .: ill. - (Mark on history).

PRZHEVALSKY Nikolay Mikhailovich

Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia

Travel routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions across the Amur region and the Ussuri region.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

N.M. Przhevalsky presented the scientific results of the expeditions in a number of books that give a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and fauna of the studied territories.

Name on a geographic map

The name of the Russian geographer is a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).

The wild horse, first described by the scientist, is called the Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travel to the Ussuri region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Far East. book publishing house, 1990. - 328 p .: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travels in Asia. - M .: Armada-press, 2001 .-- 343 p .: ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe department, 1989. - 143 p .: ill.

Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter dedicated to Przhevalsky is called "The exclusive good is freedom ..." (p. 272-275).

Grimailo Ya.V. Great Pathfinder: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - Kiev: Molod, 1989 .-- 314 p .: ill.

Kozlov I.V. The great traveler: The life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M .: Mysl, 1985 .-- 144 p.: Ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library F. Pavlenkov).

Acceleration of L.E. "Ascetics are needed like the sun ..." // Acceleration of L.E. Seven lives. - M .: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 35-72.

Repin L.B. "And again I come back ...": Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M .: Mol. guard, 1983 .-- 175 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1950 .-- 175 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

B.V. Yusov N.M. Przhevalsky: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 95 p .: ill. - (People of Science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command surveyed the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Faddey (Taimyr).

Name on a geographic map

The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of east coast the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (upland) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.

Golubev G.N. "To the descendants for the news ...": Ist.-doc. story. - M .: Det. lit., 1986 .-- 255 p .: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune Leads: East. story. - M .: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 270 p .: ill.

SEMENOV-TYAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich

(until 1906 - Semenov)

Russian scientist, researcher of Asia

Travel routes

1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - an expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.

Name on a geographic map

A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, mountains in Alaska and Spitsbergen are named after Semyonov-Tyan-Shan.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M .: Geografgiz, 1958 .-- 277 p .: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Stories. - Moscow: Sovremennik, 1983 .-- 320 p.: Ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (People will notice life).

Antoshko Y., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaksart. - M .: Mysl ', 1977. - 128 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. The Pearl in the Wall of the Barracks: A Chronicle Novel. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986 .-- 218 p .: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M .: Education, 1983 .-- 96 p .: ill. - (People of Science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Peter Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - Moscow: Nauka, 1991 .-- 267 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).

Acceleration of L.E. Tyan-Shansky // Acceleration of L.E. Seven lives. - M .: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

English explorer of Antarctica

Travel routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition aboard the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica aboard the Terra-Nova spacecraft.

On January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all the travelers were killed.

Name on a geographic map

An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica are named after Robert Scott, part west coast Victoria Lands (Scott Coast) and mountains in Enderby Land.

The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first conquerors of the South Pole - "Amundsen-Scott Pole".

The New Zealand Science Station on the Ross Sea coast in Antarctica and the Polar Research Institute in Cambridge are also named after the polar traveler.

The last expedition of R. Scott: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M .: Geografizdat, 1955 .-- 408 p .: ill.

Golovanov Y. Etudes about scientists. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter dedicated to Scott is called "Fight to the last crust ..." (pp. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989 .-- 287 p .: ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern Party of R. Scott's Expedition: Trans. from English - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985 .-- 360 p .: ill.

Holt K. Competition; Wandering: Per. from norv. - M .: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p .: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Cherry-Garrard E. The most horrible journey: Per. from English - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991 .-- 551 p .: ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John Rowlend s)

journalist, African explorer

Travel routes

1871-1872 - GM Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, took part in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, searches for the source of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Name on a geographic map

In honor of G.M. Stanley, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Congo River are named.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Per. from English - M .: Geografizdat, 1958 .-- 446 p .: ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M .: Geografgiz, 1958 .-- 56 p .: ill. - (Note geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. narration. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000 .-- 415 p .: ill. - (Life of people noticed: Biogr. Library F. Pavlenkov).

KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other data, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other data, after 1671)

Russian pathfinder and navigator, explorer of the Amur region

Travel routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, made a "Drawing for the Amur River".

Name on a geographic map

The name of the Russian explorer named the city and the region on Far East, and railroad station Erofei Pavlovich on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Leontyeva G.A. Pathfinder Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 143 p .: ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofey Khabarov: A novel. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1990 .-- 301 p .: ill. - (Far East library).

Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. publishing house, 1983 .-- 32 p.

Schmidt Otto Yulievich

Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and headed the expedition on the ship "Georgy Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - the expedition under the leadership of O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" for the first time managed to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt was in charge of the northern expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin". The ship captured by ice was crushed by ice and sank. The members of the expedition, who had been drifting on ice floes for several months, were rescued by pilots.

Name on a geographic map

An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the Novaya Zemlya peninsula, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica bear the name of O.Yu. Schmidt.

Voskoboinikov V.M. On an ice hike. - M .: Malysh, 1989 .-- 39 p .: ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboinikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M .: Mol. Guard, 1975 .-- 192 p .: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Duel I.I. Life line: Docum. story. - M .: Politizdat, 1977 .-- 128 p .: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Book. for students. - M .: Education, 1992 .-- 158 p .: ill. - (People of Science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and Activity: Sat. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959 .-- 470 p .: ill.

L.V. Matveeva Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M .: Nauka, 1993 .-- 202 p .: ill. - (Scientific-biogr. Ser.).

If you think that all the outstanding wanderers remained in the era of the Great geographical discoveries, then we is in a hurry to convince you: amazing travel our contemporaries are also doing. It is about these people that we will talk.

Photo: background-pictures.picphotos.net

If we talk about the great travelers of our time, then we cannot ignore the unique talent of Fyodor Filippovich Konyukhov to conquer what, at first glance, is impossible to conquer. Today Konyukhov is the first of best travelers the planet to which the North and South Poles submitted, highest peaks peace, seas and oceans. He has more than forty expeditions to the most inaccessible places on our planet.

A descendant of northern pomors from the Arkhangelsk province was born on the coast Sea of ​​Azov in the fishing village of Chkalovo. His irrepressible thirst for knowledge led to the fact that at the age of 15, Fedor swam across the Sea of ​​Azov in a fishing rowboat. This was the first step towards great achievements. Over the next twenty years, Konyukhov takes part in expeditions to the North and South Poles, conquers the highest peaks, makes four trips around the world, participates in a dog sled race, and crosses the Atlantic Ocean fifteen times. In 2002, the traveler made a solo voyage across the Atlantic in a rowboat and set a record. More recently, on May 31, 2014, Konyukhov was met in Australia with several records at once. The famous Russian became the first to cross the Pacific Ocean from continent to continent. It cannot be said that Fyodor Filippovich is a person fixated only on travel. In addition to the nautical school, the great traveler's assets include the Belarusian Art School in Bobruisk and the Modern Humanitarian University in Moscow. In 1983 Fyodor Konyukhov became the youngest member of the Union of Artists of the USSR. He is also the author of twelve books on his own experiences of overcoming the hardships of travel. Upon completion of the legendary crossing of the Pacific Ocean, Konyukhov said that he was not going to stop there. His plans include new projects: a flight around the world on hot-air balloon, circumnavigation in 80 days for the Jules Verne Cup on a keel yacht with a crew, diving into the Mariana Trench.

Today this young English traveler, TV presenter and writer is known to a multi-million audience thanks to the highest-rated TV show on the Discovery Channel. In October 2006, the program "Survive at any cost" began to air with his participation. The goal of the TV presenter is not only to entertain the viewer, but also to provide valuable advice and recommendations that may come in handy in unforeseen situations.

Bear was born in Great Britain into a family of hereditary diplomats, received an excellent education at the elite Ladgrove School and the University of London. Parents did not interfere with the son's hobby for sailing, rock climbing and martial arts. But the future traveler received the skills of endurance and the ability to survive in the army, where he mastered parachute jumping and mountaineering. These skills later helped him achieve his cherished goal - the conquest of Everest. This event took place at the very end of the last century, in 1998. Bear Grylls possesses simply irrepressible energy. The list of his travels is huge. From 2000 to 2007, he sailed around the British Isles in thirty days to raise funds for the British Royal Society of Water Rescue; crossed the North Atlantic in an inflatable boat; by plane with steam engine flew over Angel Falls, dined in a balloon at an altitude of over seven thousand meters; on a paraglider flew over the Himalayas ... In 2008, the traveler was at the head of an expedition organized to climb one of the most remote unconquered peaks in Antarctica. Almost all of the expeditions that Grills participates in are charitable.

If you think that long-distance travel is the prerogative of a strong half of humanity, then you are deeply mistaken. And this was proved by the young American Abby Sunderland, who at the age of 16 single-handedly made a round-the-world trip on a yacht. Interestingly, Abby's parents not only allowed her to undertake such a risky venture, but also helped prepare for it. It should be noted that the girl's father is a professional sailor.

On January 23, 2010, the yacht departed from Marina Del Rey, California. Unfortunately, the maiden voyage was unsuccessful. The second attempt took place on February 6. Very soon, Abby reported damage to the yacht's hull and engine malfunction. At this time, she was between Australia and Africa, 2 thousand miles from the coast. After that, the connection with the girl was interrupted, and nothing was known about her. The search operation was unsuccessful and Abby was reported missing. However, a month later, the yacht received a distress signal from the southern part. Indian Ocean... After 11 hours of searching by Australian rescuers, a yacht was found in the area of ​​a severe storm, in which, fortunately, Abby was unharmed. A large supply of food and water helped her survive. The girl said that all the time after the last communication session she had to overcome the storm, and she was physically unable to get in touch and send a radiogram. Abby's example inspires the courageous spirit to test their capabilities and not stop there.

One of the most original travelers of our time spent thirteen years of his life on his unusual journey around the world. The non-standard of the situation was that Jason abandoned the achievements of civilization in the form of any kind of technology. The former British janitor set off on his trip around the world with a bicycle, a boat and ... roller skates!

Photo: mikaelstrandberg.com

The expedition started from Greenwich in 1994. The 27-year-old Lewis chose his friend Steve Smith as his partner. In February 1995, the travelers reached the United States. After 111 days of sailing, the friends decided to cross the states separately. In 1996, a rollerblading Lewis was hit by a car. He spent nine months in the hospital. After recovering, Lewis travels to Hawaii, and from there he sails on a pedal boat to Australia. On Solomon Islands he hit the epicenter civil war, and off the coast of Australia he was attacked by an alligator. Upon arrival in Australia, Lewis interrupts his travel due to financial difficulties and works for a time in a funeral home and sells T-shirts. In 2005 he moved to Singapore, from there to China, from which he moved to India. After cycling through the country, the Briton reaches Africa by March 2007. The remainder of Lewis's journey passes through Europe. He cycled through Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Belgium, then swam across the English Channel and returned to London in October 2007, completing his unique journey around the world. James Lewis proved to the whole world and to himself that there is no limit to human capabilities.

Photo: mikaelstrandberg.com

The largest country has been assembled for centuries. Travelers were the discoverers of new lands and seas. Paving the way into a new, mysterious, through unpredictable difficulties and risks, they achieved their goal. I think that these people, personally, having overcome the dangers and sufferings of the expeditions, accomplished a feat. I would like to remind you of three of them that have done a lot for the state and science.

Great Russian travelers

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich

Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673), the Ustyug Cossack, was the first to go around the most eastern part our Fatherland and all of Eurasia. Passed the strait between Asia and America, opened the way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.

By the way, Dezhnev discovered this strait 80 years earlier than Bering, who visited only its southern part.

The cape is named after Dezhnev, the one next to which the date line passes.

After the opening of the strait, the international commission of geographers decided that this place was the most convenient for drawing such a line on the map. And now a new day on Earth begins at Cape Dezhnev. Note, 3 hours earlier than in Japan and 12 earlier than in the suburb of London - Greenwich, from where the universal time begins. Isn't it time to combine Prime Meridian with a date line? Moreover, such proposals from scientists have been received for a long time.

Peter Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky

Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914), leading Russian scientist Geographical Society... Not an armchair scientist. He possessed a temper that only climbers can appreciate. Literally - a conqueror of mountain peaks.

Among Europeans, he was the first to penetrate the hard-to-reach mountains of the Central Tien Shan. He discovered the Khan-Tengri peak and huge glaciers on its slopes. At that time in the West, with the light hand of the German scientist Humboldt, it was believed that ridges of volcanoes were erupting there.

Semyonov-Tien-Shansky discovered the sources of the Naryn and Sarydzhaz rivers, on the way he discovered that the Chu river, despite the opinion of the geographers of the "international community", does not flow out of Lake Issyk-Kul. Penetrated into the upper reaches of the Syr Darya, which before him were also not used.

The question of what Semyonov-Tien Shansky discovered is very easy to answer. He opened the Tien Shan to the scientific world, at the same time offering this world a completely new way of knowledge. Semyonov Tien Shansky was the first to study the dependence of the mountain relief on its geological structure. Through the eyes of a geologist, botanist and zoologist in one person, he saw nature in its living family ties.

This is how the Russian original geographical school was born, which relied on the reliability of an eyewitness and was distinguished by its versatility, depth and integrity.

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851), Russian admiral. On the Mirny ship.

In 1813, Lazarev was instructed to establish regular communication between St. Petersburg and Russian America. Russian America included the regions of Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, as well as Russian trading posts in the states of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California. The most southern point- Fort Ross, 80 km from San Francisco. These places have already been explored and inhabited by Russia (by the way, there is information that one of the settlements in Alaska was founded by Dezhnev's satellites in the 17th century). Lazarev traveled around the world. On the way, in the Pacific Ocean, he discovered new islands, which he named after Suvorov.

Where Lazarev is especially honored, it is in Sevastopol.

Behind the shoulders of the admiral were not only round-the-world voyages, but also participation in battles with the enemy, many times superior in number of ships. During the time that Lazarev commanded the Black Sea Fleet, dozens of new ships were built, including the first ship with a metal hull. Lazarev began to train sailors in a new way, at sea, in an environment close to combat.

He took care of the Maritime Library in Sevastopol, built a Meeting House and a school for the children of sailors there, and began building the Admiralty. He also built the admiralty in Novorossiysk, Nikolaev and Odessa.

In Sevastopol, there are fresh flowers at the grave and at the monument to Admiral Lazarev.

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